The vehicle structure, designs and materials on
school bus body crashworthiness as regulated by different
government agencies in bus body building firms was the topic
under research study. In Kenya, thousands of vehicles are
involved in vehicle collisions or crashes every year resulting in
fatal accidents and severe injuries to the passengers. The
specific objective was the influence of vehicle inspection
testson crashworthiness of school bus in Nairobi City County.
This study adopted Dym’s, Suh’s Axiomatic theory. The
pragmatic paradigm and explanatory research design were
used. The target population was 1500 respondents from bus
body building firms and government regulatory institutions.
The sample size was 315 respondents. Questionnaires,
interview schedules and observation were data collection
instruments. Expert judgment was used to establish validity of
the questionnaires. Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient was used to
determine the reliability of the research instrument. The data
collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential
analysis with the aid of SPSS V22 software. The coefficient of
determination (R squared) of .206 showing that 20.6% of the
variation in crashworthiness of a bus can be explained by
vehicle inspection tests. There was a positive significant
influence of vehicle inspection tests on crashworthiness of a
bus (β=0.396 and p <0.05). The study concluded that the
vehicle inspection tests had a significant influence on the
crashworthiness of school bus. The management of school bus
body construction companies need to conduct all the terminal
test needed before releasing the vehicle in order to enhance
crashworthiness of a bus. The Transport authority should
examine and check the mandatory requirements and
periodically amend them in accordance with the safety,
engineering and ecological standardization.
Investigating willingness to pay for congestion pricing in peshawar universit...EditorIJAERD
Congested road is a perfect example of tragedy of the commons as there is no restriction for drivers not to
exploit it. Car users are independent in their traveling decisions but their decisions have negative consequences for
others for which they do not pay rather the non-users pay for them in the form of hard cash, inconvenience and lack of
safety. This unwanted but widely practiced phenomena has over-shadowed the livable environment even in universities
all across Pakistan particularly in Peshawar university campus (case study) where the environment is exacerbated by
minimum personalized vehicle holders for the maximum non-car commuters resulting from the free vehicular entrance
and biased provision of infrastructure. This leads to huge social divide, inequality and gender disparity. In addition to
finding appropriate rent for provision of new equitable, environment and gender friendly modes of transport like rental
bikes and golf carts, Willingness to pay for congestion pricing as proposed solution is investigated through online webbased questionnaire survey from 580 respondents and statistical analysis is used for selecting most feasible mode(s) of
alternate in-campus transportation. Results showed that 67.6% respondents were WTP for congestion charging and
55.3% selected golf carts as their preferred mode in campus followed by rental bike with 27.6%. Appropriate rent chosen
for golf cart was PKR 20 and less than PKR 20 for rental bikes by more than half of the respondents. Congestion pricing
was perceived as effective solution and proposed modes were opted as the preferred modes for traveling in campus.
12 part framework to structure safety assessment for autonomous drivingZiaullah Mirza
The document provides voluntary guidance from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to support the safe development and deployment of Automated Driving Systems (ADS). It outlines 12 safety elements that entities developing ADS should consider, including system safety, object and event detection, fallback procedures, validation methods, cybersecurity, and data recording. The guidance encourages entities to disclose voluntary safety self-assessments and emphasizes that safety remains the top priority for ADS. It is intended to help industry develop best practices without establishing compliance requirements.
Road Accidents in India seminar reportAnkush Gavit
Road accidents are a major issue in India, causing over 100,000 deaths per year. The key causes of accidents include speeding, drunk driving, distractions for drivers like cell phones, running red lights, and failing to use seatbelts and helmets. India has over 3 million kilometers of roads but the network suffers from poor quality, with only half paved. Efforts are underway to improve infrastructure, but growing vehicle ownership is also increasing traffic risks. To address this crisis, India and other countries are pushing education, enforcement of traffic laws, engineering improvements, and better emergency response. Coordinated efforts are needed across these areas to achieve the UN's goal of reversing the rising road accident trend by 2020.
Road safety in India: Challenges and opportunities (2009)Rohit Sharma
The present report was designed to analyze the traffic safety situation in India, and to identify countermeasures for areas in which the total harm caused by crashes can be substantially and readily reduced. The report focuses on two aspects of traffic safety in India: challenges and opportunities. The first part of the report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current traffic safety situation in India. It is pointed out in this analysis that fatality rates have increased both on highways and in urban areas during the past few years. Theoretical models suggest that the number of fatalities in India is not likely to start to decline for many years to come unless new policies are implemented. Based on the present analysis, the following six areas are identified as having potential for substantially reducing fatalities in India: (1) pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas, (2) pedestrians, other non-motorists, and slow vehicles on highways, (3) motorcycles and small cars in urban areas, (4) over-involvement of trucks
and buses, (5) nighttime driving, and (6) wrong-way drivers on divided highways. The second part of the report outlines several promising countermeasures for each of these
six areas. The third part of the report presents a brief comparison of major traffic safety challenges in India and China.
Reporting and Recording of Road Traffic Accidents in Dhaka CitySharif Raihan Kabir
This document provides an overview of road traffic accident reporting and recording in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It discusses the current accident report form (ARF) process, identifying shortcomings such as the ARF not being comprehensive enough for in-depth investigations. It also finds errors in how police officers fill out forms due to lack of proper training. Under-reporting of accidents is a problem, particularly for less severe cases. The document recommends improving the ARF form by adding more fields to gather key information and ensuring accurate transcription of data to address discrepancies between forms and the accident database.
IRJET - Road Accidents and its Preventive Measures in India: An OverviewIRJET Journal
1) Road accidents are one of the leading causes of death worldwide according to the WHO, killing over 1 million people annually. India faces significant issues with road accidents due to rapid motorization.
2) The majority of road accidents in India are attributed to human error by drivers. Other contributing factors include vehicle issues, road conditions, and environmental factors.
3) Preventive measures that could reduce accidents and fatalities include improving road and vehicle safety, enforcing traffic laws, educating drivers and the public, and enhancing emergency response. A multifaceted approach is needed to address this major public health issue.
Impact of Roadway Condition, Traffic and Manmade Features on Road SafetyIRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that impact road safety, including roadway conditions, traffic, and manmade features. It summarizes various studies that have examined the relationship between these factors and road accidents. Some key findings of the studies include: accident rates decrease with more homogeneous traffic flows, driver performance is reduced by phone use, and accident risk increases with higher speeds. The objectives of the proposed work are to study accident rates in relation to traffic volume, road capacity, and road/shoulder maintenance and to develop an accident prediction model. Road safety can be improved by raising awareness, developing such a model, and considering roadway, traffic, and manmade factors.
There has been an increase in the occurrence of road accidents over the years
with the vehicle-accidents as one of the highest rated causes of accidents in Nigeria.
In this regard, information on “vehicle-caused” accidents and its effects is required
in order to proffer solutions and preventive measures in avoiding consequent deaths.
This data article therefore presents the data on road accidents caused by vehicles
within a 5-year period: 2010 – 2015. The degree of these accidents is categorized as
minor, fatal and serious as the highest degree and the types of vehicles involved in
these accidents are also presented and analyzed with the use of tables and graphs
with a view to easily extract useful deductions needed to make informed decisions
Investigating willingness to pay for congestion pricing in peshawar universit...EditorIJAERD
Congested road is a perfect example of tragedy of the commons as there is no restriction for drivers not to
exploit it. Car users are independent in their traveling decisions but their decisions have negative consequences for
others for which they do not pay rather the non-users pay for them in the form of hard cash, inconvenience and lack of
safety. This unwanted but widely practiced phenomena has over-shadowed the livable environment even in universities
all across Pakistan particularly in Peshawar university campus (case study) where the environment is exacerbated by
minimum personalized vehicle holders for the maximum non-car commuters resulting from the free vehicular entrance
and biased provision of infrastructure. This leads to huge social divide, inequality and gender disparity. In addition to
finding appropriate rent for provision of new equitable, environment and gender friendly modes of transport like rental
bikes and golf carts, Willingness to pay for congestion pricing as proposed solution is investigated through online webbased questionnaire survey from 580 respondents and statistical analysis is used for selecting most feasible mode(s) of
alternate in-campus transportation. Results showed that 67.6% respondents were WTP for congestion charging and
55.3% selected golf carts as their preferred mode in campus followed by rental bike with 27.6%. Appropriate rent chosen
for golf cart was PKR 20 and less than PKR 20 for rental bikes by more than half of the respondents. Congestion pricing
was perceived as effective solution and proposed modes were opted as the preferred modes for traveling in campus.
12 part framework to structure safety assessment for autonomous drivingZiaullah Mirza
The document provides voluntary guidance from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to support the safe development and deployment of Automated Driving Systems (ADS). It outlines 12 safety elements that entities developing ADS should consider, including system safety, object and event detection, fallback procedures, validation methods, cybersecurity, and data recording. The guidance encourages entities to disclose voluntary safety self-assessments and emphasizes that safety remains the top priority for ADS. It is intended to help industry develop best practices without establishing compliance requirements.
Road Accidents in India seminar reportAnkush Gavit
Road accidents are a major issue in India, causing over 100,000 deaths per year. The key causes of accidents include speeding, drunk driving, distractions for drivers like cell phones, running red lights, and failing to use seatbelts and helmets. India has over 3 million kilometers of roads but the network suffers from poor quality, with only half paved. Efforts are underway to improve infrastructure, but growing vehicle ownership is also increasing traffic risks. To address this crisis, India and other countries are pushing education, enforcement of traffic laws, engineering improvements, and better emergency response. Coordinated efforts are needed across these areas to achieve the UN's goal of reversing the rising road accident trend by 2020.
Road safety in India: Challenges and opportunities (2009)Rohit Sharma
The present report was designed to analyze the traffic safety situation in India, and to identify countermeasures for areas in which the total harm caused by crashes can be substantially and readily reduced. The report focuses on two aspects of traffic safety in India: challenges and opportunities. The first part of the report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current traffic safety situation in India. It is pointed out in this analysis that fatality rates have increased both on highways and in urban areas during the past few years. Theoretical models suggest that the number of fatalities in India is not likely to start to decline for many years to come unless new policies are implemented. Based on the present analysis, the following six areas are identified as having potential for substantially reducing fatalities in India: (1) pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas, (2) pedestrians, other non-motorists, and slow vehicles on highways, (3) motorcycles and small cars in urban areas, (4) over-involvement of trucks
and buses, (5) nighttime driving, and (6) wrong-way drivers on divided highways. The second part of the report outlines several promising countermeasures for each of these
six areas. The third part of the report presents a brief comparison of major traffic safety challenges in India and China.
Reporting and Recording of Road Traffic Accidents in Dhaka CitySharif Raihan Kabir
This document provides an overview of road traffic accident reporting and recording in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It discusses the current accident report form (ARF) process, identifying shortcomings such as the ARF not being comprehensive enough for in-depth investigations. It also finds errors in how police officers fill out forms due to lack of proper training. Under-reporting of accidents is a problem, particularly for less severe cases. The document recommends improving the ARF form by adding more fields to gather key information and ensuring accurate transcription of data to address discrepancies between forms and the accident database.
IRJET - Road Accidents and its Preventive Measures in India: An OverviewIRJET Journal
1) Road accidents are one of the leading causes of death worldwide according to the WHO, killing over 1 million people annually. India faces significant issues with road accidents due to rapid motorization.
2) The majority of road accidents in India are attributed to human error by drivers. Other contributing factors include vehicle issues, road conditions, and environmental factors.
3) Preventive measures that could reduce accidents and fatalities include improving road and vehicle safety, enforcing traffic laws, educating drivers and the public, and enhancing emergency response. A multifaceted approach is needed to address this major public health issue.
Impact of Roadway Condition, Traffic and Manmade Features on Road SafetyIRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that impact road safety, including roadway conditions, traffic, and manmade features. It summarizes various studies that have examined the relationship between these factors and road accidents. Some key findings of the studies include: accident rates decrease with more homogeneous traffic flows, driver performance is reduced by phone use, and accident risk increases with higher speeds. The objectives of the proposed work are to study accident rates in relation to traffic volume, road capacity, and road/shoulder maintenance and to develop an accident prediction model. Road safety can be improved by raising awareness, developing such a model, and considering roadway, traffic, and manmade factors.
There has been an increase in the occurrence of road accidents over the years
with the vehicle-accidents as one of the highest rated causes of accidents in Nigeria.
In this regard, information on “vehicle-caused” accidents and its effects is required
in order to proffer solutions and preventive measures in avoiding consequent deaths.
This data article therefore presents the data on road accidents caused by vehicles
within a 5-year period: 2010 – 2015. The degree of these accidents is categorized as
minor, fatal and serious as the highest degree and the types of vehicles involved in
these accidents are also presented and analyzed with the use of tables and graphs
with a view to easily extract useful deductions needed to make informed decisions
ROAD ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS REPORT FOR BANGALORE CITY, DTD 31.1.2014.bangaloretrpolice
DG & IGP of karnataka state released a report of Road Accident analysis for Bangalore City Traffic on 31.01.2014 at Traffic Head Quarters, Infantry road, Bangalore.
It contents a brief descriptions about road accident statistics for Bangalore city traffic:
The document summarizes the current state of autonomous vehicle development. It discusses that while autonomous vehicle technology is progressing, there are still obstacles to developing and implementing the technology. The general public has a positive view of autonomous vehicles but concerns around safety, cost, and data privacy must still be addressed. Fully autonomous vehicles are predicted to be available within 30 years as the technology continues to evolve and address consumer concerns.
From this webinar you will understand:
• The truth behind Traffic Safety
• The Need of New Road Traffic Management System (ISO 39001)
• The Core Elements of Road Traffic Management System (ISO 39001)
• The Benefits of ISO 39001 RTS
Presenter:
This webinar will be presented by Ronnie Mapanoo, PECB Certified Trainer and Registered Safety Practitioner and Member of International Institute of Risk & Safety Management, UK.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/WKkhyiCci6Y
Analysis of Traffic Law Violations and Traffic Accidents with their Enforceme...AI Publications
More than about 1.24 million of people killed each year due to road traffic crashes worldwide. Out of these deaths, more than one fifth occur among pedestrians Promoting the level of road traffic law enforcement plays a great role in reducing traffic crashes. For assessing of traffic law enforcement, the registered data of traffic violation for the years 2015-2017 were taken from the Traffic Police Department to describe the activities of traffic police personnel in enforcing traffic laws. The violations were categorized into four groups: -those related to driving, vehicle, parking and others, and Traffic Law Enforcement into safety and other traffic law enforcement activities. The types of vehicles involved in the violations were categorized as cars, small load vehicles, motor-cycles, Bajaj and other. Traffic Police had registered a total of 77 traffic-law violation in the year 2015,65 in the year 2016, and 86 in the year 2017. Driving violation was the highest registered violation in the three years, and it was slightly higher in 2017. The categories of cars and small load vehicles were the highest registered vehicles in number of violations with in the three years. For motorized two wheeler vehicles the highest number of registered violation in the three years were the one that related to driving. Out of all vehicle related and other violations were registered more commonly for cars in 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the registered violations, parking related violation was occurred only in 2017. The safety related traffic law enforcement was 89.96 % of the total traffic law enforcement activity.
IRJET- A Review Study on Road Accident in IndiaIRJET Journal
This document reviews road accidents in India. It discusses that road traffic accidents claim over 1 million lives worldwide each year, making it a leading cause of death according to the WHO. In India, factors like rapid motorization without sufficient road safety measures have led to high road accident rates. The key causes of road accidents in India are identified as human factors (reckless driving, drunken driving), environmental factors (poor road quality, lighting), and vehicle-related factors (poorly maintained vehicles). Solutions proposed include better enforcement of traffic rules, driver training programs, vehicle safety standards, and improved road infrastructure to reduce accidents in India.
Epidemiology, prevention & control of rtaAbhi Manu
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health problem globally and in India. RTAs are projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. In India, over 1.3 lakh people die from RTAs each year. The risk factors for RTAs include speeding, drunken driving, reckless behavior like cell phone use while driving, lack of helmets and seatbelts. Prevention strategies include mandatory helmet and seatbelt laws, setting and enforcing speed limits, banning cell phone use while driving, and road safety infrastructure improvements. Management of RTA victims focuses on providing medical care, especially first aid, within the first hour to reduce mortality and injury severity. A multifaceted, collaborative approach is needed
FATAL ROAD ACCIDENTS IN METRO PLUS CITY OF INDIAPraveen Mukati
The document discusses road accidents in Tamil Nadu, India. It finds that road accidents have significantly increased in metropolitan cities due to rising populations and economic growth. In Tamil Nadu specifically, accidents have risen due to increased motorization, with four-wheel vehicles and two-wheelers causing the majority of accidents. The objectives of the study are to analyze the causes of accidents, severity of accidents, types of vehicles involved, and develop safety measures. The research methodology includes collecting secondary accident data from government sources to analyze trends and characteristics. The findings suggest the need for improved road safety management and policies to address the rising accidents in Tamil Nadu.
This document discusses road safety as a global problem and provides statistics and information about road accidents in various countries and Malaysia specifically. Some key points:
- An estimated 1.2 million people are killed in road accidents worldwide annually, with 20-50 million injured. Developing countries see 20-200 deaths per 10,000 vehicles while developed countries see 2-5 deaths.
- In Malaysia, the average number of deaths from road accidents is around 6,000 per year. Human error is the main cause, with things like close following, dangerous cornering, overtaking and speeding being significant factors.
- Various strategies are used in Malaysia to reduce accidents and fatalities, including targeting high-risk locations,
Road Accidents in India: A GIS Epidemiology studyVaibhav Bagaria
A presentation about the epidemiology of road trauma in India. Also how innovative use of technology like GIS when combined with the trauma epidemiology can help prevent these cases in developing countries like India.
Road traffic accidents are a major public health issue globally. Over 1.2 million people die each year in road accidents worldwide, with low and middle income countries disproportionately affected. Risk factors include excessive speed, alcohol use, poor road infrastructure, and lack of safety measures like seatbelts and helmets. Prevention requires a multisectoral approach including strict enforcement of traffic laws, improved road design, safer vehicles, and public education campaigns.
The document summarizes a Supreme Court case regarding a writ petition filed by an orthopedic surgeon seeking the court's intervention to address India's road accident crisis. It discusses statistics showing accidents kill over 130,000 Indians annually. It outlines reports and recommendations from government committees on engineering, enforcement, education and emergency care measures needed to curb accidents. These include amending laws, improving infrastructure, emergency response, driver training and public awareness. The petitioner seeks directions implementing these reforms to minimize loss of life from traffic accidents.
Driver distraction, including cell phone use, contributes to 20-30% of vehicle collisions. While hands-free phones allow drivers to keep hands on the wheel, studies show driver inattention is the larger issue and hands-free phones pose similar risks. Some states and countries restrict cell phone use while driving, but studies show education may be more effective than penalties alone at changing behavior and improving safety.
Looking at why India desperately needs road safety management programs. What is the role of the Government in this? What are the cities initiatives? Looking at corporate houses, NGOs and how these bodies work together and share the responsibility of organizing road safety management.
This document summarizes a case study on motorcycle accidents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study found that motorcycle transport has grown in Tanzania and is an important form of employment and transportation, especially for youth. However, motorcycle accidents have also increased and are a major cause of death and injury. The study examined accident data and causes in three districts in Dar es Salaam through surveys of motorcyclists and passengers. It found that most accidents are caused by traffic violations and alcohol use. Recommendations include stricter licensing requirements for motorcyclists, safety training, and public education campaigns to reduce accidents.
Road accidents are a major problem in India, causing over 130,000 deaths annually. Two-wheelers account for one-third of road accidents while trucks and two-wheelers together cause over 40% of deaths. Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of road deaths per year at over 17,000. Experts recommend stronger laws, better enforcement of traffic rules, and improvements to road infrastructure to help reduce India's high road accident rates.
Road accidents continue to be a major public health issue in India, with over 1.5 lakh deaths reported in 2018 alone. The report analyzes state-wise accident data and finds that most deaths occur among productive aged groups. It highlights initiatives taken by the government to address road safety like identifying and rectifying black spots, strengthening vehicle safety standards, and enacting the Motor Vehicles Amendment Act of 2019 with stricter penalties. While efforts have stabilized accident rates after 2010, the high number of deaths remains a concern. The government is working to improve data collection systems and hopes that better enforcement of laws will help reduce fatalities in the coming years.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
It is related to Road Safety Engineering, I choose a location and did the Accident analysis and the survey for the location and I have suggested some Mitigation measures for the improvement of the area.
Evaluate Sustainability of Using Autonomous Vehicles for the Last-mile Delive...BIJIAM Journal
This study aims to determine if autonomous vehicles (AV) for last-mile deliveries are sustainable from three perspectives: social, environmental, and economic. Because of the relevance of AV application for last-mile delivery, safety was only addressed for the sake of societal sustainability. According to this study, it is rather safe to deploy AVs for delivery since current society’s speed restriction and decent road conditions give the foundation for AVs to run safely for last-mile delivery in metropolitan areas. Furthermore, AV has a distinct advantage in the event of a pandemic. The biggest worry for environmental sustainability is the emission problem. In terms of a series of emissions, it is established that AV has a substantial benefit in terms of emission reduction. This is mostly due to the differences in driving behaviour between autonomous cars and human vehicles. Because of AV’s commercial character, this research used a quantitative approach to highlight the economic sustainability of AV. The
study demonstrates the economic benefit of AV for various carrying capacities.
This research is aimed at confirming whether the autonomous vehicles (AV) for last-mile delivery is sustainable in terms of three aspects – social sustainability, environmental sustainability, and economic sustainability. The safety was solely considered for the social sustainability because of its importance of AV application for lastmile delivery. This study finds that it is relatively safe to use AVs for delivery because of the speed limit of actual society and the good road conditions provide the ground that AV runs safely for last-mile delivery in urban areas. Besides, AV has a special advantage when facing pandemic. For environmental sustainability, the emission problem
is the main concern. It is concluded that AV has a significant advantage in emission reduction in terms of a series of emissions. This mainly results from the driving behaviors difference between AV and human vehicles. As for the economic sustainability of AV, this research adopted a quantitative way to illustrate because the cost of AV is essential to consider because of AV’s commercial nature. The research reveals the cost advantage of AV under different
carrying capabilities.
ROAD ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS REPORT FOR BANGALORE CITY, DTD 31.1.2014.bangaloretrpolice
DG & IGP of karnataka state released a report of Road Accident analysis for Bangalore City Traffic on 31.01.2014 at Traffic Head Quarters, Infantry road, Bangalore.
It contents a brief descriptions about road accident statistics for Bangalore city traffic:
The document summarizes the current state of autonomous vehicle development. It discusses that while autonomous vehicle technology is progressing, there are still obstacles to developing and implementing the technology. The general public has a positive view of autonomous vehicles but concerns around safety, cost, and data privacy must still be addressed. Fully autonomous vehicles are predicted to be available within 30 years as the technology continues to evolve and address consumer concerns.
From this webinar you will understand:
• The truth behind Traffic Safety
• The Need of New Road Traffic Management System (ISO 39001)
• The Core Elements of Road Traffic Management System (ISO 39001)
• The Benefits of ISO 39001 RTS
Presenter:
This webinar will be presented by Ronnie Mapanoo, PECB Certified Trainer and Registered Safety Practitioner and Member of International Institute of Risk & Safety Management, UK.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/WKkhyiCci6Y
Analysis of Traffic Law Violations and Traffic Accidents with their Enforceme...AI Publications
More than about 1.24 million of people killed each year due to road traffic crashes worldwide. Out of these deaths, more than one fifth occur among pedestrians Promoting the level of road traffic law enforcement plays a great role in reducing traffic crashes. For assessing of traffic law enforcement, the registered data of traffic violation for the years 2015-2017 were taken from the Traffic Police Department to describe the activities of traffic police personnel in enforcing traffic laws. The violations were categorized into four groups: -those related to driving, vehicle, parking and others, and Traffic Law Enforcement into safety and other traffic law enforcement activities. The types of vehicles involved in the violations were categorized as cars, small load vehicles, motor-cycles, Bajaj and other. Traffic Police had registered a total of 77 traffic-law violation in the year 2015,65 in the year 2016, and 86 in the year 2017. Driving violation was the highest registered violation in the three years, and it was slightly higher in 2017. The categories of cars and small load vehicles were the highest registered vehicles in number of violations with in the three years. For motorized two wheeler vehicles the highest number of registered violation in the three years were the one that related to driving. Out of all vehicle related and other violations were registered more commonly for cars in 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the registered violations, parking related violation was occurred only in 2017. The safety related traffic law enforcement was 89.96 % of the total traffic law enforcement activity.
IRJET- A Review Study on Road Accident in IndiaIRJET Journal
This document reviews road accidents in India. It discusses that road traffic accidents claim over 1 million lives worldwide each year, making it a leading cause of death according to the WHO. In India, factors like rapid motorization without sufficient road safety measures have led to high road accident rates. The key causes of road accidents in India are identified as human factors (reckless driving, drunken driving), environmental factors (poor road quality, lighting), and vehicle-related factors (poorly maintained vehicles). Solutions proposed include better enforcement of traffic rules, driver training programs, vehicle safety standards, and improved road infrastructure to reduce accidents in India.
Epidemiology, prevention & control of rtaAbhi Manu
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health problem globally and in India. RTAs are projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. In India, over 1.3 lakh people die from RTAs each year. The risk factors for RTAs include speeding, drunken driving, reckless behavior like cell phone use while driving, lack of helmets and seatbelts. Prevention strategies include mandatory helmet and seatbelt laws, setting and enforcing speed limits, banning cell phone use while driving, and road safety infrastructure improvements. Management of RTA victims focuses on providing medical care, especially first aid, within the first hour to reduce mortality and injury severity. A multifaceted, collaborative approach is needed
FATAL ROAD ACCIDENTS IN METRO PLUS CITY OF INDIAPraveen Mukati
The document discusses road accidents in Tamil Nadu, India. It finds that road accidents have significantly increased in metropolitan cities due to rising populations and economic growth. In Tamil Nadu specifically, accidents have risen due to increased motorization, with four-wheel vehicles and two-wheelers causing the majority of accidents. The objectives of the study are to analyze the causes of accidents, severity of accidents, types of vehicles involved, and develop safety measures. The research methodology includes collecting secondary accident data from government sources to analyze trends and characteristics. The findings suggest the need for improved road safety management and policies to address the rising accidents in Tamil Nadu.
This document discusses road safety as a global problem and provides statistics and information about road accidents in various countries and Malaysia specifically. Some key points:
- An estimated 1.2 million people are killed in road accidents worldwide annually, with 20-50 million injured. Developing countries see 20-200 deaths per 10,000 vehicles while developed countries see 2-5 deaths.
- In Malaysia, the average number of deaths from road accidents is around 6,000 per year. Human error is the main cause, with things like close following, dangerous cornering, overtaking and speeding being significant factors.
- Various strategies are used in Malaysia to reduce accidents and fatalities, including targeting high-risk locations,
Road Accidents in India: A GIS Epidemiology studyVaibhav Bagaria
A presentation about the epidemiology of road trauma in India. Also how innovative use of technology like GIS when combined with the trauma epidemiology can help prevent these cases in developing countries like India.
Road traffic accidents are a major public health issue globally. Over 1.2 million people die each year in road accidents worldwide, with low and middle income countries disproportionately affected. Risk factors include excessive speed, alcohol use, poor road infrastructure, and lack of safety measures like seatbelts and helmets. Prevention requires a multisectoral approach including strict enforcement of traffic laws, improved road design, safer vehicles, and public education campaigns.
The document summarizes a Supreme Court case regarding a writ petition filed by an orthopedic surgeon seeking the court's intervention to address India's road accident crisis. It discusses statistics showing accidents kill over 130,000 Indians annually. It outlines reports and recommendations from government committees on engineering, enforcement, education and emergency care measures needed to curb accidents. These include amending laws, improving infrastructure, emergency response, driver training and public awareness. The petitioner seeks directions implementing these reforms to minimize loss of life from traffic accidents.
Driver distraction, including cell phone use, contributes to 20-30% of vehicle collisions. While hands-free phones allow drivers to keep hands on the wheel, studies show driver inattention is the larger issue and hands-free phones pose similar risks. Some states and countries restrict cell phone use while driving, but studies show education may be more effective than penalties alone at changing behavior and improving safety.
Looking at why India desperately needs road safety management programs. What is the role of the Government in this? What are the cities initiatives? Looking at corporate houses, NGOs and how these bodies work together and share the responsibility of organizing road safety management.
This document summarizes a case study on motorcycle accidents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study found that motorcycle transport has grown in Tanzania and is an important form of employment and transportation, especially for youth. However, motorcycle accidents have also increased and are a major cause of death and injury. The study examined accident data and causes in three districts in Dar es Salaam through surveys of motorcyclists and passengers. It found that most accidents are caused by traffic violations and alcohol use. Recommendations include stricter licensing requirements for motorcyclists, safety training, and public education campaigns to reduce accidents.
Road accidents are a major problem in India, causing over 130,000 deaths annually. Two-wheelers account for one-third of road accidents while trucks and two-wheelers together cause over 40% of deaths. Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of road deaths per year at over 17,000. Experts recommend stronger laws, better enforcement of traffic rules, and improvements to road infrastructure to help reduce India's high road accident rates.
Road accidents continue to be a major public health issue in India, with over 1.5 lakh deaths reported in 2018 alone. The report analyzes state-wise accident data and finds that most deaths occur among productive aged groups. It highlights initiatives taken by the government to address road safety like identifying and rectifying black spots, strengthening vehicle safety standards, and enacting the Motor Vehicles Amendment Act of 2019 with stricter penalties. While efforts have stabilized accident rates after 2010, the high number of deaths remains a concern. The government is working to improve data collection systems and hopes that better enforcement of laws will help reduce fatalities in the coming years.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
It is related to Road Safety Engineering, I choose a location and did the Accident analysis and the survey for the location and I have suggested some Mitigation measures for the improvement of the area.
Evaluate Sustainability of Using Autonomous Vehicles for the Last-mile Delive...BIJIAM Journal
This study aims to determine if autonomous vehicles (AV) for last-mile deliveries are sustainable from three perspectives: social, environmental, and economic. Because of the relevance of AV application for last-mile delivery, safety was only addressed for the sake of societal sustainability. According to this study, it is rather safe to deploy AVs for delivery since current society’s speed restriction and decent road conditions give the foundation for AVs to run safely for last-mile delivery in metropolitan areas. Furthermore, AV has a distinct advantage in the event of a pandemic. The biggest worry for environmental sustainability is the emission problem. In terms of a series of emissions, it is established that AV has a substantial benefit in terms of emission reduction. This is mostly due to the differences in driving behaviour between autonomous cars and human vehicles. Because of AV’s commercial character, this research used a quantitative approach to highlight the economic sustainability of AV. The
study demonstrates the economic benefit of AV for various carrying capacities.
This research is aimed at confirming whether the autonomous vehicles (AV) for last-mile delivery is sustainable in terms of three aspects – social sustainability, environmental sustainability, and economic sustainability. The safety was solely considered for the social sustainability because of its importance of AV application for lastmile delivery. This study finds that it is relatively safe to use AVs for delivery because of the speed limit of actual society and the good road conditions provide the ground that AV runs safely for last-mile delivery in urban areas. Besides, AV has a special advantage when facing pandemic. For environmental sustainability, the emission problem
is the main concern. It is concluded that AV has a significant advantage in emission reduction in terms of a series of emissions. This mainly results from the driving behaviors difference between AV and human vehicles. As for the economic sustainability of AV, this research adopted a quantitative way to illustrate because the cost of AV is essential to consider because of AV’s commercial nature. The research reveals the cost advantage of AV under different
carrying capabilities.
IRJET-Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Prediction Model: A Case Study of Va...IRJET Journal
This document discusses road traffic accidents in Vadodara City, India. It analyzes accident data from 2010-2016 collected from local police stations. Key findings include:
- Accident severity, the number of people killed per 100 accidents, increased over this period.
- The highest numbers of accidents occurred in March-April and involved two and four-wheelers.
- Factors contributing to accidents included lack of median barriers, footpaths, traffic signals and signs.
- The study aims to identify causes of accidents, develop an accident prediction model, and propose safety improvements to reduce accidents.
Pedestrian Conflict Risk Model at Unsignalized Locations on a Community Streetcoreconferences
Crossing a street at unsignalized location can be dangerous to pedestrians, especially the elderly. This paper evaluate the pedestrianvehicle collision risk on specific roads to identify that the degree of Pedestrian safety requires pedestrian intervention such as road improvement. First, age was a significant variable in that older people tend to be at greater risk than the non-elder people. There was an insignificant difference between the PSM of approaching vehicles that were traveling at speeds less than 30 km/h and those traveling at speeds in the range of 30-50 km/h. Interestingly, conflicts when the speed of the vehicles exceeded 50 km/h, the risk of conflict risk was higher than it was for vehicles traveling at speeds below 30km/h. The ratio of conflict risk for crossing gradient topography road was about 21.7 times greater than that for the non-gradient topography area. Regarding safety facilities, the 30 km/h speed limit sign influenced the risk situation of conflict. The ratio of conflict risk for a road with the safety facility was about 0.395 times lower than that for an unmarked road.
Cisco Smart Intersections: IoT insights using video analytics and AICarl Jackson
In this trial, IoT, Video Analytics, Deep Learning (DL) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), for the purpose of traffic flow assessment and insights into road user behaviour, were evaluated at an intersection at the AIMES testbed in Melbourne¹ in partnership with: the University of Melbourne, Department of Transport (DOT), IAG and Cisco.
Driverless cars have the potential to transform transportation by improving safety, reducing emissions and congestion, and increasing mobility. The UK is positioned to become a leader in this technology by establishing test programs in several cities and reviewing regulations in 2017. Fully autonomous vehicles could be on roads by 2020-2025, leading to major changes like decreased car ownership and the rise of driverless ride-sharing services. While this transition provides economic opportunities, it also threatens some existing jobs like professional drivers and presents new cybersecurity risks from hackers targeting connected vehicles.
The NTSB Most Wanted List highlights safety issues identified from transportation accident investigations to increase awareness and promote safety solutions. The National Transportation Safety Board is an independent federal agency charged with investigating civil aviation accidents in the US and significant accidents in other modes of transportation. The NTSB determines the probable causes of accidents and issues safety recommendations to prevent future accidents. The Most Wanted List identifies critical changes needed to reduce accidents and save lives across aviation, highway, marine, rail, and pipeline transportation.
White Paper on Transport Safety in the Era of Digital MobilityCarl Jackson
While remarkable progress has been made with technological, operational and behavioral improvements in the century-old, automotive-based transport systems used around the world, rapid technological changes are occurring that could amount to a reset in outcomes for transport users.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses traffic injury prevention in India. It notes that India has a high rate of traffic fatalities that cost billions annually. Successful prevention requires collaboration across sectors and a systematic approach. A case study is presented to demonstrate injury causation analysis, which can help improve safety. The analysis used data from the accident scene, vehicles, autopsy report, and crash test data to determine that the occupant's fatal injuries were caused by the intruding vehicle door and structures due to the lack of safety features in the struck vehicle. The case highlights the need for more robust injury data and collaboration in India to enhance prevention efforts.
IRJET- Intelligent Traffic System in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing an intelligent transportation system (ITS) in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India to address traffic issues. It provides background on ITS and its applications including traveler information systems, traffic management, and commercial vehicles. ITS has been implemented in various countries with varying degrees of success. While some ITS technologies have been introduced in India, full implementation faces challenges of infrastructure, funding, urban growth, and public acceptance. The document proposes improving ITS in Indore through digital traffic management, vehicle communication networks, advanced driver assistance, traffic enforcement cameras, and traveler information systems to reduce congestion and accidents.
IRJET- Algorithms for the Prediction of Traffic AccidentsIRJET Journal
This document discusses algorithms for predicting traffic accidents using association rules. It first provides background on studying factors that influence traffic accidents and using data mining approaches like association rules. It then reviews related literature applying decision trees and other algorithms to injury severity prediction. The document proposes a method to calculate minimum support and automatically extract strong association rules from accident data to predict patterns and promote applications in intelligent transportation systems.
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN AUSTIN THROUGH THE REDUCTION OF TRAFFIC CONG...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new system to reduce traffic congestion in Austin, Texas. It discusses the current traffic issues in Austin, including prolonged travel times and uncertainty in schedules. The proposed system would incorporate customer and system requirements, such as tracking potential passenger and traffic patterns. It would use GPS and real-time traffic information. The system is designed to improve the quality of public transportation and enhance quality of life by reducing traffic congestion in Austin.
Global Supply Chain Survey 2014: NCITEC ProjectWaheed Uddin
- The document describes a study conducted by three universities on improving economic competitiveness through integrated, multimodal transportation corridors.
- The study included analyzing US and NAFTA freight data and modeling selected highway/waterway/rail corridors. Preliminary results found benefits like reduced travel time and emissions from improved integration.
- A survey of supply chain stakeholders is being used to understand dependencies on modes of transportation and willingness to support innovative strategies to integrate infrastructure and funding.
Rolling barriers are proposed as a highway safety measure for a proposed stretch of straight and curved roads to reduce accidents. Conventional barriers can cause high damage in collisions but rolling barriers absorb impact through a cushioning effect by converting kinetic energy into rotational motion. This project aims to design a rolling barrier system to reduce deaths and injuries by minimizing the impact of collisions. Literature reviews rolling barrier systems used internationally that have proven effective through cushioning impacts and guiding vehicles along their path.
Road Safety Audit of Balsamand Hisar Bypass Road MDR 107ijtsrd
Now a days, in each ten minutes, we tend to lose one human life because of road accidents. Within the world, Bharat has world’s largest weighty traffic and accidents too its necessary to provide the safety to roads. Road Safety Audit RSA could be a practice or methodology within which identification of existing or future road on basis of questions of safety and provision of safety remedial measures on that. Road Safety Audit RSA is a formal method for assessing accident potential and safety performance within the provision of latest road schemes and schemes for the improvement and maintenance of existing roads.In this study, the section of road from “Balsamand – Hisar Bypass Road MDR 107 †is undertaken. Road taken having appreciable traffic throughout day time and a few black spots on the road wherever accidents could happen and in depth analysis of road from “Balsamand – Hisar Bypass Road MDR 107 †is administered on the premise of information assortment like traffic behaviour study, road safety signs and symbols, etc. The purpose of study is to examine the road within the terms of the security measures, road situation, any kind of flaws and to counsel the alleviative and preventive actions for the chosen section of road for audit. Ravi Saharan | Vikas "Road Safety Audit of Balsamand-Hisar Bypass Road (MDR 107)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50419.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50419/road-safety-audit-of-balsamandhisar-bypass-road-mdr-107/ravi-saharan
Mitigating collisions between pedestrians and vehiclesIRJET Journal
This document examines collisions between pedestrians and vehicles, analyzing data on traffic accidents in Samara, Russia. It finds that 50-60% of collisions are due to pedestrian infractions like crossing outside of designated areas, while 20-27% are due to driver infractions like speeding. The document analyzes common collision points, like intersections and locations where pedestrians walk alongside traffic. It concludes that better training is needed for traffic investigators to properly assess conflicts between drivers and pedestrians.
Advancing Road Safety in India:Challenges and OpportunitiesWaseemAhmad186
India has seen rising road accidents as the number of vehicles has increased dramatically in recent decades while road infrastructure has not kept pace. Over 5 lakh road accidents occurred in India in 2015, resulting in 1.46 lakh deaths. Young people between 15-35 years old account for over half of road accident victims. The top causes of accidents are reckless or drunk driving, speeding, and not wearing seatbelts. The government has created policies and programs focused on education, enforcement, engineering, and emergency response to try to advance road safety in India.
This document discusses increasing bike ridership at Ohio State University through social marketing and improving security and amenities. Currently, most students and faculty drive alone to campus even from within 5 miles away, and the top barriers to biking are weather, lack of security for bikes, and safety concerns. The document proposes using social marketing campaigns to promote biking and make it seem popular and normal. It also recommends improving bike parking infrastructure like bike reservoirs near buildings, and integrating bike parking into parking garages for added security. The goal is to reduce driving and help Ohio State achieve its sustainability and carbon neutrality goals.
Similar to Influence of Vehicle Inspection Tests on Crashworthiness of School Bus in Nairobi County, Kenya (20)
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
Effect of Biopesticide from the Stems of Gossypium Arboreum on Pink Bollworm ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Pink bollworm and Lepidoptera development quickly in numbers which is a typical animal group that produces around 100 youthful ones inside certain days or weeks. This assault influences the harvests broadly in the tropical and sub-tropical temperature areas. Thus, to keep up with the yield of harvests the vermin ought to be kept away by utilizing pesticides. The unnecessary measure of the purpose of pesticides influences the dirt, land, and as well as human well-being, and contaminates the climate. Thus, an ozone-accommodating biopesticide is extracted from the stems of the Gossypium arboreum. Thus, the extraction of biopesticide from the stems of Gossypium arboreum demonstrated that the quantity of pink bollworm and Lepidoptera is diminished step by step in the wake of showering the arrangement on the impacted region of the plant because of the presence of the gossypol.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses the potential applications of artificial intelligence techniques in e-commerce in Saudi Arabia. It begins with an introduction to e-commerce and AI, and how AI is being used increasingly in e-commerce applications worldwide. It then reviews literature on how AI can be integrated into e-commerce systems and the various applications of AI in e-commerce. Some key applications discussed include AI assistants, personalized recommendations, demand forecasting, supply chain management, fraud detection and more. The document concludes that Saudi Arabia is well positioned to benefit from using AI to boost its growing e-commerce sector.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the factors influencing ownership patterns of selected Indian companies and the impact of ownership patterns on corporate performance. The study used data from 5 industries over 5 years from 2017 to 2021. Multiple regression, ANOVA, and correlation analyses were conducted. The results found that the percentage of independent directors on the board and the size of the company had a significant impact on Indian promoter holdings. Additionally, non-institutional ownership was found to have a significant impact on corporate performance measures like asset utilization ratio. The study concluded that ownership patterns can influence corporate performance and companies should work to optimize factors like debt-equity ratio and board independence to improve financial outcomes.
An Analytical Study on Ratios Influencing Profitability of Selected Indian Au...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Every country with a well-developed transportation network has a well-developed economy. The automobile industry is a critical engine of the nation's economic development. The automobile industry has significant backward and forward links with every area of the economy, as well as a strong and progressive multiplier impact. The automotive industry and the auto component industry are both included in the vehicle industry. It includes passenger waggons, light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles, as well as multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, three-wheelers, military vehicles, motorcycles, tractors, and auto-components such as engine parts, batteries, drive transmission parts, electrical, suspension and chassis parts, and body and other parts. In the last several years, India's automobile sector has seen incredible growth in sales, production, innovation, and exports. India's car industry has emerged as one of the best in the world, and the auto-ancillary sector is poised to assist the vehicle sector's expansion. Vehicle manufacturers and auto-parts manufacturers account for a significant component of global motorised manufacturing. Vehicle manufacturers from across the world are keeping a close eye on the Indian auto sector in order to assess future demand and establish India as a global manufacturing base. The current research focuses on three automotive behemoths: TATA Motors, MRF, and Mahindra & Mahindra.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
An Empirical Analysis of Financial Performance of Selected Oil Exploration an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
After the United States, China, and Japan, India was the world's fourth biggest consumer of oil and petroleum products. The nation is significantly reliant on crude oil imports, the majority of which come from the Middle East. The Indian oil and gas business is one of the country's six main sectors, with important forward links to the rest of the economy. More than two-thirds of the country's overall primary energy demands are met by the oil and gas industry. The industry has played a key role in placing India on the global map. India is now the world's sixth biggest crude oil user and ninth largest crude oil importer. In addition, the country's portion of the worldwide refining market is growing. India's refining industry is now the world's sixth biggest. With plans for Reliance Petroleum Limited to commission another refinery with a capacity of 29 MTPA next 16 to its 33 MTPA refinery in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this position is projected to be enhanced. As a consequence, the Reliance refinery would be the biggest single-site refinery in the world. Based on secondary data gathered from CMIE, the current research examines the ratios influencing the profitability of selected oil exploration and production businesses in India during a 10-year period.
Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses theoretical estimates for the costs of compressing and transporting CO2 from a hypothetical carbon capture and storage project at the Saline Joniche Power Plant in Italy. It first provides background on the power plant project from 2008 that proposed converting the site to coal power. It then details the methodology used to size the compression system, estimating power needs for multi-stage compression up to pipeline pressures. Costs are considered for constructing, operating, and maintaining both the compression plant and pipeline to a potential offshore storage site. The aim is to evaluate retrofitting the existing plant with carbon capture and storage as a way to enable continued coal power production consistent with climate goals.
Analytical Mechanics of Magnetic Particles Suspended in Magnetorheological FluidDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research article about optimizing digital-based MSME e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article discusses how the pandemic severely impacted MSMEs, with many going out of business. However, digitalization and e-commerce provide opportunities for MSMEs to transform their business models. The article reviews literature showing how technologies like websites, social media, and mobile applications can help MSMEs reach more customers online. Case studies of MSMEs in different countries found that those utilizing digital tools through e-commerce were more successful compared to those relying only on offline sales. The article concludes digitalization is both a challenge and opportunity for MSMEs to adapt their traditional business models and survive or grow
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
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Influence of Vehicle Inspection Tests on Crashworthiness of School Bus in Nairobi County, Kenya
1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 5 (October 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.5.16
112 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Influence of Vehicle Inspection Tests on Crashworthiness of School Bus in
Nairobi County, Kenya
Bosire Thomas M1
and Dr Eng. Herbert Dimo2
1
PhD Student, Department of Technology Education, University of Eldoret, KENYA
2
Senior Lecturer, Department of Technology Education, University of Eldoret, KENYA
1
Corresponding Author: botmongare7@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The vehicle structure, designs and materials on
school bus body crashworthiness as regulated by different
government agencies in bus body building firms was the topic
under research study. In Kenya, thousands of vehicles are
involved in vehicle collisions or crashes every year resulting in
fatal accidents and severe injuries to the passengers. The
specific objective was the influence of vehicle inspection
testson crashworthiness of school bus in Nairobi City County.
This study adopted Dym’s, Suh’s Axiomatic theory. The
pragmatic paradigm and explanatory research design were
used. The target population was 1500 respondents from bus
body building firms and government regulatory institutions.
The sample size was 315 respondents. Questionnaires,
interview schedules and observation were data collection
instruments. Expert judgment was used to establish validity of
the questionnaires. Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient was used to
determine the reliability of the research instrument. The data
collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential
analysis with the aid of SPSS V22 software. The coefficient of
determination (R squared) of .206 showing that 20.6% of the
variation in crashworthiness of a bus can be explained by
vehicle inspection tests. There was a positive significant
influence of vehicle inspection tests on crashworthiness of a
bus (β=0.396 and p <0.05). The study concluded that the
vehicle inspection tests had a significant influence on the
crashworthiness of school bus. The management of school bus
body construction companies need to conduct all the terminal
test needed before releasing the vehicle in order to enhance
crashworthiness of a bus. The Transport authority should
examine and check the mandatory requirements and
periodically amend them in accordance with the safety,
engineering and ecological standardization.
Keywords-- Vehicle, Inspection, Tests, Crashworthiness,
Bus
I. INTRODUCTION
Crashworthiness is an engineering term used to
define the ability of vehicle structure to protect its
occupants during an impact [1]. In other words,
crashworthiness is the process of improving the crash
performance of a structure by sacrificing it under impact for
the purpose of protecting occupants from injuries [1]. In
Canada in 2006, nearly two hundred thousand were injured
in road accidents Transport Canada [2], bringing an
estimate of $63 billion in social costs. The majority of
fatalities and serious injuries occurred due to frontal vehicle
collisions [2].
In the U.S.A the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety
Standard (FMVSS) No. 216, Roof Crush Resistance,
established a minimum requirement for roof strength to
"reduce deaths and injuries due to the crushing of the roof
into the occupant compartment in rollover crashes". In this
test, a rigid plate is pushed into one side of the roof at a
constant speed. The roof must be strong enough to prevent
the plate from moving 5 inches when pushed at a force
equal to 1½ times the weight of the vehicle. The test went
into effect in 1973 and remained essentially unchanged
until an updated rule was announced in 2009, National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration, [3]. Roof strength
and injury risk in rollover crashes have a significant
relationship[4].
Rollover accidents are recognized as the most
dangerous accident scenarios for buses [5]. Even being a
rare event, since only 4-5% of all bus accidents are
rollovers, they are the cause of nearly 50% of serious and
fatal injuries [6]&[7]. The statistical data for cutaway buses
accidents is not easily accessible. Not many countries keep
track of bus accidents, especially cutaway buses. That is
why many researchers use ordinary bus data to evaluate the
seriousness of rollovers accidents in their research [8] &[6].
One of the most useful tools for obtaining bus accident data
for the United States is the Fatality Analysis Reporting
System (FARS). FARS is a database providing yearly data
regarding fatal injuries suffered in vehicle traffic crashes
[9]. The most recent published FARS data, which is for the
year 2012. In 2012 there were about 127 million cars
registered in the United States, and they were involved in
more than 18,000 fatal accidents.
According to this data, out of nearly 765,000 buses
registered in the United States in the year 2012, there were
only 249 fatal crashed involving buses. This results in about
140 lethal accidents per 1 million passenger vehicles
registered, and more than 300 fatal accidents per one
million buses. According to this data, there were only 11
rollover accidents out of all 251 fatal crashes involving
2. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 5 (October 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.5.16
113 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
buses (which makes it 4.4% of all bus crashes). Nearly 32%
of all bus accidents with fatalities were associated with the
bus rollover. Although, the selected FARS data does not
specify the number of fatalities in each of the bus accidents,
it shows general statistics and the ratio of vehicle to bus
accidents which have occurred in the US during the year
2012.
Research on buses and coach’s safety is evidently
limited. Some regulations compulsory for heavy vehicles
are imposed for passenger protection. Federal Motor
Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 220 establishes
performance requirements for school bus rollover
protection in the United States. In European community,
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-
ECE) Regulation-66 concerning with the strength of bus
superstructure under dynamic lateral rollover test and ECE
R80 specifying the strength of seats and their anchorages
are enforced.
The regulations and/or guidelines specifically
arranged for frontal collision of bus structure directly
concerned with the safety of the driver and crew do not
exist. However, the passengers are in much greater risk if
the bus driver is not protected during the course of accident.
Some proposals similar to ECE R29 are under discussions
in Working Party on Passive Safety (GRSP) in UN-ECE
and a similar regulation for buses will be imposed in the
near future [10].
Road safety is a serious issue around the world,
with more than 1.2 million people killed every year [11]. In
the Province of Alberta in Canada alone, nearly 400 people
are killed and more than 27,000 people are injured in over
112,000 motor vehicle collisions each year [2]. The direct
social cost of motor vehicle collisions to Albertans is as
much as $4.68 billion, or 2.4% of Alberta’s gross domestic
product. Although school buses (SB) were involved in only
0.4% of the total number of collisions occurring in Alberta
in the last decade, these crashes tend to receive
disproportionate attention in the media and the community
because of the high safety expectations for SB and the
intensity of emotions involved when school children are
injured. SB safety has a high priority in the community
because parents put their trust in schools and SB drivers to
transport their children to and from school safely.
About 6,000 SBs in Alberta, Canada, travel over
76 million kilometres each year to transport approximately
126,000 students in rural areas and 139,000 students in
urban areas Opus Hamilton [12] and they are considered to
be one of the safest modes. The proportion of SB collisions
resulting in injury is 13.7%, while the share of total
collisions in Alberta that results in injury during the same
time period is 15.2% [12]. Thus, there is a slightly lower
risk of SB collisions resulting in injuries compared to all
collisions.
In bus frontal collision, the driver safety is related
to two opposite effects: deformation of driver compartment
measured by intrusion; and deceleration felt by the driver
measured by the amplitude and time duration of the crash
pulse [13]. The use of components capable of buckling in a
controlled progressive folding pattern is used as a mean to
improve crashworthiness for vehicle occupant protection in
passenger cars. Thin-walled steel tubes collapsing under
axial crushing can also be as energy absorbers, most
commonly exist as either square or circular cross sections
[14], [15] & [16].
In Kenya, there is growing concern by customers
and stakeholders over the design of bus vehicles and the
levels of crashworthiness based on past vehicle collisions or
accidents. Bus vehicles involved in accidents according to
experts, indicate that the design is substandard and
moreover, the weight of the material is a great determinant
of how safe a vehicle is, therefore rendering vehicle
occupants or passengers more vulnerable to fatalities and
serious injuries. According to experts, vehicles should be
serviced before setting out on a long journey to ensure that
they are roadworthy [17].
According to Wainaina [18] passenger service
vehicles (PSV) will soon be required to adhere to new body
construction standards before they are allowed to operate on
the roads, according to the National Transport and Safety
Authority (NTSA).The standard, referred to as
KS372:2014, will be implemented to ensure the uniformity
of all passenger vehicles and as a safety measure on the
roads. "Bus accidents are fatal because of the poor
construction of buses in Kenya," said Gerald Wangai,
NTSA director of motor vehicle inspection.
According to NTSA, school buses involved in
collisions based on previous experience, a school bus on
impact or from impact, it is evident or clear that the body
structure of the bus is weak and therefore not to the
recommended manufacturing vehicle body standard. The
problem under investigation is that in the event of a bus
collision, why the bus structure or frame of the bus fails
after an accident. This being a vehicle body safety aspect, it
is very critical that it is studied and understood in order to
set a safe and effective system which conforms to the
design rules and standards. Therefore, there was need to
determine the relationship between vehicle inspection
testsand crashworthiness of school bus.
II. LITERATURE
2.1 Crashworthiness of Bus
An automobile can be impacted from any direction
at different speeds. It can also include an automobile
impacting another automobile, which in turn can be the
same or different from the first automobile. This shows how
automobiles affect and being affected by each other in crash
3. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 5 (October 2019)
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114 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
situations [19]. An automobile can also impact a rigid
barrier, a tree, a light post, and so on, which may lead to
severe deceleration and high loads, as a rigid body cannot
deform to absorb part of the impact energy. An automobile
can also impact a pedestrian which leads to the importance
of design for pedestrian safety as well, and finally an
automobile can go into rollover accidents.
According to Galganski [20] crashworthiness
problems can be characterized by: Displacement and
energy: Frontal structure length is being reduced by modern
design styles and at the same time, it is required to absorb
most of the impact energy and to minimize intrusion into
the compartment. Crash pulse: Crash pulse is the
deceleration induced by impact on the human body. Head
injury criterion (HIC) is used to measure the damage from
crash pulse on the brain, and it should be less than a certain
limit by regulations. Crash position: The structure should be
able to mitigate injuries in different crash positions such as
full-frontal impact, offset frontal impact, side impact, rear
impact, and rollover. Automobile compatibility: With
different automobile models, the structure should be able to
mitigate injuries resulting from an accident involving two
different automobiles, which can differ in size and/or
weight.
Crashworthiness is not limited to automobiles
only, it is also applied to other transportation vehicles, such
as ships, planes, and trains. In fact, the first systematic and
scientific investigation of the subject was applied to railway
axles between 1879 to 1890 by Thomas Andrews [21].
Guler, Elitok, Bayram & Stelzmann [22] looked into the
effectiveness of a seatbelt usage on the rollover
crashworthiness of the intercity coach. Authors attempted to
evaluate passenger injury risk and compare the
effectiveness of seatbelt usage during rollover accident. The
authors used a Hybrid III 50th projectile dummy model
obtained from LSTC to evaluate passenger injury in all
investigated cases. Passenger restraints considered included
passengers without seatbelts, 2-point lap belt and a 3-point
shoulder belt. Use of the seatbelts during rollover test
resulted in mitigation of projection and ejection of bus
passengers and injury reduction.
Ko, Shin, Jeon & Cho, [23] performed a study on
the crashworthiness and rollover characteristics of the low-
floor bus made of sandwich composites. The composite
incorporated into the vehicle structure was composed of the
aluminum honeycomb and fiberglass-epoxy face sheets.
The paper investigated two crash scenarios, a 60km/h
frontal impact and the ECE-R66 rollover. Although
material property tests were carried out on composite
samples, no detailed validation effort was presented.
Ozcanli and Yilmaz [24] investigated the effects of foam
application to the bus structure in order to improve its
crashworthiness during rollover accidents. Although the
foam application to the structural beams reduced the
deformation of the bus, the results were insignificant
(0.25%).
Iskandar and Li [25] looked at the aging effect,
such as corrosion and deterioration of mechanical
properties, on rollover crashworthiness of buses. Authors
used data available on mechanical properties of corroded
metals and applied these properties to the existing FE
model of the bus. Conclusions show that aging effect has a
significant influence onto the vehicle rollover
crashworthiness and reduces bus occupant safety.
Computational and experimental experience,
gained throughout this research, has shown that large
variations exist in the crashworthiness of buses built by
different manufacturers. These variations may be
influenced by many structural characteristics such as:
tubing selected for the steel cage (cross-sectional
dimensions, thicknesses, open vs. closed cross-sections),
connections between tubes including wall to floor and wall
to roof joints, outer layer (thickness, material, connection to
the cage), and others [8].
In terms of crashworthiness, structural
deterioration of aged bus is the main concern during
accident occurrence. Many factors contributed to the
structural integrity degrade such as operation schedule,
environment and loading effects and others. To improve
the structure design for crashworthiness, it is required to
understand the different factors affecting the crash process.
2.2 Vehicle Inspection tests and Bus Crashworthiness
According to American Public Transportation
Association (APTA) Fact Book, after the introduction of
ADA number of passenger trips on demand response
services increased from 68 million in 1990 to 190 million in
2010 [26]. Out of all bus accident scenarios, rollover is
considered to be the most dangerous one [27]. Clients often
try to close this loophole by requesting compliance with an
existing bus safety regulation. For the roof integrity
evaluation of paratransit buses usually the Federal Motor
Vehicle Safety Standard 220 (FMVSS 220) “School bus
rollover protection” is adopted.
In the United States (US) as of 2005, the states that
required paratransit manufacturers to comply with this
existing standard included: Pennsylvania, Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Tennessee, Michigan, Utah, Alabama, and
California [28].
Alternative approach is presented in the Florida
Standard for Crashworthiness and Safety Evaluation of
Paratransit Buses (FDOT Standard) [29],[8]& [30]. FDOT
Standard, which was adopted by FDOT and became
effective in 2007, is based on the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe Regulation 66 (ECE-R66) [31].
The ECE-R66 uses a full-scale dynamic rollover test as a
basic approval procedure. The pass-fail criterion is based on
a concept of a residual space (RS). The residual space is
defined as a space required to be kept intact during a
4. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 5 (October 2019)
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115 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
rollover in order to provide a survival zone for passengers
and a driver.
In 2010, the State of Florida purchased over 300 of
paratransit buses from seven different manufacturers.
During that year the buses came with over 40 different
floor/wheelbase/chassis configurations [32]. Such variety of
purchased vehicles, gives the ordering agencies a flexibility
of ordering vehicles optimized for desired purpose, but also
creates a challenge for the approval procedure. Bus
manufacturers are relatively small companies in comparison
to the rest of automotive industry. They cannot afford of
setting up and supporting their own R&D departments or
donating each manufactured model for rollover testing. On
the other hand, the process of development, validation and
verification of FE models for all purchased vehicles is an
overwhelming task for a research institution such as
Crashworthiness and Impact Analysis Laboratory (CIAL).
It became apparent that the full-scale experimental rollover
tests and the process of developing FE model for computer
simulations are too expensive and time consuming to be
effectively used in the current setting.
Paratransit bus accident statistics are not easily
accessible. In the past, these types of buses were often
lumped into general bus statistics, or “other buses”
category. Until 2010, Fatality Analysis Reporting System
(FARS), established by National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA), did not contain a specific
category for paratransit buses [3]. Starting from the Traffic
Safety Facts 2011 report (NHTSA [33], a new special
category named “Van-Based Bus (GVWR > 10,000 lb.)”
was created to accommodate paratransit buses. So far, there
is only two-year data (2011, 2012) available, and
accounting a small number of this vehicles on the road, this
is not sufficient to draw a full picture of fatal accidents for
paratransit buses.
The CIREN database consists of multiple recorded
severe vehicle crashes, including accident reconstruction
and injury profile data. CIREN contains data extending
back to 1996 and is available for public viewing [9]. NASS
on the other hand, collects a nationally representative
sample of police reported vehicle crashes of all types. Data
is randomly sampled from available accident data and
coded in detail according to NASS requirements [9].
Unfortunately, no cases for any bus accidents have been
located in the CIREN database, and no data for bus rollover
was found in NASS database. Due to the lack of the long-
term accident statistics for paratransit buses, general bus
accident statistics are more useful in drawing conclusions
on injury mechanism of bus occupants. United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has been
collecting data on bus accidents since 1973, when Hungary
raised a problem of lack of requirements for the bus
superstructure [27].
Other countries represented at the expert group
IG/R.66 meeting in Madrid in January 2008, such as Czech
Republic, United Kingdom, Italy, and Poland presented
only fleet data, and did not provide bus accident statistics
for their regions. Another study performed on Spanish bus
data from 1995 to 1999 shows that the rollover accounted
for 4% of all bus accidents, but the risk of fatalities was five
times higher than for any other bus accident type [34].
Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) is a useful tool
for obtaining bus accident data for the United States. FARS
is a nationwide database providing the public and decision
makers with a yearly data regarding fatal injuries suffered
in motor vehicle traffic crashes [9].
Spanish data collected in the 1990s lists injury
distributions for bus accidents, comparing rollover
accidents with all other types of crashes [34]. Based on this
data, it has been found that a risk of a fatal injury is five
times higher, and the risk of a serious injury is four times
greater for rollover accident than for any other type of
crash. Also, rollover accidents leave very few people
uninjured as compared to all other types of crashes (2.6%
for rollover compared to 46.5% for other accidents). This
data highlights the need to investigate the rollover accident
scenario as the most dangerous for bus passengers. There is
a need to investigate mechanism of injuries sustained by
bus occupants during rollover in order to understand how
the passengers could be protected. Unfortunately, FARS
data doesn’t provide injury details and cause of injury [35].
The best resources available in the US would be NASS and
CIREN data from NHTSA, but neither one of these
databases contains any bus rollover accidents. However,
researchers from Europe have been collecting injury
mechanism data for bus accidents, and since both accident
populations show similarities, the European data is well
applicable for the US market. A similar study performed in
France presents a crucial data (1980-2005) for the injury
mechanism of the occupants during bus accidents. The
study, performed on 94 severe bus accidents consisted of
45% of frontal collisions, 42% of rollovers and 13% of
other types of accidents [36].
Based on sensitivity analysis, authors selected
critical structural variables for the optimization process.
Bus weight, torsional stiffness, intrusion into residual space
and stress values were used by the authors as a response
function. The optimization process resulted with a 2.7%
weight reduction, increase in torsional stiffness of 0.4% and
a maximum stress reduction of 13.8%. In a separate paper,
Liang and Le [37] performed an optimization study on a
bus superstructure strength, using the successive response
surface method. The authors used LSDYNA as a FE solver
and LS-OPT as an optimization software. Validation of the
FE model was performed by comparing the roof, breast,
and floor-pillar knots experimental and FE results. The
optimization process resulted in the 40% and 50% of
5. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
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116 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
deformation reduction while increasing a bus weight by
only 1.6%.
Tech and Iturrioz [38] used a genetic algorithm to
perform a structural optimization of a bus in rollover
conditions. The authors constructed a simplified rigid beam
FE model of a bus structure, and implemented addition
plastic hinges in places where deformation was expected.
Plastic hinges have been characterized by a series of
experimental tests on bus components. Vehicle mass and
mechanical response for the rollover experiment were
chosen as the objective functions in this research. In a
separate study, Bojanowski and Kulak [39] performed a
multi objective optimization of the paratransit bus structure
subjected to side impact and rollover tests. The objectives
for the optimization included: mass of the cage structure,
deformation in the rollover, intrusion distance in the side
impact test. The authors concluded that the most important
components of the bus structure responsible for 63% of
variation in the objective functions were side wall and front
cap structures.
The school bus manufacturer inspects all
premanufactured parts to ensure that they are free from
defects. The steel sheet metal is also inspected and then
kept covered during storage to protect it from corrosion.
After pieces of steel are cut from the sheet metal, they are
inspected to be sure that they are the proper shape and size.
When the chassis is complete it is driven briefly to ensure
that the motorized components operate correctly. After the
body is attached, the school bus is given a full road test to
detect any flaws in operation. The school bus is sprayed
with water to detect any leaks. The entire vehicle is given a
detailed final inspection. All the items on a long, written list
must be individually inspected and approved before the
school bus is ready to be shipped. Safety is the major
quality control concern for school bus manufacturers.
III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study adopted a Dym’s, Suh’s Axiomatic
theory. This theory Suh [40] describes design as a mapping
between what designers want to achieve and how they
achieve it. The framework of axiomatic design views
design as a collection of mappings between four domains:
the customer domain, the functional domain, the physical
domain, and the process domain. In each domain the design
is specified using different elements: customer attributes
(CAs), functional requirements (FRs), design parameters
(DPs), and process variables (PVs). In addition, there are
constraints (Cs).
The design process starts with the identification of
customer needs and attributes, and formulates them as FRs
and constraints. These FRs are then mapped onto the
physical domain by conceiving a design embodiment and
identifying the DPs. There may be more than one solution
to this mapping. Each DP is then mapped onto a set of PVs
to define it. Each DP typically introduces new FRs, DPs,
and PVs, and so the mapping process iterates by zigzagging
between domains, until the design can be implemented
without further composition. In principle this approach
takes a broad view of design, but the axioms and methods
are almost entirely about mapping from the functional to
the physical domain, so they do not address all aspects of
design. The principles of this theory potentially apply to a
variety of design problems, including mechanisms,
software, and organizations.
The methodology involves techniques for
zigzagging between functional requirements and design
parameters and the use of matrix algebra to assess
independence. The theoretical framework has some appeal
to experienced designers who recognize that achieving
conflicting functional requirements with one design
parameter (independence axiom violation) is the source of
some badly compromised designs and that the information
content embedded in the functional requirements might be a
valid assessment of such complexity. Suh’s axiomatic
approach represents a substantial and potentially useful
addition to design methods, but the technique has not
shown significant practical application, as is discussed
below. Moreover, the theoretical basis has some apparent
limitations. It is not clear that Suh’s assertion is correct that
an ideal design always has an equal number of functional
requirements and design parameters.
On the one hand, although we can agree that
independence is desirable, design constraints such as
manufacturability, low cost, and ease of use may at times
conflict with independence or for objective reasons override
independence. The best design, therefore, may have more
functional requirements than design parameters. On the
other hand, there are cases where decreased sensitivity to
variations in use or manufacturing may be particularly
important and can be improved by having more design
parameters than functional requirements, Thus the
independence axiom can result in a useful assessment tool
but is not a requirement for all good designs. Further
development of the information definition may also be
needed to best meet customer needs rather than simply
meeting the given tolerances.
In summary, the axioms while useful do not
appear to constitute a complete and optimal design method.
This could be why the best practical applications to date use
axiomatic design in combination with other design
methods. One can use the independence axiom in
combination with robust Taguchi methods to examine
which design parameters to use in achieving a robust
design. One could also use axiomatic principles to assess
concepts created by TRIZ methodology [41]. The axiomatic
structure of this process does not guarantee the alternative
with the highest rating will be the most preferred
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alternative. Unfortunately, it can be shown that the addition
of a new alternative may change the ranking of existing
alternatives, a property seen as undesirable in a decision
process. The analytic hierarchy process has difficulty with
uncertainty, which it can handle only in an approximate
way. The process therefore provides no basis for valuing
the elimination or reduction of uncertainty.
The main advantage of the analytic hierarchy
process is ease of understanding and application. It may
have real value in making decisions with robust influence
factors, where there is no possibility of a major loss and
where the complete set of alternatives is known a priori.
The difficulty with the analytic hierarchy process, in
addition to the theoretical features mentioned above, is that
it cannot answer the questions necessary to build
confidence in the selection of an alternative. The very
simplicity of the process limits its ability to answer hard
questions.
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study adopted pragmatism as the
philosophical underpinning of the research approach.
Pragmatism is not committed to any one system of
philosophy or reality. Pragmatist researchers focus on the
'what' and 'how' of the research problem [42]. While
pragmatism is seen as the paradigm that provides the
underlying philosophical framework for mixed-methods
research Tashakkori & Teddlie [43] some mixed-methods
researchers align themselves philosophically with the
transformative paradigm [44]. Mixed methods researchis an
approach to inquiry that combines or associates both
qualitative and quantitative forms. It involves philosophical
assumptions, the use of qualitative and quantitative
approaches, and the mixing of both approaches in a study.
This study adopted explanatory and descriptive research
designs as it seeks to explain the phenomena under study by
testing hypotheses and by measuring relationships between
variables. According to Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill[45],
studies that establish causal relationships between variables
use explanatory design. The design is also deemed
appropriate for the study as it allowed the study to be
carried out in the natural settings and allow the researcher
to employ probability samples. This was quantitative in
nature and hypotheses tested by measuring the relationships
between variables. The explanatory research design was
suitable because the study was mainly be concerned with
quantifying a relationship or comparing groups purposely to
identify a cause-effect relationship.
The study area for the proposed research study was
Nairobi City County. Nairobi is the principal industrial
centre of the country. Nairobi is the East Africa’s most
populous city (3.5 million). Nairobi is a major business hub
and many Aid agencies headquartered here as well. Nairobi
has a modern city centre, some beautiful suburbs, as well as
Africa’s largest slum. The city is built on a plateau and it
stays pleasantly cool year-round. Based on the foregoing
facts about Nairobi city, the researcher found the location
conducive for the research study since most of the
organizations for the intended research are situated right in
the city and county of Nairobi.
According to recent update by NTSA (National
Transport and Safety Authority) in reference to vehicle road
accident fatalities, Nairobi County remained the county
with the most fatal crashes in 2015.Nairobi county
contributed 22% of all the national fatalities in the year
2015.The update report also indicated/ noted that Nairobi
County contributed the highest number of fatalities in the
previous year, that is 2014.
The target population was fifteen (15) registered
bus vehicle body design companies with a total of 1500
employees comprising of technicians, supervisors and
managers. Based on information from KABM (Kenya
Association of Bus Manufacturers), it was established that
there are almost twenty (20) bus vehicle body
manufacturers operating in Kenya. Out of the twenty bus
vehicle body manufacturers, only fifteen companies were
legally registered to operate as at December, 2018.
Bus Vehicle Body Manufacturers in Kenya include
Labh Singh and Harman Singh, Dodi Auto Tech, Banbros,
CFG (Central Farmers Garage), Master Fabricators, KCI
(Kenya Coach Industries), Truck World, Malva, Choda,
Highlands, Kenya Vehicle Manufacturers, Toyota (Hino),
CMC (Man, UD), Simba Colt (Fuso, Mitsubishi), and
Isuzu. Representative from the following organizations
were also considered namely: National Transport and
Safety Authority (NTSA), Motor Vehicle Inspection Unit,
Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS), National Police
Service (National Traffic Police Headquarters) and Ministry
of education staff (Public Schools) were also involved in
this research study.
The study utilized purposive sampling to select
fifteen (15) operations managers and 36 supervisors as they
deal with the daily running of the school bus vehicle
building in the bus construction firms. Simple random
sampling was used to select 240 technicians to participate
and was appropriate as it gave an equal chance of all
respondent’s inclusion in the sample. Using Yamane [46]
sample size formula at 95% confidence level, P = 0.05.
From the target population of 1500 employees, a sample
size of 315 respondents was selected.
Research instruments aid a researcher in collecting
information that is used in answering the research concerns
in a study. A questionnaire contains a set of questions
which can be answered by the research participants in a set
of ways. A questionnaire was preferred in the study for
collecting data because the questions, wordings and
sequence are fixed and identical to all respondents. The
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questionnaire was in two parts: The first part covered
background information of the respondents; the second part
sought to answer the research questions. The questionnaires
were administered to managers, supervisors and technicians
within bus body building firms. An interview is a particular
type of conversation between two or more people. Usually
the interview is controlled by one person who asks
questions. Basing on Kumar [47] the advantages of using a
structured interview is that; the researcher was able to
clarify any queries concerning the questions. A structured
interview guide was used to gather information from
NTSA, KEBS, MOE, Motor vehicle inspection unit and
Kenya police traffic headquarters.
Before the actual data collection exercise took
place, the researcher undertook a pilot study in Nakuru
County among two bus body building firms. A sample of
20 respondents involving managers, supervisors and
technicians. Piloting of the instruments was done using
respondents from Nakuru town with similar characteristics
with the study area. The purpose of the pilot study was to
enable the researcher to ascertain the reliability and validity
of the instruments, and to familiarize with the
administration of the questionnaires.
The content validity of the instrument was
determined by the study through discussion of the items in
the instrument with the supervisors, lecturers from the
department and colleagues. In order to evaluate the content
validity of the instruments, the research came up with
dimensions and elements that constituted adequate coverage
as per the studies’ objectives. As a check on face validity,
research instruments were given to experts to obtain
suggestions for modification. Advice given by these experts
helped the researcher to determine the validity of the
research instruments. The advice included suggestions,
clarifications and other inputs.
Reliability of data collection tool is the ability to
consistently yield the same results when repeated
measurements are taken of the same individuals under the
same conditions. In order to test the reliability of the
instrument to be used in the study, the test- retest method
was used; this entailed administering the same instruments
to the same respondents twice after a give lapse of time.
Questionnaires were administered, collected data was
analyzed using SPSS to determine the Cronbach’s
Coefficient Alpha. Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha was used
to determine the reliability of the research instrument by
correlating results from the two scores. A reliability
coefficient of 0.7 was obtained. This showed that there was
a strong relationship between the first and the second scores
obtained after the instruments were administered.
After all data had been collected, the researcher conducted
data cleaning, which involved identification of incomplete
or inaccurate responses then correct them to improve the
quality of the responses. The data was categorized, coded
and entered in the computer for analysis using the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS V. 22). The
data from questionnaires was analyzed using both
descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Descriptive
statistics consist of mean, and standard deviation,
frequencies and percent. Inferential statistics consist of
linear regression analysis. Data was presented by use of
tables and graphs. Linear regression analysis was used to
test the Hypotheses.
V. RESULTS
From the regression model, the coefficient of
determination (R squared) of .206 showing that 20.6% of
the variation in crashworthiness of a bus can be explained
by vehicle inspection tests. The adjusted R square of .202
depicts that vehicle inspection tests in exclusion of the
constant variable explained the variation in crashworthiness
of a bus by 20.2% the remaining percentage can be
explained by other factors excluded from the model as
summarized in table 1. The standard error of estimate (.524)
shows a small deviation of the independent variables from
the line of best fit.
Table 1 Model Summary
Model R R
Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1 .454a
.206 .202 .52440
a. Predictors: (Constant), vehicle inspection tests
The regression model with vehicle inspection tests
as a predictor was significant (F=58.295, p value =0.000)
shows that there is a significant relationship between
vehicle inspection tests and crashworthiness of a bus and at
least the slope (β coefficient) is not zero as shown in Table
2. Therefore, this implies that there is a significant
relationship between vehicle inspection tests and
crashworthiness of a bus.
Table 2 ANOVA of Crashworthiness of a bus
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
1 Regressio
n
16.031 1 16.031 58.2
95
.000b
Residual 61.875 225 .275
Total 77.906 226
a. Dependent Variable: Crashworthiness
b. Predictors: (Constant), Vehicle inspection tests
From regression analysis the β coefficients for
vehicle inspection tests were generated from the model, in
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order to test the hypotheses of the study. The β-value for
vehicle inspection tests, had a positive coefficient, depicting
positive relationship with crashworthiness of a bus. Table 3
gave the estimates of β-value and the contribution of the
predictor to the model.
Table 3 Coefficients of Crashworthiness of a bus
Model Unstandardi
zed
Coefficients
Standardi
zed
Coefficie
nts
t Si
g.
B Std.
Error
Beta
1
(Consta
nt)
1.8
05
.182 9.8
97
.0
00
Vehicle
inspecti
on tests
.39
6
.052 .454 7.6
35
.0
00
a. Dependent Variable: Crashworthiness
Majority of the respondents agreed that all buses
have 100% roll over compliant providing more stability to
the structure. The company has experienced quality
assurance team and company has under chassis inspection
bay facility. The study findings depicted that there was a
positive significant influence of terminal test and
crashworthiness of a bus (β = 0.396 and p =0.000). An
increase in terminal test led to an increase in
crashworthiness of a bus. The null hypothesis (Ho) was
rejected. Vehicle inspection tests had a significant influence
on crashworthiness of a bus.
Vehicle inspection tests had a significant influence
on crashworthiness of a bus. This concurs with Dant, [48]
&Sheller [49] that a purchase, customers enter a long-term
relationship with their chosen product, the product
manufacturer, and the dealer providing the after-purchase
customer service.
Mugge, Schifferstein, & Schoormans, [50] states
that the contributors to attachment were found to be related
to exceptional functionality of a product or memories built
through product’s lifecycle. To ensure consistent
understanding of the evaluated attributes, clear descriptions
containing the appropriate level of detail should be
provided with the evaluation of various vehicle attributes.
The division of the customer journey into stages enables us
to understand how the importance of various attributes
changes over time and with experience of using the vehicle.
This might have implications, for which attributes should
be highlighted in marketing material and interactions at the
dealership. It also gives an understanding of which
attributes are most likely to drive brand loyalty in the longer
term. The importance of these attributes may also differ
between different groups of consumers and across different
sectors of the car market.
VI. CONCLUSION
The study concluded that the vehicle inspection
tests had a significant influence on the crashworthiness of
school bus. Absence of proper national standard/code of
practice for bus body building design and approval to
regulate and control the builders allowed the builder to
follow their own experience. Thus, setting and
implementing the rules for the body builders corrects the
existing challenges and helps to manufacture quality
products which are economical, safe and comfortable.
RECOMMENDATION
The Government of Kenya should through its
multi–agency departments focus more on school outlined
policy criteria. The Government of Kenya should develop a
policy guideline to invoke a bus body recall in view of
improved vehicle standards so as to conform to the
changing bus vehicle body standards dynamics. The
management of school bus companies need to conduct all
the terminal test needed before releasing the vehicle in
order to enhance crashworthiness of a school bus. The
Transport authority should examine and check the
mandatory requirements and periodically amend them in
accordance with the safety, engineering and ecological
standardization.
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