Freiburg, Germany implemented a 5 pillar plan in the 1970s to address major traffic problems: 1) Traffic calming through pedestrian zones and low speed limits 2) Concentrating traffic on key roads to divert it from scenic areas 3) Limiting parking and encouraging public transport use through fees 4) Expanding public transport like trams and travel passes 5) Promoting bicycles through over 500km of bike lanes and parking This led to fewer car commuters, less city center traffic, and 70% of trips using public transport.

1. Sustainable Traffic Management: Freiburg, Germany

2. Background Information Freiburg is a city in Germany with a population of over 200,000. In the early 1970s it was a city with major traffic problems.

3. 5 Pillars of the Plan Traffic Calming Increasing Bicycle Use Controlling Parking Concentrating Traffic Public Transport

4. Pillar 1: Traffic Calming City centre turned into pedestrian zone in 1973. Cobbles on streets to slow traffic. 30 km per hour speed limit on residential roads

5. Pillar 2: Concentrating Traffic Using key roads to concentrate traffic (Bündelungsstrassen) Diverting traffic away from city centre and the most scenic location (Bank of the River Dreisam)

6. Pillar 3: Limiting Parking There is no free, uncontrolled parking in the city centre. Parking is on a sliding scale to encourage commuters to park and ride from the outskirts.

7. Pillar 4: Public Transport City promotes public transport including Trams, and has added new routes in recent years. Monthly travel card for entire city and surrounding districts available cheaply.

8. Pillar 5: Bicycle Use City promotes bicycle use. More than 500km of interconnected bicycle lanes. More than 5,000 parking spaces for bikes in city centre. At many junctions bike have priority.

9. Indicators of Success From 1967 to 1997 people using cars on a regular bases fell from 63% to 40%. 4,000 fewer cars using the city centre each day (even though population increased). 70% of local journeys are made using trams. 3,000 km of public transport lines.

10. Possible Exam Question Describe a sustainable strategy of transport management in a city in the EU that you have studied. Evaluate its success. [8 marks]