Well this is my first presentation in the slide share. In this presentation i have mentioned about the concept of water quality and guidelines for it in with the perspective to human health and its management in Nepal.
Suggestion and feedbacks are really welcome.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
most important topic for more clearance of water quality standards which covers latest Indian and WHO guidelines and provides a real scenario of water standards in India and the recent advances made for purification of water in India and worldwide. The presentation is little bit lengthy but deals with all required aspects in short.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
most important topic for more clearance of water quality standards which covers latest Indian and WHO guidelines and provides a real scenario of water standards in India and the recent advances made for purification of water in India and worldwide. The presentation is little bit lengthy but deals with all required aspects in short.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
A hand note on water resource management, specially in the context of Bangladesh. I prepared the note for the MS final exam on the course water resource management.
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAMIRABARANI RIVER ENCROACHED BY WAT...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation explains the analysis of water quality in which the Eichhornia crassipes lives further from many different samples the water was analyzed by my friend Mr. Esakki Raja
Pacas de ropa México cuenta con pacas de 100, 50 y 25 Libras con 190 a 220 prendas donde incluye envió gratis, por limite de tiempo te trae una increíble oferta que no podrás rechazar, en la compra de tu paca de 100 Lbs. te llevaras totalmente gratis él envió exprés, así que no tendrá que salir de su casa para recibir su pedido. Y porque nos importa darles un servicio de calidad a nuestros clientes, te ofrecemos una póliza de garantía de 30 días que consiste en: lo que no se te venda en esos días te lo intercambiamos por ropa nueva en tu siguiente compra. Para tu comodidad tenemos los puntos de pago mas accesibles Oxxo y Bancoppel. Contamos con una sección de Testimonios donde podrás encontrar los comentarios de nuestros clientes donde afirman la calidad de la ropa con la que contamos, registra tu pedido ahora y comienza a generar grandes ganancias. para mas información llama al 686-232-3351 o manda un WhatsApp
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
This presentation describes, how the water can be analyzed using the basic parameters like DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity and so on. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were discussed here.
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
A hand note on water resource management, specially in the context of Bangladesh. I prepared the note for the MS final exam on the course water resource management.
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAMIRABARANI RIVER ENCROACHED BY WAT...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation explains the analysis of water quality in which the Eichhornia crassipes lives further from many different samples the water was analyzed by my friend Mr. Esakki Raja
Pacas de ropa México cuenta con pacas de 100, 50 y 25 Libras con 190 a 220 prendas donde incluye envió gratis, por limite de tiempo te trae una increíble oferta que no podrás rechazar, en la compra de tu paca de 100 Lbs. te llevaras totalmente gratis él envió exprés, así que no tendrá que salir de su casa para recibir su pedido. Y porque nos importa darles un servicio de calidad a nuestros clientes, te ofrecemos una póliza de garantía de 30 días que consiste en: lo que no se te venda en esos días te lo intercambiamos por ropa nueva en tu siguiente compra. Para tu comodidad tenemos los puntos de pago mas accesibles Oxxo y Bancoppel. Contamos con una sección de Testimonios donde podrás encontrar los comentarios de nuestros clientes donde afirman la calidad de la ropa con la que contamos, registra tu pedido ahora y comienza a generar grandes ganancias. para mas información llama al 686-232-3351 o manda un WhatsApp
Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, ...iosrjce
Pakistan is a signatory to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and has a commitment and
obligation to meet the targets relating to sanitation and water access to under privilege and underserved
people of Pakistan that are vulnerable to the development of safe drinking water as per the standard of World
Health Organization (WHO) and National standards. Poor people of coastal area are not only deprived of
financial resources but they are lacking basic needs such as education, health and safe drinking water.
Provision of safe drinking water in the coastal area is vital for reducing incidence of waterborne diseases such
as diarrhea, malaria, trachoma and hepatitis A & B. Present study was, therefore, undertaken to assess the
source and quality of drinking water in two Talukas of Badin district (Badin and Fazul Rahoo). The study areas
as surveyed are not provided with drinking water through water supply and are mostly relying on groundwater
and open ponds, causing various waterborne diseases and health problems. Coastal area of Badin being at tail
end of the water source, having shortages of surface water in the system, compelling people to obtain water
from distance i.e. from ponds and deep groundwater which is polluted and saline, making it unfit for safe
drinking purpose. The results of survey revealed that 88% of the villages of coastal area are getting water from
groundwater, while only 12% from the water supply schemes. On examination of physico-chemical analyses of
175 water samples from 49 villages of coastal area, it was found that 70% water samples contained various
degrees of contamination above the threshold values of WHO quality standard; hence making water unsafe for
drinking purpose
An Assessment on Drinking Water Quality and Management in Kakamega Municipalitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Drinking water must be free from components which may adversely affect the human health. Such components include minerals, organic substances and disease causing microorganisms. A large portion of the population in urban areas in developing countries suffers from health problems associated with either lack of drinking water or due to the presence of microbiological contamination in water. This research was conducted in Kakamega municipality with a broad objective to conduct assessment of water quality and management in Kakamega municipality. The Specific objective was to determine the chemical water quality parameters in water and to evaluate the management practices on water in Kakamega municipality. Four water quality parameters; two physical and two chemical were tested from the samples collected for this research work. Sampling technique was purposive where water samples from water sources and distribution points in densely populated areas of Kakamega municipality were taken. Data collection instruments that were used included sterilized bottles to collect water, delivery to the laboratory within six (6) hours of collection for reliable results and data quality control was achieved through immediate entry in the pre-designed data form. According to the results pH values at all the sources and house connections are well within the WHO desirable limit of 6.50-8.0. The sample from Sichirai had a pH of 7.8 that was the highest as compared to an Isiukhu river that had 6.6 pH. The samples from Isiukhu river, Savona Island River, fishpond at bridge and Shikhambi spring showed more than 5 NTU. The researchers recommended for water surveillance in Kakamega municipality in order to ensure consumers have safe water free from agricultural and industrial chemical pollution.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha Riv...ijtsrd
We wants to present an extensive work on physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Mula-Mutha river at Pune (Maharashtra). Water samples under investigations were collected from Khadkwasla dam to Sangam Bridge during pre monsoon (April “ May2016) monsoon (July “ August2016) and post monsoon (October “ November2016) seasons. The observed values of different physico-chemical parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Hardness, etc. of samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health organization (WHO). The Mula-Mutha River water in Pune had deteriorated in quality. Its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg/l, more than ten times the permissible limits for bathing. Municipal Corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population. More water means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. As a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the Mula-Mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away Punes excreta. All the physico - chemical parameters for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except some of the parameters like DO, BOD,COD, chloride, calcium, magnesium and hardness. S.D.Jadhav | M.S. Jadhav"Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha River, Pune (Maharashtra)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2509.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/2509/analysis-of-water-quality-using-physico-chemical-parameters-of-mula-mutha-river-pune-maharashtra/sdjadhav
Water is essential for ecosystem and has been termed as “Elixir of life”. Ever since the civilization, man has used water for his economic gains and substances. For over thousands of years, human settlements and civilizations have originated, concentrated and thrived around different types of water bodies. It is known that water bodies have played a crucial role in growth and development of human society. Water security is emerging as an important and vital issue for India. Many Indian cities are experiencing moderate to severe water shortages due to implicit effects of agricultural growth, Industrialization and urbanization, these shortages would be further aggravated by population stress and irrigation requirements that are major factors related to water insecurity. Due to constant growth of population, technological ad industrial progress the nature of aquatic environment undergoes numerous changes and deteriorating its quality. In urban area, water pollution problems always influence the biological imbalance are both qualitatively and quantitatively. Most of the water resources are polluted with untreated partially treated wastes from industry, domestic sewage and fertilizer pesticide run off from agriculture fields etc. Prof. Sagar R. Chavhan | Monika Khaladkar | Payal Badak "A Review on Water Quality Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49526.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/49526/a-review-on-water-quality-analysis/prof-sagar-r-chavhan
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
The physicochemical properties of some selected water sources within a quarry site at locations (L1, L2, L3, and L4) in Afao-Ekiti
were investigated using standard analytical methods. At the quarry site the following parameters were undertaking (pH, total dissolved solids, the total hardness, phosphate, electrical conductivity, chloride, and fluoride and nitrate) and were all within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits for drinking water. However, the metal samples investigated also fell within WHO permissible limits for drinking water except for iron (L3) and manganese (L4). These results showed that water sources in this environment were not contaminated and fit for human consumption. This study also investigates the suitability of water for drinking purposes based on Water Quality Index (WQI) estimated. The Communities within the studied area require alternative sources of potable water for drinking and
domestic purposes other than the previous model.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano...IOSR Journals
Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of sachets water samples in Kano metropolis were
carried out using standard procedures to assess the quality of such water consumed in the area. Samples were
collected from four different water depots in different parts of Kano metropolis. The results showed variations in
the concentrations of the analyzed parameters in the water samples. The pH values ranged from 6.97±0.20 to
7.25±0.33; Electrical Conductivity ranged from 176 ±0.02 to 282±0.25μS/cm; Alkalinity ranged from 0.17±0.02
to 0.69±0.28 mg/l; Total solids were in the range of 100.30±0.25 to 157.34±0.30mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids
ranged from 67.80±0.30 to 84.70±0.23mg/l; Total Suspended Solids ranged from 15.60±0.36 to75.84±0.02mg/;
Total Hardness ranged from 85.00±0.03 to 103.00±0.20 mg/ and turbidity ranged from 0.60±0.21 to 2.23±0.32
NTU. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of the anions analyzed
ranged from 0.03±0.00 mg/l NO2
- to 7.06 ±0.02 mg/l SO4
2-. Similarly, the levels of some of the heavy metals
analyzed ranged from 0.12±0.02mg/l Cu to 0.71±0.01mg/l Fe. Accordingly, the water samples were colourless
and odourless. In general, the concentrations of all the parameters analyzed in the samples were below or
within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating that the sachets water were safe for
human consumption.
Performance Appraisal and Human Resource developmentGovinda Rokka
This presentation gives idea about the concept of performance appraisal and its techniques adopted in organization, staff grievances for effective human resource development
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pharynx and Clinical Correlations BY Dr.Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Water quality & its guidelines
1. Concept of Water quality
& its Guidelines
Presented by
Govinda Rokka
27 September 2016 1
2. Background
-Water is an essential nutrient for all forms of life which maintains fluid &
electrolyte homeostasis.
-Access to safe drinking water is a basic right of human.
-(MDG 7) on drinking-water was met globally in 2010.[except by 48 least
developed countries] Source:WHO-drinking water
Key facts
-Human beings need about (2.5-3) lpd for survival.
-Water makes about 60% of human body.
-In 2015, 91% of the world’s population had access to an improved
drinking-water source, compared with 76% in 1990.
-1 in 9 people world wide do not have access to safe and clean drinking
water.
-Nearly 1 out of every 5 deaths under the age of 5 worldwide is due to a
water-related disease. Source:https://thewaterproject.org/water_stats
WHO-Water Fact Sheet
2
3. Historic Milestones in Drinking Water History
• 400 B.C.: Hippocrates emphasizes the importance of water quality to
health and recommends boiling.
• 1804: The first municipal water filtration works opens in Paisley,
Scotland.
• 1890s: Chlorine is proven an effective disinfectant of drinking water.
1902: Belgium implements the first continuous use of chlorine to
make drinking water biologically "safe".
• 1974:The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was established to protect
the quality of drinking water in the U.S. This law focuses on all waters
actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above
ground or underground sources.
27 September 2016 3
4. History of Water Supply in Nepal
4
• While going back to history, the populations of Kathmandu Valley was not high. People
in used to take water from the available natural sources near their homes. However,
because of rapid population growth the existing water resources were not enough to
feed the people and thus, government realized to provide drinking water for the people
in the Kathmandu valley and thus established a systematic development of water supply
system with the name PANI ADDA (PANI GOSWARA) unit in 2029 BS.
Sources of water in Nepal
• Rain water- Purest form of water. Obtained from roof catchments & stored in tanks.
• Surface water- Nepal is very rich in surface water consisting of thousands of
rivers,streams,ponds & lakes.
• Ground Water- Found abundant in the aquifers of Terai & Kathmandu. But found limited
in the populated hill regions(like Kathmandu) because of the lower permeability of the
indurated and crystalline rocks. Eg.wells,springs,spout
27 September 2016
5. Safe/wholesome/potable water
• Free from pathogens (disease causing micro-organisms)
• Contain no chemical compounds or by-products (even at very low
concentrations) that may have health hazards (short term or long
term) to the consumers
• Free from suspended solids, colour (ie water should be fairly clear
with very low turbidity and very little or no colour), offensive odor and
taste
• Usable for domestic purposes.
27 September 2016 5
6. Status
Daily Demand of Water-350 million litres
Daily supply of Water- 130 million litres
(fluctuates according to the season)
27 September 2016 6
In this situation,
Can we be assure of water quality???
7. 27 September 2016 7
The study shows that the water sources in the Kathmandu valley are badly contaminated
with E.coli & Coliform bacteria.
8. Location of River PH TDS(mg/dl) DO(mg/l) BOD(mg/l)
Mahakali at Pancheswor (FWDR) 8.8 110 5 2
Karnali at chisapani (FWDR) 8.9 264 10.5 1.5
Bheri at Chatagaon (MWDR) 7.8 208 9.3 1.1
Seti at Ramghat(WDR) 8.2 222 9.3 2
East Rapti at sauraha (CDR) 7.8 213 8.7 2.5
Arun(EDR) 6.5 200 9.1 2.1
Kankai(EDR) 7.7 60 8.7 2
Mechi (EDR) 8.3 30 8.9 1.8
WHO Guideline 6.5-8.5 100 >5.0 3
Water Quality of Rivers during dry season ,1998
Source:Department of Hydrology and Meterology,1998(CBS:A Compendium on Environment
Statistics Nepal,1998
27 September 2016 8
9. Arsenic Map of Nepal, WHO 1999
A person suffering from arsenicosis
Guideline value
WHO-10 ppb
Nepal-50 ppb
27 September 2016 9
More than 90% people consume water from ground water in the
Tarai Region .
10. Drinking Water Guideline by WHO
Parameter Max
Concentration
Turbidity,PH,color,TDS,electrical
conductivity,TDS
-
Al 0.2 mg/l
NH3 1.5 mg/l
Cl 250 mg/l
Zn 3 mg/l
Mn 0.5 mg/l
E-coli, Coliform bacteria,virues -
Ar 0.01 mg/l
Cr 0.05 mg/l
Pb 0.01 mg/l
F 1.5 mg/l
Cyanide 0.07 mg/l
NO3 50 mg/l
Cd 0.03 mg/l
Gross α activity 0.1 Bq/l
Gross β activity 1.0 Bq/l
27 September 2016 10
11. Group Parameter Unit Maximum Concentration Limits
Physical and
chemicals
Turbidity
pH
Color
Taste & Odor
Total Dissolved Solids
Electrical Conductivity
Iron
Manganese
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Cyanide
Fluoride
Lead
Ammonia
Chloride
Sulphate
Nitrate
Copper
Total Hardness
Calcium
Zinc
Mercury
Aluminum
Residual Chlorine
NTU
TCU
mg/l
µc/cm
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
5 (10)**
6.5-8.5*
5 (15)**
Would not be objectionable
1000
1500
0.3 (3)**
0.2
0.05
0.003
0.05
0.07
0.5-1.5*
0.01
1.5
250
250
50
1
500
200
3
0.001
0.2
0.1-0.2*
Micro Germs
E-Coli
Total Coli form
MPN/100ml
MPN/100ml
0
95 % in sample
Note : * These standards indicate the maximum and minimum limits.
** Figures in parenthesis are upper range of the standards recommended.
Sources:
-Environment Statistics of Nepal 2008, Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat, Central Bureau of
Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal
National Drinking Water Quality Standard
27 September 2016 11
12. 27 September 2016 12
Status of Bagmati river at different time intervals
15 years ago
5 years ago
After Bagmati cleanup campaign
13. Human Health & Water quality
In developing countries, as much as 80% of illnesses are linked to poor water and
sanitation conditions.
In Nepal, an estimated 15000 children die each year due to diarroheal diseases, caused by
poor environmental sanitation and lack of access to quality water supply.(UNICEF)
Quality
water
Proper
sanitation
Wellness
Poor
Quality
water
Poor
sanitation
Nevertheless, water quality alone is not enough to ensure the benefits of human
health.Three additional requisites must be met: quantity, continuity and
reasonable cost.
Illness
27 September 2016 13
14. Water Quality and Diarrhoeal Disease
Water Related Disease by Region, 2000
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Mountain (645992) Hill (3230701) Tarai (3239288)
OPDvisit%
OPD visit as % of total population
Water washed disease as % of total OPD visit
Water borne disease as % of total OPD visit
27 September 2016 14
15. Reasons for water quality Degradation
• Haphazard disposal of wastes near the source of water.
• Discharge of industrial effluents near the water resource.
• Encroachment of water sides .
• Watershed degradation and water induced disasters.
• Increase in use of chemicals for agricultural purpose.
• Presence of leakage and rusting of water pipes.
• Presence of sewage pipe nearer to drinking water pipe.
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16. Solutions
• Enforcing compliance of the laws and their effective implementation.
• Proper settlement planning and industrialization.
• Law enforcement to protect the land from encroachment & effective
implementation of building codes.
• Integrated watershed protection & water induced disaster forecasting
system.
• Cleaning campaign for the existing rivers should be run frequently.
• Putting Sewage pipes as far as possible from the drinking water pipes &
checking the status of water pipes regularly.
• Educating people about water quality and its effects on human health.
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17. List of organizations involved in water quality assessment
• Department of Water Supply and Sanitation(DWSS):To plan the development of water
quality monitoring & surveillance program through its Water quality section located in 75
districts.
• National Academy of science and Technology(NAST):The Environment research faculty
provides water quality analysis service of water samples from different sources.
• Environment & Public Health Organization(ENPHO): ENPHO laboratory is accredited by
Nepal Bureau of Standard and Metrology (NBSM) under the NEPLAS system based on ISO
17025 and is audited for quality control both by internal and external auditors.
• Nepal Environmental & scientific services(NESS): first accredited
laboratory in Nepal and since its establishment(1992) it has been
providing various analytical services and specialized facilities.
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18. References
1. WHO-drinking water ,Progress on sanitation and drinking-water
Fast facts
2.State of Alaska-drinking water history
3. Guidelines for drinking water quality,WHO Geneva 2010;4th edth.
4.Environmental Statistics of Nepal, 2008
5.WaterAid-Water quality standard and testing policy,2011
6.Water In Crisis-spotlightNepal
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