Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.[1] Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation system aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal-oral route.[2] For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through sanitation.[3] There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, trachoma, to name just a few. A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater.[4] Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy

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ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
Presented by:
K.Venkateswarlu
14L41A0123
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION OF SANITATION
 PRINCIPLES OF SANITATION
 SANITATION IN INDIA
 RECYCLEMENT
 SANITATION DISEASES RELATED
 CHALLENGES TO BE TAKEN
 DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION
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3. Introduction
 In many cities and towns, and rural areas of the world today
people live and raise in highly polluted environment.
 Mainly urban and peri-urban areas in developing countries are
among the worst polluted .
 Much of this pollution , which leads to high rate of disease,
malnutrition and death, is caused by a lack of toilets and
inadequate sanitation services.
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4. Definition of sanitation:
 Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) is a concept that treats
various types of waste generated by us.
 All this waste to be collected safely, as a resource which
can be treated and reused to prevent the pollution of
water bodies and the environment.
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6. Principles of EcoSan:
 Ecological sanitation is based on three fundamental principles.
 Preventing pollution rather than attempting to control it after
we pollute.
 Sanitizing the urine and faeces.
 And using the safe products as agricultural products in
agricultural purposes.
 This approach can be characterized as “sanitize and recycle”.
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8. Sanitation in India
 Environmental sanitation is a major public health issue in
India by the recent studies on environmental sanitation in India.
 A study published in 1980 by the World Bank identified over
20 systems for sanitation, varying from simple on-site latrines
to water-borne sewerage.
 Out of 20 only three systems have been found appropriate for
adoption on mass scale in India.
 No major city in India is known to have a continuous water
supply and an estimated 72% of Indians still lack access to
improved sanitation facilities.
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9. Practices to be taken up :
 various types of Ecosan practices such as promotion of
1.Ecosan toilets
2. compost pits
3. bio-gas plants
4. reed-beds for treatment of waste water, etc.
 Recently in delhi, over 100 mobile toilet vans (MTVs) have
been installed in several slum pockets to improve sanitation in
such areas.
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10. 
Arrangement for collection of urine and waste water
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11. Recyclement
 How nutrients are returned to the soil Ecological
sanitation regards human excreta as a resource to be
recycled rather than as waste to be disposed of.
 The use of human excreta for crop fertilization has been
widely practised in many regions of the world.
 The Chinese and Japan introduced the practice of
recycling human faeces and urine for agriculture in the
twelfth century.
 In Sweden, where urine diversion has begun to be
practised, farmers collect urine from underground tanks
for a fee, and apply it to their crop land with mechanized
equipment .
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15. SANITATION DISEASES RELATED
 Human excreta contain germs, and other living things
(organisms). Some organisms cause disease and are
called pathogens.
 The major pathogens found in urine can cause
typhoid, paratyphoid and bilharzia. Urine is a major
source for the spread of bilharzia.
 Faeces are the major source of pathogens for typhoid
and paratyphoid even when they are found in urine.
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16. CHALLENGES TO BE TAKEN
 Prevention of contamination of water in distribution
systems.
 Growing water scarcity and the potential for water reuse
and conservation,
 Implementing innovative low-cost sanitation system
 Providing sustainable water supplies and sanitation for
urban and semi urban areas
 Reducing disparities within the regions in the country.
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17. Disadvantages
 Partial purification or uncontrolled discharge of more
than90 % of wastewater.
 Pollution of water bodies by organics, pathogens,
pharmaceuticals etc.
 Increased health risks and spread of disease.
 Severe environmental damage and eutrophication of the
water cycle, and High investment, energy, operating and
maintenance costs.
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18. conclusion
 All sanitation technologies require maintenance to function
properly.
 The amount of maintenance that users of EcoSan systems need to
do varies a great deal and is influenced as much by the
organization of operation and maintenance as by design of the
Ecosan devices.
 Good system design can minimize the need for intense
maintenance, and the tasks required need not to be onerous.
 The major common element in the maintenance of Eco-San is
that the user must ensure that the system is working properly.
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