This document discusses traffic congestion and its causes and effects. It provides background on traffic congestion, explaining that it occurs when traffic demand exceeds road capacity. Some key causes mentioned include the high number of vehicles on roads, lack of public transportation infrastructure, and road design issues. The effects discussed include increased pollution, economic impacts of delays, road rage, and impediments to emergency vehicles. Solutions proposed involve improving road infrastructure, implementing better traffic control measures, and encouraging public transit use.
Traffic congestion occurs when traffic demand exceeds road capacity, resulting in slower speeds and longer trip times. It is a major source of frustration for motorists and reduces travel speeds. The main causes of congestion are high traffic volumes, inadequate infrastructure, and irrational urban planning. Congestion leads to economic losses from wasted time and increased fuel costs, as well as environmental issues from higher emissions. Potential solutions involve improving road infrastructure, implementing smart urban planning, managing supply and demand through techniques like road pricing, and using traffic management strategies.
Traffic congestion costs cities and countries billions each year in lost economic output and productivity. The cost to US cities ranges from $35-48 billion annually, while the UK loses 5% of its GDP to congestion. Individual cities also face massive costs - Moscow loses $1.3 billion, South Africa loses $18 billion, and Dhaka loses $3 billion each year. Beyond economic impacts, congestion also leads to increased air pollution, health issues, accidents, and over 700,000 years of lost time for the over 1 billion daily road passengers worldwide when each loses just 1 minute per day sitting in traffic. Nations must invest heavily to expand transportation infrastructure like highways, public transit, and rail to alleviate congestion which
Traffic congestion occurs when demand for road space exceeds supply. It is a major problem in many urban areas, with typical residents spending 10 hours per week driving of which 1-3 hours are in congested conditions. Congestion reduces speeds and increases driver frustration. It has social, environmental, and economic impacts. Countermeasures to reduce congestion include improving road infrastructure, promoting public transit and urban planning practices that reduce traffic, implementing demand management strategies like road pricing, and applying traffic management techniques. However, implementing long-term solutions faces challenges including long time spans, high costs, and lack of regulatory bodies in Pakistan.
This document discusses traffic problems in large cities and proposes some solutions. It notes that city roads are crowded with vehicles and pedestrians around the clock, leading to many accidents reported daily. Proper traffic facilities are not available everywhere due to lack of funds or narrow roads. Some drivers and pedestrians lack road sense by taking wrong turns or crossing dangerously. Advanced countries have better traffic control techniques but still see thousands of accidents yearly as traffic volumes rise. To address these issues, the document recommends improving road conditions, installing traffic lights at dangerous areas, ensuring only road-worthy vehicles are used, punishing traffic violators severely, and conducting public awareness campaigns using media.
This document discusses the impacts and costs of traffic in the United States. It provides statistics showing that Americans spend 19 cents of every dollar earned on transportation, with traffic congestion costing over $900 per driver annually. Traffic results in billions of hours of delays and lost productivity each year. Dependence on private vehicles contributes significantly to air pollution and environmental damage. Public transportation provides benefits by reducing fuel usage and emissions.
BASED ON BTECH CIVIL ENGINEERING SYLLABUS,PRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES,OBJECTS OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES
TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES IS ONE OF THE TRAFFIC ENGG. STUDIES
Traffic congestion occurs when traffic demand exceeds road capacity, resulting in slower speeds and longer trip times. It is a major source of frustration for motorists and reduces travel speeds. The main causes of congestion are high traffic volumes, inadequate infrastructure, and irrational urban planning. Congestion leads to economic losses from wasted time and increased fuel costs, as well as environmental issues from higher emissions. Potential solutions involve improving road infrastructure, implementing smart urban planning, managing supply and demand through techniques like road pricing, and using traffic management strategies.
Traffic congestion costs cities and countries billions each year in lost economic output and productivity. The cost to US cities ranges from $35-48 billion annually, while the UK loses 5% of its GDP to congestion. Individual cities also face massive costs - Moscow loses $1.3 billion, South Africa loses $18 billion, and Dhaka loses $3 billion each year. Beyond economic impacts, congestion also leads to increased air pollution, health issues, accidents, and over 700,000 years of lost time for the over 1 billion daily road passengers worldwide when each loses just 1 minute per day sitting in traffic. Nations must invest heavily to expand transportation infrastructure like highways, public transit, and rail to alleviate congestion which
Traffic congestion occurs when demand for road space exceeds supply. It is a major problem in many urban areas, with typical residents spending 10 hours per week driving of which 1-3 hours are in congested conditions. Congestion reduces speeds and increases driver frustration. It has social, environmental, and economic impacts. Countermeasures to reduce congestion include improving road infrastructure, promoting public transit and urban planning practices that reduce traffic, implementing demand management strategies like road pricing, and applying traffic management techniques. However, implementing long-term solutions faces challenges including long time spans, high costs, and lack of regulatory bodies in Pakistan.
This document discusses traffic problems in large cities and proposes some solutions. It notes that city roads are crowded with vehicles and pedestrians around the clock, leading to many accidents reported daily. Proper traffic facilities are not available everywhere due to lack of funds or narrow roads. Some drivers and pedestrians lack road sense by taking wrong turns or crossing dangerously. Advanced countries have better traffic control techniques but still see thousands of accidents yearly as traffic volumes rise. To address these issues, the document recommends improving road conditions, installing traffic lights at dangerous areas, ensuring only road-worthy vehicles are used, punishing traffic violators severely, and conducting public awareness campaigns using media.
This document discusses the impacts and costs of traffic in the United States. It provides statistics showing that Americans spend 19 cents of every dollar earned on transportation, with traffic congestion costing over $900 per driver annually. Traffic results in billions of hours of delays and lost productivity each year. Dependence on private vehicles contributes significantly to air pollution and environmental damage. Public transportation provides benefits by reducing fuel usage and emissions.
BASED ON BTECH CIVIL ENGINEERING SYLLABUS,PRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES,OBJECTS OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES
TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES IS ONE OF THE TRAFFIC ENGG. STUDIES
This document discusses road safety issues in India and proposes improvements. It notes that over 490,000 accidents occurred in India in 2011 resulting in 142,485 deaths. The majority of accidents are due to driver error, negligence of safety norms, and drunk driving. To address this, the document recommends increasing road safety priorities and funding, improving driver training programs, strengthening enforcement of traffic laws, upgrading road infrastructure, and implementing public awareness campaigns. The goal is to reduce accidents by changing policies and promoting best practices for road and driver safety across India.
This document discusses using Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to solve traffic problems in Solapur City, India. It proposes using ITS applications like wireless traffic control, public transportation management using GPS for buses, electronic toll collection, and traffic accident prevention systems. The goals are to improve traffic flow, public transportation operations, revenue collection, and enhance public safety. ITS can integrate technologies like sensors, communication networks and computer systems to manage traffic and transportation more efficiently.
Traffic congestion arises when the number of vehicles on a road exceeds its capacity, resulting in slower travel speeds and longer trip times. It causes numerous negative impacts like wasted time, increased air and noise pollution, and higher fuel costs. In Pakistan, major cities like Karachi, Islamabad, and Lahore experience severe traffic congestion due to factors like rapid population growth, rising incomes, and an underdeveloped road network not keeping pace with the increasing number of vehicles. Traffic congestion leads to large economic losses estimated at billions of rupees annually as well as health and environmental impacts. Possible solutions include expanding road capacity and encouraging public transportation use.
Our project is the complete study about both Spot speed studies and Speed delay time survey. This topic is a part of Transportation Engineering. This report helps you to understand this topic in detail. This report will also help you to make project on associated topics in traffic engineering. In spot speed, We discussed regarding various methods available to perform the test, Our team practically performed test and established a speed limit zone near a school. Coming to speed delay time survey, we conducted a survey at a selected stretch and came out with solutions to the problems faced by the vehicle users using that stretch.
This document discusses intelligent transportation systems (ITS). ITS uses advanced technologies like electronics, computers, communications and sensors to provide travelers with important transportation information and improve safety and efficiency. Some benefits of ITS include time savings, better emergency response, reduced crashes, and environmental benefits. ITS technologies discussed include dedicated short-range communications, continuous air interface for vehicle communication, floating car data for traffic monitoring, sensing technologies, and collision avoidance systems. While ITS provides benefits like improved safety and traffic flow, challenges include high costs and difficulties in mixed traffic environments.
1) Traffic management techniques include ramp metering, which uses traffic lights to control the flow of vehicles entering highways and maintain steady traffic flow.
2) Physical changes to roads, such as converting two-way streets to one-way streets, road markings, and tidal flow lanes that change direction during peak hours, can improve traffic flow.
3) Providing information through signs helps guide drivers and encourages alternatives to single-occupancy vehicles, such as high-occupancy vehicle lanes that prioritize cars with multiple passengers.
ITS (Intelligent Teleportation System)OUM SAOKOSAL
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) use information and communication technologies to improve transportation safety, reduce travel time and fuel consumption. ITS integrate technologies like wireless communication, computational devices, vehicle tracking through mobile networks, road sensors and traffic cameras. This allows transportation infrastructure and vehicles to share information, detect traffic problems early and respond quickly to direct traffic away from issues and prevent congestion. ITS provide more efficient routing and real-time responses to traffic situations.
This document discusses different types of traffic speed studies including spot speed studies, travel time studies, and speed delay studies. It then provides details on specific objectives, scope, and methods of conducting traffic speed studies. The document presents data from a traffic speed study conducted at two intersections in Dhaka, including spot speeds, histograms, frequency and cumulative frequency curves. It analyzes the data to determine weighted average speed, pace, modal speed and compares time mean speed to space mean speed based on the Wardrop relationship. Finally, it calculates delay time, value of travel time and vehicle operating costs.
This document discusses the causes of traffic congestion in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It identifies several key factors contributing to congestion, including a rising population and vehicle growth rate without sufficient expansion of roads. Dhaka has only 7% of its total area dedicated to roads, compared to the recommended 25%. Other causes include inadequate traffic enforcement, dysfunctional traffic lights, unplanned road design, centralized development drawing people into the city, and illegal parking reducing effective road space. Addressing these underlying issues through improved planning, infrastructure expansion, and enforcement of traffic rules could help remedy the severe congestion that plagues Dhaka.
The document discusses pedestrian safety and outlines safe driving practices around pedestrians. It notes that pedestrian deaths are higher than other modes of transportation. It recommends drivers slow down, especially around schools and areas with many pedestrians, increase defensive scanning to spot pedestrians, and exercise extra caution for high-risk groups like children, seniors, and distracted pedestrians. The key message is for drivers to be alert of pedestrians and slow down to avoid collisions.
This document discusses human factors that affect road safety. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding road traffic safety, human factors, and causes of accidents. It then defines human factors and how they influence driver behavior and crash causes, such as attention, perception, and reaction time. The document also examines the driving task model and how road design can support driver expectations and abilities through consistent information presentation and accommodation of human limitations. In conclusion, it stresses the importance of road safety education to positively guide road users.
This document discusses solutions to reducing traffic congestion. It notes that congestion increases travel time and costs, wastes fuel, and negatively impacts the environment and public health. Widening roads can help reduce congestion by increasing flow of vehicles. Calculations show that for a single stretch of congested road, the extra annual fuel costs due to delays could be over $255,000. Many of these costs are recurring. Removing obstructions like shops, houses, and encrowachments along the road, estimated to be worth $150,000, could eliminate the recurring extra fuel costs by widening the road. Crowdfunding and corporate social responsibility programs are suggested to fund buying out and removing the obstructions.
This document summarizes information about traffic studies and methods for conducting traffic volume studies. It discusses when traffic studies should be conducted, types of traffic surveys, and methods for counting traffic volumes, including automatic counting using sensors and manual counting. It also describes the moving observer method for measuring traffic flow parameters like flow rate, density, and speed.
This document discusses different sources of noise pollution from road traffic, including noise generated by vehicles' engines, exhaust, brakes, horns, and chassis, as well as door slamming. It notes that noise levels depend on traffic speed, flow and density. The document also mentions that sound level meters are used to measure acoustic noise and lists strategies for controlling access to roads like overpasses and underpasses to allow for unhindered traffic flow.
Traffic congestion, mitigation and air quality.Anil Kumar
This document discusses traffic congestion, mitigation strategies, and air quality impacts. It defines traffic congestion as when demand exceeds road capacity. There are two types of congestion: recurrent from daily commuting; and non-recurrent from accidents or construction. Congestion causes delays, increased fuel use and pollution, and impacts emergency vehicles. Mitigation strategies include safer driving, alternative transit, reducing commutes, and congestion pricing. Vehicle emissions negatively impact air quality and contribute to issues like smog and global warming. Reducing driving, improving vehicle technologies, and using cleaner fuels can help address these problems.
Most major cities are facing traffic problems due to delays and overcrowding caused by increased populations. This document discusses the problems of traffic delays and overcrowding in urban areas and potential solutions. It analyzes causes such as mixed traffic conditions, irregular parking, and temporary events. Solutions proposed include separate traffic lanes for vehicle types, improved parking, expanded roads, intelligent transportation systems, and public transportation infrastructure like flyovers and metro rails. The author concludes that implementing proposed traffic rules and alternatives can help reduce delays and overcrowding if all road users cooperate.
Public Transport and Sustainable DevelopmentAndre Dantas
Dr. André Dantas gave a presentation about public transport and sustainable development. The presentation covered:
1) An example of Curitiba, Brazil's sustainable public transport system which is highly integrated, accessible to all, and has led to economic and social benefits for the city.
2) The importance of planning for public transport including regional, urban, transport, and public transport planning from the initial design phase.
3) The challenges of developing public transport systems that meet future constraints related to energy availability and the environment. Examples of mitigation strategies like centralized development and renewable energy systems were discussed.
The document discusses solutions to traffic problems in Mumbai, India. It notes that traffic jams pose risks to pedestrians, the elderly, and disabled individuals. It then outlines some of Mumbai's existing infrastructure to address traffic such as flyovers, subways, and the Mumbai Metro. Some proposed solutions mentioned include increasing the traffic police presence, improving accessibility for the disabled, installing more CCTV cameras, expanding monorail and skybus services, building more parking lots, and enforcing stricter traffic rules.
Traffic Congestion PowerPoint Presentation with ImagesRoad Safety
Traffic Congestion PowerPoint Presentation with photos, how to reduce traffic congestion, costs of traffic congestion, road accidents and traffic congestion, loss of time due to congestion, pollution, health , diseases, photos, images
This document discusses road safety issues in India and proposes improvements. It notes that over 490,000 accidents occurred in India in 2011 resulting in 142,485 deaths. The majority of accidents are due to driver error, negligence of safety norms, and drunk driving. To address this, the document recommends increasing road safety priorities and funding, improving driver training programs, strengthening enforcement of traffic laws, upgrading road infrastructure, and implementing public awareness campaigns. The goal is to reduce accidents by changing policies and promoting best practices for road and driver safety across India.
This document discusses using Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to solve traffic problems in Solapur City, India. It proposes using ITS applications like wireless traffic control, public transportation management using GPS for buses, electronic toll collection, and traffic accident prevention systems. The goals are to improve traffic flow, public transportation operations, revenue collection, and enhance public safety. ITS can integrate technologies like sensors, communication networks and computer systems to manage traffic and transportation more efficiently.
Traffic congestion arises when the number of vehicles on a road exceeds its capacity, resulting in slower travel speeds and longer trip times. It causes numerous negative impacts like wasted time, increased air and noise pollution, and higher fuel costs. In Pakistan, major cities like Karachi, Islamabad, and Lahore experience severe traffic congestion due to factors like rapid population growth, rising incomes, and an underdeveloped road network not keeping pace with the increasing number of vehicles. Traffic congestion leads to large economic losses estimated at billions of rupees annually as well as health and environmental impacts. Possible solutions include expanding road capacity and encouraging public transportation use.
Our project is the complete study about both Spot speed studies and Speed delay time survey. This topic is a part of Transportation Engineering. This report helps you to understand this topic in detail. This report will also help you to make project on associated topics in traffic engineering. In spot speed, We discussed regarding various methods available to perform the test, Our team practically performed test and established a speed limit zone near a school. Coming to speed delay time survey, we conducted a survey at a selected stretch and came out with solutions to the problems faced by the vehicle users using that stretch.
This document discusses intelligent transportation systems (ITS). ITS uses advanced technologies like electronics, computers, communications and sensors to provide travelers with important transportation information and improve safety and efficiency. Some benefits of ITS include time savings, better emergency response, reduced crashes, and environmental benefits. ITS technologies discussed include dedicated short-range communications, continuous air interface for vehicle communication, floating car data for traffic monitoring, sensing technologies, and collision avoidance systems. While ITS provides benefits like improved safety and traffic flow, challenges include high costs and difficulties in mixed traffic environments.
1) Traffic management techniques include ramp metering, which uses traffic lights to control the flow of vehicles entering highways and maintain steady traffic flow.
2) Physical changes to roads, such as converting two-way streets to one-way streets, road markings, and tidal flow lanes that change direction during peak hours, can improve traffic flow.
3) Providing information through signs helps guide drivers and encourages alternatives to single-occupancy vehicles, such as high-occupancy vehicle lanes that prioritize cars with multiple passengers.
ITS (Intelligent Teleportation System)OUM SAOKOSAL
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) use information and communication technologies to improve transportation safety, reduce travel time and fuel consumption. ITS integrate technologies like wireless communication, computational devices, vehicle tracking through mobile networks, road sensors and traffic cameras. This allows transportation infrastructure and vehicles to share information, detect traffic problems early and respond quickly to direct traffic away from issues and prevent congestion. ITS provide more efficient routing and real-time responses to traffic situations.
This document discusses different types of traffic speed studies including spot speed studies, travel time studies, and speed delay studies. It then provides details on specific objectives, scope, and methods of conducting traffic speed studies. The document presents data from a traffic speed study conducted at two intersections in Dhaka, including spot speeds, histograms, frequency and cumulative frequency curves. It analyzes the data to determine weighted average speed, pace, modal speed and compares time mean speed to space mean speed based on the Wardrop relationship. Finally, it calculates delay time, value of travel time and vehicle operating costs.
This document discusses the causes of traffic congestion in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It identifies several key factors contributing to congestion, including a rising population and vehicle growth rate without sufficient expansion of roads. Dhaka has only 7% of its total area dedicated to roads, compared to the recommended 25%. Other causes include inadequate traffic enforcement, dysfunctional traffic lights, unplanned road design, centralized development drawing people into the city, and illegal parking reducing effective road space. Addressing these underlying issues through improved planning, infrastructure expansion, and enforcement of traffic rules could help remedy the severe congestion that plagues Dhaka.
The document discusses pedestrian safety and outlines safe driving practices around pedestrians. It notes that pedestrian deaths are higher than other modes of transportation. It recommends drivers slow down, especially around schools and areas with many pedestrians, increase defensive scanning to spot pedestrians, and exercise extra caution for high-risk groups like children, seniors, and distracted pedestrians. The key message is for drivers to be alert of pedestrians and slow down to avoid collisions.
This document discusses human factors that affect road safety. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding road traffic safety, human factors, and causes of accidents. It then defines human factors and how they influence driver behavior and crash causes, such as attention, perception, and reaction time. The document also examines the driving task model and how road design can support driver expectations and abilities through consistent information presentation and accommodation of human limitations. In conclusion, it stresses the importance of road safety education to positively guide road users.
This document discusses solutions to reducing traffic congestion. It notes that congestion increases travel time and costs, wastes fuel, and negatively impacts the environment and public health. Widening roads can help reduce congestion by increasing flow of vehicles. Calculations show that for a single stretch of congested road, the extra annual fuel costs due to delays could be over $255,000. Many of these costs are recurring. Removing obstructions like shops, houses, and encrowachments along the road, estimated to be worth $150,000, could eliminate the recurring extra fuel costs by widening the road. Crowdfunding and corporate social responsibility programs are suggested to fund buying out and removing the obstructions.
This document summarizes information about traffic studies and methods for conducting traffic volume studies. It discusses when traffic studies should be conducted, types of traffic surveys, and methods for counting traffic volumes, including automatic counting using sensors and manual counting. It also describes the moving observer method for measuring traffic flow parameters like flow rate, density, and speed.
This document discusses different sources of noise pollution from road traffic, including noise generated by vehicles' engines, exhaust, brakes, horns, and chassis, as well as door slamming. It notes that noise levels depend on traffic speed, flow and density. The document also mentions that sound level meters are used to measure acoustic noise and lists strategies for controlling access to roads like overpasses and underpasses to allow for unhindered traffic flow.
Traffic congestion, mitigation and air quality.Anil Kumar
This document discusses traffic congestion, mitigation strategies, and air quality impacts. It defines traffic congestion as when demand exceeds road capacity. There are two types of congestion: recurrent from daily commuting; and non-recurrent from accidents or construction. Congestion causes delays, increased fuel use and pollution, and impacts emergency vehicles. Mitigation strategies include safer driving, alternative transit, reducing commutes, and congestion pricing. Vehicle emissions negatively impact air quality and contribute to issues like smog and global warming. Reducing driving, improving vehicle technologies, and using cleaner fuels can help address these problems.
Most major cities are facing traffic problems due to delays and overcrowding caused by increased populations. This document discusses the problems of traffic delays and overcrowding in urban areas and potential solutions. It analyzes causes such as mixed traffic conditions, irregular parking, and temporary events. Solutions proposed include separate traffic lanes for vehicle types, improved parking, expanded roads, intelligent transportation systems, and public transportation infrastructure like flyovers and metro rails. The author concludes that implementing proposed traffic rules and alternatives can help reduce delays and overcrowding if all road users cooperate.
Public Transport and Sustainable DevelopmentAndre Dantas
Dr. André Dantas gave a presentation about public transport and sustainable development. The presentation covered:
1) An example of Curitiba, Brazil's sustainable public transport system which is highly integrated, accessible to all, and has led to economic and social benefits for the city.
2) The importance of planning for public transport including regional, urban, transport, and public transport planning from the initial design phase.
3) The challenges of developing public transport systems that meet future constraints related to energy availability and the environment. Examples of mitigation strategies like centralized development and renewable energy systems were discussed.
The document discusses solutions to traffic problems in Mumbai, India. It notes that traffic jams pose risks to pedestrians, the elderly, and disabled individuals. It then outlines some of Mumbai's existing infrastructure to address traffic such as flyovers, subways, and the Mumbai Metro. Some proposed solutions mentioned include increasing the traffic police presence, improving accessibility for the disabled, installing more CCTV cameras, expanding monorail and skybus services, building more parking lots, and enforcing stricter traffic rules.
Traffic Congestion PowerPoint Presentation with ImagesRoad Safety
Traffic Congestion PowerPoint Presentation with photos, how to reduce traffic congestion, costs of traffic congestion, road accidents and traffic congestion, loss of time due to congestion, pollution, health , diseases, photos, images
The document discusses traffic congestion as a major problem in Kuwait and other countries. It examines approaches taken in the UK, China, Egypt, and Dubai to address congestion through public transportation investments and policies. The objective is to help Kuwait's government reduce traffic by exploring plans like expanding metro systems, introducing luxury buses, and imposing road tolls. However, gaps remain in understanding Kuwait's latest government plans and directly consulting traffic authorities.
1. The document discusses transport problems and potential solutions in the town of Swadlincote over the next 20 years as traffic is expected to dramatically increase.
2. Several groups are tasked with presenting proposals to the South Derbyshire Council planning committee, including increasing road building, improving public transport, and encouraging walking and cycling.
3. The planning committee must decide which proposal they will approve to address the town's future transport needs as traffic levels rise over the next two decades.
The document discusses transport problems facing major cities in India. It notes that while transport demand has increased substantially due to population growth and urbanization, public transport systems have not kept pace. As a result, there has been a massive shift towards private vehicle ownership and intermediate modes of transport. This has led to high traffic congestion in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Pune and Bangalore, whose infrastructure is unable to cope with the rapidly growing vehicle numbers.
Traffic congestion is a major problem around the world, costing cities billions of dollars per year in lost productivity and leading to over 700,000 years of lost time annually for the over 500 million people who travel by road daily. Left unaddressed, congestion will continue to waste time and money while increasing pollution, road accidents, and stress levels for travelers. Potential solutions include expanding public transit systems, promoting carpooling, improving infrastructure like roads and railways, and implementing urban planning strategies to manage traffic flow.
Increased population in many UK cities has led to problems like congestion. Over the last 40 years, cities have implemented new transportation methods such as cycle lanes, bus lanes, park and ride lots, and one-way streets to help ease traffic issues. Traffic calming measures have also been used in residential areas. However, Cambridge still struggles with heavy traffic congestion during rush hours due to narrow roads not built for modern traffic, increased car ownership, and more commuters.
A Study on Traffic Management along EDSA in Metro Manilaharoldtaylor1113
This study examined traffic management along EDSA and Quezon Avenue in Manila. It found that most drivers disapproved of the newly implemented U-turn slots and believed graft was still common among traffic officials. Indiscriminate loading and unloading was identified as a primary cause of traffic buildup. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of new MMDA projects and policies at improving traffic flow and road safety.
This document outlines many of the laws, regulations, and administrative orders that govern traffic operation and enforcement in the Philippines. It discusses key laws like the Land Transportation and Traffic Code (RA 4136), as well as Presidential Decrees, Executive Orders, Letters of Instruction, and other policies that cover issues like vehicle registration, insurance, emissions, speed limits, and traffic safety. The document also defines important terms related to traffic laws like "motor vehicle", "passenger automobile", "driver", and "owner".
This document describes a student project to create a traffic light controller using an AT89C51 microcontroller. It provides background on the history of traffic lights, descriptions of red, yellow, and green light meanings. The project components include an AT89C51 microcontroller, LED lights, resistors, capacitors, and a crystal oscillator. The microcontroller is programmed to automatically change the LED light signals after a time interval by setting the corresponding port pins high and low. The motivation is that it is a basic microcontroller application. There is opportunity to enhance it to control signals automatically based on sensor detection of traffic density.
Municipal engineering and transportation engineering are two disciplines within civil engineering. Civil engineering also includes water distribution and treatment. Many military projects involving the Army Corps of Engineers are civil engineering projects. Civil engineers are problem solvers who face challenges like traffic congestion, infrastructure needs, urban development, pollution, and community planning. The daily duties of a civil engineer depend on their specialization and can include tasks like planning, surveying, design, implementation, and assessing needs and funding.
A teacher must have certain essential qualities and adhere to a code of professional ethics. Some key qualities of an effective teacher include being a role model, having a good character and personality, and maintaining good mental and social adjustment. Teachers must also have professional efficiency, subject mastery, knowledge of current affairs, and ongoing academic and professional training. The code of professional ethics outlines teachers' responsibilities towards students, the teaching profession, colleagues, authorities, non-teaching staff, parents, and society. Complaints of ethics violations can be addressed by in-house, district, state, and national ethics committees.
Traffic congestion. What can the designer do but despair?guestdb7161
The document discusses congestion, its causes such as network overload and traffic disturbances, and potential solutions. Congestion can be caused by network overload, traffic disturbances, security concerns, and irrationality. Proposed solutions include reducing transportation, infrastructure spending, technology fixes, shifting to other modes of transportation, accommodating congestion, and making better use of existing infrastructure. A hierarchical system is compared to a swarm network, noting differences in how control is distributed and the types of engineering used. The importance of using data for situation awareness and social networking is also discussed as a human solution.
Traffic congestion occurs when there are more vehicles on the road than the road's carrying capacity can handle, resulting in slow travel speeds and long vehicle queues. Singapore attempts to manage congestion by using the concept of carrying capacity to identify its causes, such as too many vehicles for the road infrastructure, and implementing policies like electronic road pricing to regulate vehicle volume.
This project describes a 2-way traffic management system using controlled traffic signals. A timer IC produces clock pulses that are fed into a decade counter to cycle the signal lights between red, yellow, and green. Logic gates simplify the counter output to drive the traffic light LEDs and allow a manual switch for emergency rerouting. The system allows traffic police to control signals remotely during traffic jams or emergency routes instead of manually changing signals. Future recommendations include wireless remote control and an 8-way traffic system for increased effectiveness.
This document discusses traffic management systems. It begins by defining traffic and listing what can constitute traffic, such as vehicles, pedestrians, and animals. It then lists some common reasons for traffic like increasing vehicle numbers, accidents, and rule violations. The document outlines some basic traffic rules and regulations using road signs as examples. It also discusses some Indian vehicle acts and common traffic offenses. Statistics on traffic enforcement in India from 2002-2013 are presented. Potential solutions to traffic problems involve improving infrastructure, following traffic rules, and strict enforcement of laws. The local Pune context involving BRTS and road safety initiatives is also mentioned.
The document summarizes a study conducted by MBA students on traffic management in Bangalore, India. It discusses the rapid growth of vehicles in Bangalore and issues like traffic violations and congestion. The study involved collecting opinions from public and traffic officials. Key findings were that the major traffic problems according to officials and public were the increase in the number of vehicles and violations of traffic rules. Solutions proposed included limiting new vehicle registrations and stricter penalties for violations. The Bangalore Traffic Management project (B-TRAC) was also summarized, which uses technologies like surveillance cameras and intelligent traffic signals to manage traffic.
Queueing theory studies waiting line systems where customers arrive for service but servers have limited capacity. This document outlines components of queueing models including: arrival processes, queue configurations, service disciplines, service facilities, and analytical solutions. Key points are that customers wait in queues when demand exceeds server capacity, and queueing formulas provide expected wait times and number of customers in the system based on arrival and service rates.
This document analyzes factors that affect traffic, including population increase, peak hours of traffic, construction zones, and border crossings. It summarizes various traffic models, including the Lighthill-Whitham and Payne-Whitham models. While traffic will likely always exist due to urban development and safety needs, understanding the causes of traffic through analysis can help drivers accommodate better and improve safety. The conclusion emphasizes that preparation and patience are key for dealing with inevitable traffic issues rather than attempts to fully eliminate traffic.
Mathematics plays a key role in modeling and optimizing traffic flow. Several mathematical concepts are used to analyze traffic, including partial differential equations, graph theory, and mathematical optimization. Mathematics helps control traffic lights by optimizing signal changes. It also aids in railway and air traffic optimization. The document discusses how traffic behaves nonlinearly based on vehicle interactions, and examines concepts like traffic density and jam density. Mathematics can help address traffic congestion issues and improve transportation systems.
Traffic congestion occurs when the demand for road space exceeds supply, causing slower speeds and longer trip times. It is a major source of frustration for drivers and results in economic losses from wasted time and increased fuel consumption and emissions. Common causes of congestion are a high volume of vehicles, inadequate infrastructure, and poor urban planning. Solutions involve increasing road capacity, reducing traffic demand through alternative transportation options, efficient traffic management, and addressing root causes through long-term urban planning.
Traffic congestion occurs when the demand for road space exceeds supply, causing slower speeds and longer trip times. It is a major source of frustration for drivers and results in economic losses from wasted time and increased fuel consumption and emissions. Potential solutions to reduce congestion include improving road infrastructure, promoting public transit and alternative transportation options through urban planning, managing traffic flows more effectively, and reducing demand through policies like road pricing or telecommuting.
This document describes a density-based dynamic traffic signal system that uses image processing of traffic scenes to determine vehicle density at a junction and automatically adjust signal timing accordingly. It notes that conventional fixed-time traffic signals cannot adapt to changing traffic conditions. The proposed system would use a Raspberry Pi microcontroller and camera to capture images of each side of the junction, process the images to count vehicles, determine which side has higher density, and allot longer green signal time to that side to reduce congestion and waiting times. It discusses limitations like impacts of stationary vehicles and proposes using a combined metric of density and flow to provide a more informative measure of congestion for adaptive traffic control.
TE004, A Study On Feasible Traffic Operation Alternatives At Signalized Inter...Saurav Barua
This study analyzed traffic operations at a busy signalized intersection in Dhaka, Bangladesh using traffic simulation software VISSIM. Four alternatives were considered: 1) banning right turns, 2) optimizing signal timing, 3) constructing a one-way overpass, and 4) constructing two overpasses. Traffic data was collected and used to calibrate the VISSIM model. The alternatives were then simulated and evaluated based on average speed, delay, and queue length. Constructing a single overpass was found to provide the greatest benefits, increasing average speed by 250% and reducing delays and queues by over 90%, making it the recommended alternative to improve traffic flow at the intersection.
The physicists Dirk Helbing and Boris Kerner applied concepts from chaos theory and gas particle interactions to model traffic flow, finding that congestion can spontaneously emerge from small fluctuations. Their work challenged proposals to simply limit highway entry rates, arguing precise timing and even direct vehicle control may be needed. However, civil engineers were skeptical of the physicists' theories, believing congestion results more from road design issues. Professor James Banks also questioned if chaos theory was needed, suggesting congestion may stem more from driver psychology and shockwaves traveling faster in faster lanes as traffic slows all lanes.
IRJET- A Novel Approach for Intelligent Transportation Systems with Traffic J...IRJET Journal
This document presents a novel approach for intelligent transportation systems to mitigate traffic jams using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Specifically, it proposes an efficient algorithm to detect phantom jams, which are traffic jams that form for no obvious reason. The algorithm uses a fuzzy inference system integrated with a V2V-based phantom jam detection computation. Simulations using real and synthetic traffic data show the approach reduces average travel time by up to 9% and 4.9% compared to a baseline method, at penetration rates of 10% V2V equipped vehicles. The system design, implementation details, and experimental results evaluating phantom jam mitigation are described.
A New Paradigm in User Equilibrium-Application in Managed Lane PricingCSCJournals
Ineffective use of the High-Occupancy-Vehicle (HOV) lanes has the potential to decrease the overall roadway throughput during peak periods. Excess capacity in HOV lanes during peak periods can be made available to other types of vehicles, including single occupancy vehicles (SOV) for a price (toll). Such dual use lanes are known as “Managed Lanes.” The main purpose of this research is to propose a new paradigm in user equilibrium to predict the travel demand for determining the optimal fare policy for managed lane facilities. Depending on their value of time, motorists may choose to travel on Managed Lanes (ML) or General Purpose Lanes (GPL). In this study, the features in the software called Toll Pricing Modeler version 4.3 (TPM-4.3) are described. TPM-4.3 is developed based on this new user equilibrium concept and utilizes it to examine various operating scenarios. The software has two built-in operating objective options: 1) what would the ML operating speed be for a specified SOV toll, or 2) what should the SOV toll be for a desired minimum ML operating speed. A number of pricing policy scenarios are developed and examined on the proposed managed lane segment on Interstate 30 (I-30) in Grand Prairie, Texas. The software provides quantitative estimates of various factors including toll revenue, emissions and system performance such as person movement and traffic speed on managed and general purpose lanes. Overall, among the scenarios examined, higher toll rates tend to generate higher toll revenues, reduce overall CO and NOx emissions, and shift demand to general purpose lanes. On the other hand, HOV preferential treatments at any given toll level tend to reduce toll revenue, have no impact on or reduce system performance on managed lanes, and increase CO and NOx emissions.
The document discusses traffic jams in Los Angeles. It notes that traffic jams have become a major issue for many cities around the world. While some argue traffic jams are not a problem, others see them as a global issue that causes significant problems like wasted time and air pollution, particularly in Los Angeles where traffic jams are notoriously bad. The challenges of traffic jams include wasting time while stuck in congestion.
Focused on the lane occupancy phenomenon, this paper analyzes the roads during two different accidents to the evacuation period. Firstly, according to the statistical data, this paper calculated the correction coefficients under the road traffic condition, and then obtained the actual traffic capacity result at each moment of the road when combining the function model of the actual traffic capacity corrected by the running speed and the road traffic condition. Next the actual traffic capacity results are fitted to the Smooth spline interpolation, and then the actual traffic capacity is further verified by the traffic congestion situation. The actual traffic capacity of the road during the accident to evacuation is summarized as follows: the actual traffic capacity shows a nonlinear trend, that is, ascending-attenuating-recovering and gradually stabilizing. Finally, using Mann-Whitney U test to carry out the difference test on the actual traffic capacity, it is found that there is significant difference between the two groups of data, and the actual traffic capacity of the second case is stronger than that of the first one, and the reasons for the difference are analyzed as follows: the ratio of the steering traffic volume at the downstream intersection is different; this road section includes the community intersection and there are vehicles entering and leaving; meanwhile the speed of each lane is different and there are buildings near the lane. The above conclusions will provide theoretical basis for the traffic management department to correctly guide the vehicle driving, approve the road construction, design the road channelization plan, set the roadside parking space and the non-port-type bus stations.
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF DECISION MAKING FOR A NEW ROADWAY 62PlacementStuffTamil
After learning the basics secondly, we studied about the problems faced on
the current road route or the present road which were influencing in the decision
making of a new roadway for the betterment of the transport facility. Among all
the problems discussed, traffic congestion is the most non tolerable issue which
not only effects the lifestyle of the common man but also impacts significantly on
economy by decreasing the productivity of the work force of the nation. Apart
from the economic effect, the impact on the environment has also been evaluated
by using the carbon footprint method. As these further effects the human race
causing several health problems with severe results in long run.
Also, with the use of word traffic congestion a question arises in the mind, actually
it is measured that traffic flow is normal or having congestion. So, the term traffic
density (which measures the real time count of the vehicles per unit length on a
given road stretch) has also been discussed with its different methods of
calculation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Introduction to Traffic Flow theory modellingchatgptplus305
Understanding traffic flow is essential for urban planners, transportation engineers, and policymakers. It involves the study of how vehicles interact on roadways, the factors that influence their movement, and the impact on the overall transportation system. This section will explore the various aspects of traffic flow and its significance in urban environments.
The Cause, Effect and Possible Solution to Traffic Congestion on Nigeria Road...inventionjournals
Due to increase in population and the attraction of human activities into urban region which in
turn leads to the growth of vehicle ownership and use, there is demand for road space which has led to increase
in the number of public transport operation. Consequently, the demand for road space is greater than the
supply because the rate of provision of transport facilities is less than the rate of growth of vehicle ownership
and use which result into traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is the impedance of vehicles imposed on each
other due to speed-flow relationship in conditions where the use of transport system approaches capacity.
Traffic congestion in Nigeria, taking Basorun-Akobo Road in Ibadan Oyo State as a case study has been
analysed using experimental and theoretical approaches. These involve traffic counting and delay survey. In
order to carry out effective research work on the case study road, the method adopted were traffic counting and
traffic delay survey. The effect of traffic congestion on the study area are Waste of time, Delay movement,
Accident, Inability to forecast travel time, Fuel consumption, Road rage and environmental pollution. Possible
solutions to traffic congestion on the case study area is to: Dualize the Road, Provide Adequate Parking Space,
Construct proper Drainage and Install Traffic Control Devices.
This document provides an overview of traffic flow modeling and simulation methods for intelligent transportation systems. It discusses both macroscopic and microscopic modeling approaches. Macroscopic models view traffic as a continuous flow and use partial differential equations involving density, speed, and flow rate over time and space. Microscopic models treat each vehicle individually using ordinary differential equations to model driver behavior and car-following dynamics. The document also reviews several traffic simulation software tools and concludes that modeling and simulation can help design and evaluate new transportation control strategies before implementation.
Congestion charging schemes implemented in cities like London, Stockholm, Milan, and Singapore have led to reductions in traffic, improved air quality, and generated substantial revenue for transportation infrastructure. These schemes involve charging drivers a fee for entering designated areas, usually city centers, during peak traffic hours. Evaluation of existing schemes found they reduced traffic by 15-30% and journey times by 15-35% while raising billions in revenue. Public acceptance of the schemes has also been positive as drivers adjusted and public transit availability increased. Revenues have funded improvements to roads, bridges, and public transit systems, transforming urban transportation networks.
1Problem StatementIt is impossible to avoid an increase in t.docxdurantheseldine
1
Problem Statement
It is impossible to avoid an increase in traffic congestion in huge metropolitan areas that are expanding, such as those found in New York City and other major cities across the world. Congestion during rush hour is an inevitable consequence of how modern societies are organized (Lu et al.). It results from people's widespread desire to pursue specific goals, which invariably leads to overloading already-existing roads and transit systems daily. The vast majority of Americans in New York City who are on the move during peak commute times do so in their own cars. all forms of public transportation lack the comfort, speed, privacy, and convenience of privately owned vehicles. The global trend toward private automobile ownership directly results from rising per capital incomes, leading to an exodus from public transportation and other less convenient options. Because of many people drive their own cars on the road, despite the New York City government efforts to alleviate the problem, traffic congestion continues to get worse. This is something that is universally despised. It presents a substantial challenge for public policy, frequently leaves commuters feeling irritated and helpless. Although it's possible that governments may never be able to remove traffic congestion completely, there are a number of steps that states and municipalities can take to alleviate the problem. The primary mobility problem we face is that too many people want to move simultaneously every day. In order to keep the economy and educational institutions running smoothly, it is important that individuals go to work, school, and do errands at around the same time. It would be disastrous for our economy and way of life to abandon that fundamental requirement (Lu et al.). Every big city in the world faces the same issue. In my research plan, I will use the New York City as my target organization and New York State Department of Transport especially the engineering division as the agency to deal with the congestion during the rush hour.
Background
Agency Culture
In 1967, New York state department of transportation (NYSDOT) was formed. It is a department of New York state government responsible for the operation and development of mass transit systems, railroads, highways, ports, waterways and aviation facilities in the US state of New York. They also develop the transportation policy for the New York state. NYSDOT coordinate with the transportation and ensure all customers who live in New York have an efficient, safe, and balanced transportation system. The New York state department of transportation engineering division have the responsibility of addressing the challenge of congestion that has been reported in their desk. The New York state department of transportation engineering division is receiving the detailed report that argues that New York City is not doing well when it comes to the traffic flow especially during peak hours and this is wh.
Feasibility Study of Congestion Pricing in ParisMathews George
This document presents a case study of congestion pricing systems implemented in four cities - London, Stockholm, Singapore, and Milan. It analyzes the key factors considered in designing each system, including congestion levels, environmental pollution, safety, technology used, and public/political acceptance. For each city, the document examines how the pricing system addressed these factors and the impacts on traffic, modal shift, safety, economic and environmental outcomes before and after implementation. It then proposes a feasibility study and pricing system design for Paris based on analyzing these same factors for the city. The goal is to address both congestion and vehicular pollution levels while gaining public acceptance through a trial run and referendum.
This document provides recommendations for estimating transport congestion and scarcity costs to implement efficient pricing based on social marginal cost. For road transport, it recommends using traffic simulation models to estimate the impact of additional vehicles on journey times and unreliability for other traffic. Where models are unavailable, it suggests using link-based speed-flow relationships. For rail transport, it states that the major issue is scarcity value of slots when capacity is reached, and that negotiation between infrastructure managers and operators is the most practical way to estimate these values. It also provides guidance on monetizing the effects of congestion and scarcity through values of travel time and vehicle operating costs.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666Stone Art Hub
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
Top 10 Free Accounting and Bookkeeping Apps for Small BusinessesYourLegal Accounting
Maintaining a proper record of your money is important for any business whether it is small or large. It helps you stay one step ahead in the financial race and be aware of your earnings and any tax obligations.
However, managing finances without an entire accounting staff can be challenging for small businesses.
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They organize all of your transactions automatically as soon as you link them to your corporate bank account. Additionally, they are compatible with your phone, allowing you to monitor your finances from anywhere. Cool, right?
Thus, we’ll be looking at several fantastic accounting apps in this blog that will help you develop your business and save time.
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
2. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
INDEX
Contents Page No.
Introduction 3.
Mathematical theories5.
Economic theories 7.
Classification 9.
Causes 10.
In my opinion 11.
The Effects of Traffic-
Congestion 13.
Negative impacts16.
Traffic control18.
Countermeasures21.
References23.
3. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
Introduction
Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that
occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower
speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing.
The most common example is the physical use of roads by
vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the
interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic
stream, congestion is incurred. As demand approaches the
capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road),
extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully
stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a
traffic jam.
4. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or
modal split generates demand for space greater than the
available road capacity, this is point is commonly termed
saturation. There are a number of specific circumstances
which cause or aggravate congestion; most of them reduce
the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain
length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a
given volume of people or goods. About half of U.S. traffic
congestion is recurring, and is attributed to sheer weight
of traffic; most of the rest is attributed to traffic incidents,
road works and weather events.
Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which
conditions a "traffic jam" (as opposed to heavy, but
smoothly flowing traffic) may suddenly occur. It has been
found that individual incidents (such as accidents or even
a single car braking heavily in a previously smooth flow)
may cause ripple effects (a cascading failure) which then
spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when,
otherwise, normal flow might have continued for some
time longer.
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2011
Mathematical theories
Some traffic engineers have attempted to apply the rules of
fluid dynamics to traffic flow, likening it to the flow of a fluid
in a pipe. Congestion simulations and real-time observations
have shown that in heavy but free flowing traffic, jams can
arise spontaneously, triggered by minor events ("butterfly
effects"), such as an abrupt steering maneuver by a single
motorist. Traffic scientists liken such a situation to the sudden
freezing of super cooled fluid.[4] However, unlike a fluid,
traffic flow is often affected by signals or other events at
junctions that periodically affect the smooth flow of traffic.
Alternative mathematical theories exist, such as Boris
Kerner's three phase traffic theory.
Because of the poor correlation of theoretical models to actual
observed traffic flows, transportation planners and highway
engineers attempt to forecast traffic flow using empirical
models. Their working traffic models typically use a
combination of macro-, micro- and mesoscopic features, and
may add matrix entropy effects, by "platooning" groups of
vehicles and by randomising the flow patterns within
individual segments of the network. These models are then
typically calibrated by measuring actual traffic flows on the
links in the network, and the baseline flows are adjusted
accordingly.
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2011
It is now claimed that equations can predict these in detail:
Phantom jams can form when there is a heavy volume of cars
on the road. In that high density of traffic, small disturbances
(a driver hitting the brake too hard, or getting too close to
another car) can quickly become amplified into a full-blown,
self-sustaining traffic jam...
A team of MIT mathematicians has developed a model that
describes how and under what conditions such jams form,
which could help road designers minimize the odds of their
formation. The researchers reported their findings May 26 in
the online edition of Physical Review E.
Key to the new study is the realization that the mathematics of
such jams, which the researchers call 'jamitons,' are strikingly
similar to the equations that describe detonation waves
produced by explosions, says Aslan Kasimov, lecturer in
MIT's Department of Mathematics. That discovery enabled
the team to solve traffic jam equations that were first
theorized in the 1950s.
7. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
Economic theories
India's economic surge has
resulted in a massive increase in
the number of private vehicles
on its roads, overwhelming the
transport infrastructure. Shown
here is a traffic jam in Delhi
As in India, China's economic surge has resulted in a massive
increase in the number of private vehicles on its roads
overwhelming the transport infrastructure. Shown here is a
traffic jam in Beijing.
8. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
Congested roads can be seen as an example of the tragedy of
the commons. Because roads in most places are free at the
point of usage, there is little financial incentive for drivers not
to over-use them, up to the point where traffic collapses into a
jam, when demand becomes limited by opportunity cost.
Privatization of highways and road pricing have both been
proposed as measures that may reduce congestion through
economic incentives and disincentives. Congestion can also
happen due to non-recurring highway incidents, such as a
crash or road works, which may reduce the road's capacity
below normal levels.
Economist Anthony Downs, in his books Stuck in Traffic
(1992) and Still Stuck in Traffic (2004), argues that rush hour
traffic congestion is inevitable because of the benefits of
having a relatively standard work day. In a capitalist
economy, goods can be allocated either by pricing (ability to
pay) or by queueing (first-come first-serve); congestion is an
example of the latter. Instead of the traditional solution of
making the "pipe" large enough to accommodate the total
demand for peak-hour vehicle travel (a supply-side solution),
either by widening roadways or increasing "flow pressure" via
automated highway systems, Downs advocates greater use of
road pricing to reduce congestion (a demand-side solution,
effectively rationing demand), in turn plowing the revenues
generated there from into public transportation projects. Road
pricing itself is controversial; more information is available in
the dedicated article.
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2011
Classification
Qualitative classification of traffic is often done in the form of
a six letter A-F level of service (LOS) scale defined in the
Highway Capacity Manual, a US document used (or used as a
basis for national guidelines) worldwide. These levels are
used by transportation engineers as ashorthand and to describe
traffic levels to the lay public. While this system generally
uses delay as the basis for its measurements, the particular
measurements and statistical methods vary depending on the
facility being described. For instance, while the percent time
spent following a slower-moving vehicle figures into the LOS
for a rural two-lane road, the LOS at an urban intersection
incorporates such measurements as the number of drivers
forced to wait through more than one signal cycle.
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2011
Causes: Sample 1
One of the main causes of congestion is the high number of
cars. Because of the emirate’s rapid economic growth, most
residents can afford private vehicles.
Causes: Sample 2
Another contributing factor is the lack of a public transport
infrastructure. The absence of buses, trains, or an
underground forces residents to rely on cars or taxis.
Causes: Sample 3
The road system is another cause of congestion. Although
the roads are highly developed, planners have not been able
to keep up with the rapid expansion of the population.
Frequent road works also lead to delays.
11. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
In my opinion 3 main issues are causing traffic problems
in Mumbai,
1. Drivers not following rules and not
sufficient action taken against them.
1st e.g. at a signal one lane has a red and drivers
slowly moving ahead of the line anticipating a green
soon....well i believe cops need to fine them.....
2nd e.g. drivers breaking signals and making a run
for it from traffic cops itself......well I think every
driver in Mumbai knows doing such a thing is no
problem.....is the cop doesn’t have a bike, then even
if he takes down our car no. No action is ever
taken....well cops need to start sending them fines at
home.....like the next day the driver gets a fine at
home through mail.....that will probably stop drivers
from doing that....
So well Implementation of basic rules like ZEBRA
crossing will make a small and noticeable change for
Mumbai roads..... (Were u ever fined for not giving
way to pedestrians on a Zebra Crossing? Not me)
12. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
2.
At a 4 lane intersection every car wants to go
first....and this leads to everyone trying to
sneak in and ultimately everyone gets stuck...
Right Of Way Rule....is the solution I believe
this is something i came across in New
Zealand.....i guess many other countries
implement it....This Implementation will take
time but its very effective in the long run
Well how this works is simple......if u see a
Car on your right....then u have to let him
go.....similarly another car will have u its
right....and he will have to let u go.....
Signs like ''GIVE WAY'' will reduce confusion
too.....
13. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
3. Bumps on roads-
Many Cars and Rickaws slow down over these
Bumps......causing slow movement of Traffic....and
ultimately Drivers getting impatient......
Solution would be to provide each Area with a BMC
no. to make such complaints.....and Mind You, A
working TELEPHONE NO. which actually
works......i have wanted to report such complaints
several times....but I didn’t have a TELEPHONE
NO. and neither did I have time to go looking for the
no.
So BMC should put up such no's on hoardings
instead of putting up politicians promotion
hoardings.....
14. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
The Effects of Traffic Congestion
For many commuters, daily gridlock is a fact of life.Millions
of people deal with traffic congestion on a daily basis. The
roadways leading into and out of most major cities can
become gridlocked due to an accident, road construction or
simply a high number of cars on the road. Traffic congestion
can have a number of effects on drivers, the environment,
health and the economy. Fortunately, not all of the effects are
negative.
Pollution
One of the most harmful effects of traffic congestion is its
impact on the environment. Despite the growing number of
hybrid vehicles on the road, cars stopped in traffic still
produce a large volume of harmful carbon emissions. Besides
contributing to global warming, these emissions can cause
more short-term and localized problems, such as smog and
increased respiratory problems in a community due to poor air
quality.
Economic Impact
Drivers who encounter unexpected traffic may be late for
work or other appointments, causing a loss in productivity for
businesses and in the drivers' personal lives. Traffic delays
may also slow down the shipping of cargo if delivery trucks
can't remain on schedule due to a congested route. Drivers
who know that traffic congestion is likely may decide to forgo
an activity altogether, leading to less consumer spending and
lower event attendance.
15. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
Road Rage
Drivers who become impatient may be more likely to drive
aggressively or dangerously. This contributes to poor health
for those affected by the stress and puts other drivers in
danger. Road rage also increases the danger posed to
emergency workers or construction crew members who are
working on the congested road close to dangerous drivers.
Encouraging Mass Transit
One beneficial effect of traffic congestion is its ability to
encourage drivers to consider other transportation options. In
cities with frequent traffic congestion, individuals often
choose a subway, light rail or bus service. These options
reduce traffic on the roads, have less of an environmental
impact and reduce the stress associated with driving in heavy
traffic.
16. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
Negative impacts
Traffic congestion
has a number of negative effects:
Wasting time of motorists and passengers ("opportunity
cost"). As a non-productive activity for most people,
congestion reduces regional economic health.
Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment,
meetings, and education, resulting in lost business,
disciplinary action or other personal losses.
Inability to forecast travel time accurately, leading to
drivers allocating more time to travel "just in case", and
less time on productive activities.
17. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
Wasted fuel increasing air pollution and carbon dioxide
emissions owing to increased idling, acceleration and
braking. Increased fuel use may also in theory cause a
rise in fuel costs.
Wear and tear on vehicles as a result of idling in traffic
and frequent acceleration and braking, leading to more
frequent repairs and replacements.
Stressed and frustrated motorists, encouraging road rage
and reduced health of motorists
Emergencies: blocked traffic may interfere with the
passage of emergency vehicles traveling to their
destinations where they are urgently needed.
Spillover effect from congested main arteries to
secondary roads and side streets as alternative routes are
attempted ('rat running'), which may affect neighborhood
amenity and real estate prices.
18. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
Traffic control
Road traffic control
Road traffic control involves directing vehicular and
pedestrian traffic around a construction zone, accident or
other road disruption, thus ensuring the safety of emergency
response teams, construction workers and the general public.
Traffic control also includes the use of CCTV and other
means of monitoring traffic by local or State roadways
authorities to manage traffic flows and providing advice
concerning traffic congestion. This is not dealt with in this
article.
Traffic controllers (TC's) are often known as "lollipop men"
(usually this name only applies to TC's working near schools
to aid pupils in road crossing) from the appearance of their
Stop/Slow signs, known as "Stop bats". [
19. FOUNDATION COURSE II
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2011
Air traffic control (ATC)
Is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct
aircraft on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of
ATC systems worldwide is to separate aircraft to prevent
collisions, to organize and expedite the flow of traffic, and to
provide information and other support for pilots when able.[1]
In some countries, ATC may also play a security or defense
role, or be run entirely by the military .Preventing collisions is
referred to as separation, which is a term used to prevent
aircraft from coming too close to each other by use of lateral,
vertical and longitudinal separation minima; many aircraft
now have collision avoidance systems installed to act as a
backup to ATC observation and instructions. In addition to its
primary function, the ATC can provide additional services
such as providing information to pilots, weather and
navigation information.
In many countries, ATC services are provided throughout the
majority of airspace, and its services are available to all users
(private, military, and commercial). When controllers are
responsible for separating some or all aircraft, such airspace is
called "controlled airspace" in contrast to "uncontrolled
airspace" where aircraft may fly without the use of the air
traffic control system. Depending on the type of flight and the
class of airspace, ATC may issue instructions that pilots are
required to follow, or merely flight information (in some
countries known as advisories) to assist pilots operating in the
airspace. In all cases, however, the pilot in command has final
responsibility for the safety of the flight, and may deviate
from ATC instructions in an emergency.
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2011
Sea traffic control
A sea lane or shipping lane is a regularly used route for ocean-
going and Great Lakesvessels. In the time of sailing ships they
were not only determined by the distribution of land masses
but also the prevailing winds, whose discovery was crucial for
the success of long voyages. Sea lanes are very important for
trade by sea.
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2011
Countermeasures
It has been suggested by some commentators[who?] that the
level of congestion that society tolerates is a rational (though
not necessarily conscious)[citation needed] choice between
the costs of improving the transportation system (in
infrastructure or management) and the benefits of quicker
travel. Others [who?] link it largely to subjective lifestyle
choices, differentiating between car-owning and car-free
households.
Road infrastructure
Junction improvements.
Grade separation, using bridges (or, less often, tunnels)
freeing movements from having to stop for other
crossing movements
Ramp signaling, 'drip-feeding' merging traffic via traffic
signals onto a congested motorway-type roadway
Reducing junctions
Local-express lanes, providing through lanes that bypass
junction on-ramp and off-ramp zones
Limited-access road, roads that limit the type and
amounts of driveways along their lengths
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2011
Reversible lanes, where certain sections of highway
operate in the opposite direction on different times of the
day/ days of the week, to match asymmetric demand.
This may be controlled by Variable-message signs or by
movable physical separation
Separate lanes for specific user groups (usually with the
goal of higher people throughput with fewer vehicles)
Bus lanes as part of a busway system
HOV lanes, for vehicles with at least three (sometimes at
least two) riders, intended to encourage carpooling
Slugging, impromptu carpooling at HOV access points,
on a hitchhiking or payment basis
Market-based carpooling with pre-negotiated financial
incentives for the driver
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References
www.Google.com
www.Wikipedia.com
www.IBM.com
www.wikipedia.org_traffic_control
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