Surrealism was an artistic movement that began in the 1920s led by poet Andre Breton. It aimed to express ideas from the unconscious mind through automatic techniques and dreamlike imagery. Two main trends emerged - the Automatists focused on feeling over analysis using techniques like automatic drawing, while the Veristic Surrealists aimed to represent unconscious images faithfully through metaphor and symbolism. Major surrealist artists included Max Ernst, Joan Miro, Salvador Dali, and Rene Magritte who used techniques like collage, frottage, and ambiguous, dreamlike imagery to depict surreal visions and critique bourgeois culture. The movement struggled for recognition but expanded internationally with artists experimenting with surreal techniques

1. SURREALISM Revision

2. Origin It was an artistic movement that brought together artists, thinkers and researchers They were involved in a hunt of sense of expression of the unconscious They were searching for the definition of n New aesthetic New humankind New social order

3. Origin Their forerunners were the Italian Metaphysical painters It came into being after the French poet Andre Breton 1 published Manifeste du Surrealisme Breton suggested that rational thought was repressive to the powers of creativity and imagination and thus inimical to artistic expression Breton admired Freud and its concept of the subconscious

4. Beginnings It is closely related to some forms of abstract art At the end of World War I Tristan Tzara, leader of the Dada, wanted to attack society through scandal He believed that society that creates the monstrosity of war do not deserve art so he decided to create an anti-art, full of ugliness instead of beauty.

5. Beginnings Tzara wanted to offend the new industrial commercial world of the bourgeoisie. His victims did not feel insulted They saw this art as a reaction against old art The result was the opposite to its original one because anti-art became art.

6. Beginnings One group of artists did not follow Tzara´s ideas The Surrealist movement gained momentum after the Dadaá It was led by Breton The artists researched and studied the work of Freud and Jung Some of the artists expressed themselves In the abstract tradition In the symbolic tradition

7. Groups The two forms of expression formed two distinct trends: Automatism Veristic There are two different interpretations of Freud and Jung

8. Automatists Artists interpreted it as referring to a suppression of consciousness in favour of the subconscious They were more focused on feeling and less analytical They understood Automatism as the automatic way in which the images of the subconscious reach the conscience. They believed that images should not be burdened with meaning.

9. Automatism They saw the academic discipline of art as intolerant of the free expression of feeling They felt form which had dominated the history of art, was a culprit in that intolerance They believed abstractionism was the only way to bring to life the images of the subconscious.

10. Automatism Coming from the Dada tradition, these artist: Linked scandal Insult Irreverence toward the elite´s with freedom They continued to believe that lack of form was a way to rebel against them.

11. Veristic Surrealists They interpreted automatism to mean allowing the images of the subconscious to surface undisturbed so that their meaning could be deciphered through analysis They wanted to faithfully represent these images as a link between: The abstract spiritual realities The real forms of the material world.

12. Veristic Surrealists To them the object stood as a metaphor for an inner reality Through metaphor the concrete world could be understood, not only by looking at the objects, but also by looking into them.

13. Veristic Surrealists They saw academic discipline and form as the means to represent the images of the subconscious with veracity The images would easily dissolve into the unknown They hoped to find a way to follow the images of the subconscious until the conscience could understand their meaning.

14. Veristic Surrealists The language of the subconscious is the image The consciousness had to learn to decode that language so it could translate it into its own language of words. Later they branched out into three other groups.

15. Struggle of Surrealism For the automatists the approach to the mystery of nature is to never become conscious of the mystery The Veristic Surrealist quest is none other than the one described by Breton as the cause of freedom and the transformation of man´s consciousness

16. Struggle of Surrealism In the works of surrealist we find The legacy of Bosch Brueguel William Blake The Symbolic painters of the 19 th century The perennial questioning of philosophy The search of psychology The spirit of mysticism

17. Struggle of Surrealism It is a work based on the desire to permit the forces that created the world to illuminate our vision They must allow us to consciously develop our human potential.

18. Struggle of Surrealism Veristic surrealist recognize the difficulties that their movement has faced during the second half of the twentieth century as it attempted to become a major cultural force The United States wholeheartedly embraced abstraction and modernism.

19. Struggle of Surrealism They shared the belief of abstract artist that the chaos of action painting and automatism were expression of freedom and that form, subjugation and inhibition walked hand in hand The American art establishment looked at the image of form with mistrust until the advent of Pop Art.

20. Struggle of Surrealism The Surrealism had to fight against: Pop-Art Photorealism Veristic Surrealism is the only historical artistic expression still in want of recognition as a cultural force in the twentieth century

21. Characteristics It was highly influenced by the psychoanalysis: Images are as confusing and startling as those of dreams Can have a realistic, though irrational style, precisely describing dreamlike fantasies.

22. Characteristics They were influenced by: Symbolism Metaphysical Painting of Giorgio de Chirico Dadaism

23. Characteristics Some of them have a more abstract style. In this case they invented spontaneous techniques, modelled upon the psychotherapeutic procedure of free association as a means to eliminate conscious control in order to express the working of the unconscious mind, such as exquisite corpse.

24. Exquisite Corpse There were aleatoric techniques for producing visual or literally art This activity was frequently considered as a game. It is based upon an old parlour game in which players take turns writing on a sheet of paper folded it to conceal part of the writing and them pass it to the next player for another contribution.

25. Exquisite Corpse This technique was used by artists to produce drawings and collages. The first efforts are reminiscent of children’s books that allow the making of pictures with multiple ages divided at various levels, involved assigning a section of a body to each player

26. Exquisite Corpse A majority resulted in images that only vaguely resembled the human form. Some participants in early exquisite corpses were Tanguy, Miro and Man Ray. Later adaptations have involved using other means of passing the work around, using different media.

27. Artists Some of the better known representatives of this movement are: Max Ernst Frida Kahlo Marc Chagall Joan Miro Man Ray Salvador Dali René Magritte Yves Tanguy Oscar Dominguez

28. Techniques Surrealism has the same lack of prejudice of Dadaism both in the use of photographic procedures and object production out of their normal use. Traditional techniques, because those can be appropriate for depicting imaginations

29. Max Ernst He reached to the deepest critic of the form as a depiction and the style as something unitary. He used any technique that would be useful for transmitting his ideas. He used: Collage Frottage His work is frequently a pile of rubbish of bourgeois culture.

30. Joan Miro He used symbolic keys to depict the unconscious. His principle is not the organic world. His world is simple, clear His mythology is easy, transparent. His painting is unstressed, freely chromatic, without equilibrium among signs and colours

31. Hans Arp He was previously involved in the Dadaism. He depicted organic forms, both in painting and sculpture. He used: Geometric shapes Orthogonal images Continuously curve forms, concave and convex.

32. Yves Tanguy He invented the anti-Nature: Never ending landscapes, Planet like settings Lack of light and sun Remains of an organic life : Bones Mummified fruits Fossils and shells

33. Salvador Dali His view is full of sexual connotations. Highly rhetorical works. Mix of lubricous and holy He overcame cynically the bolshevism. Ambiguous mix of reaction and anarchy. Very complicated compositions.

34. Rene Magritte He is the artist who worked in a deepest way the lack of logic of the image. He invented the anti-history He discovered the non-sense of the normal. He created with great detail and realism images of ambiguous significance that could have a double sense

35. Expansion Other artist contributed to the expansion of the Surrealism, equally in Europe and in the United States. Soon it appeared as a way of eluding the reality of the problems through: Ambiguity Paradox

36. Expansion The movement gained prestige with the adhesion of artists such as Picasso. The analytical cubism, discomposing the objects did a similar work as that of the Surrealism.