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Supply Chain Management chap 15

This document discusses sourcing decisions in supply chains. It covers the role of sourcing and factors that influence making sourcing decisions, such as outsourcing versus keeping a function in-house. Key aspects of supplier selection are described, including using total cost to evaluate suppliers, structuring auctions and negotiations, and designing contracts to share risks and incentives between buyers and suppliers to improve overall supply chain performance.

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PowerPoint presentation to accompany Chopra and Meindl Supply Chain Management, 5e 1-1 Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall.Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall.Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 1-1 Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 1-1 Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 15-1 Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 15 Sourcing Decisions in a Supply Chain
15-2Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Learning Objectives 1. Understand the role of sourcing in a supply chain 2. Discuss factors that affect the decision to outsource a supply chain function 3. Identify dimensions of supplier performance that affect total cost 4. Structure successful auctions and negotiations 5. Describe the impact of risk sharing on supplier performance and information distortion 6. Design a tailored supplier portfolio
15-3Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. The Role of Sourcing in a Supply Chain • Sourcing is the set of business processes required to purchase goods and services – Outsourcing – Offshoring
15-4Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. The Role of Sourcing in a Supply Chain • Outsourcing questions 1. Will the third party increase the supply chain surplus relative to performing the activity in-house? 2. How much of the increase in surplus does the firm get to keep? 3. To what extent do risks grow upon outsourcing?
15-5Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. The Role of Sourcing in a Supply Chain Figure 15-1
15-6Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Scoring and Assessment • Supplier performance should be compared on the basis of the supplier’s impact on total cost • There are several other factors besides purchase price that influence total cost
15-7Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Selection • Identify one or more appropriate suppliers • Contract should account for all factors that affect supply chain performance • Should be designed to increase supply chain profits in a way that benefits both the supplier and the buyer
15-8Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Design Collaboration • About 80% of the cost of a product is determined during design • Suppliers should be actively involved at this stage
15-9Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Procurement • A supplier sends product in response to orders placed by the buyer • Orders placed and delivered on schedule at the lowest possible overall cost
15-10Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Sourcing Planning and Analysis • Analyze spending across various suppliers and component categories • Identify opportunities for decreasing the total cost
15-11Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Cost of Goods Sold • Cost of goods sold (COGS) represents well over 50 percent of sales for most major manufacturers • Purchased parts a much higher fraction than in the past • Companies have reduced vertical integration and outsourced
15-12Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Benefits of Effective Sourcing Decisions • Better economies of scale through aggregated • More efficient procurement transactions • Design collaboration can result in products that are easier to manufacture and distribute • Good procurement processes can facilitate coordination with suppliers • Appropriate supplier contracts can allow for the sharing of risk • Firms can achieve a lower purchase price by increasing competition through the use of auctions
15-13Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. In-House or Outsource • Increase supply chain surplus through 1. Capacity aggregation 2. Inventory aggregation 3. Transportation aggregation by transportation intermediaries 4. Transportation aggregation by storage intermediaries 5. Warehousing aggregation 6. Procurement aggregation 7. Information aggregation 8. Receivables aggregation 9. Relationship aggregation 10. Lower costs and higher quality
15-14Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Factors Influencing Growth of Surplus by a Third Party • Scale – Large scale it is unlikely that a third party can achieve further scale economies and increase the surplus • Uncertainty – If requirements are highly variable over time, third party can increase the surplus through aggregation • Specificity of assets – If assets required are specific to a firm, a third party is unlikely to increase the surplus
15-15Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Factors Influencing Growth of Surplus by a Third Party Specificity of Assets Involved in Function Low High Firm scale Low High growth in surplus Low to medium growth in surplus High Low growth in surplus No growth in surplus unless cost of capital is lower for third party Demand uncertainty for firm Low Low to medium growth in surplus Low growth in surplus High High growth in surplus Low to medium growth in surplus Table 15-1
15-16Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Risks of Using a Third Party 1. The process is broken 2. Underestimation of the cost of coordination 3. Reduced customer/supplier contact 4. Loss of internal capability and growth in third- party power 5. Leakage of sensitive data and information 6. Ineffective contracts 7. Loss of supply chain visibility 8. Negative reputational impact
15-17Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Third- and Fourth-Party Logistics Providers • Third-party logistics (3PL) providers performs one or more of the logistics activities relating to the flow of product, information, and funds that could be performed by the firm itself • A 4PL (fourth-party logistics) designs, builds and runs the entire supply chain process
15-18Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Third- and Fourth-Party Logistics Providers Service Category Basic Service Some Specific Value-Added Services Transportation Inbound, outbound by ship, truck, rail, air Tendering, track/trace, mode conversion, dispatch, freight pay, contract management Warehousing Storage, facilities management Cross-dock, in-transit merge, pool distribution across firms, pick/pack, kitting, inventory control, labeling, order fulfillment, home delivery of catalog orders Information technology Provide and maintain advanced information/computer systems Transportation management systems, warehousing management, network modeling and site selection, freight bill payment, automated broker interfaces, end-to-end matching, forecasting, EDI, worldwide track and trace, global visibility Reverse logistics Handle reverse flows Recycling, used-asset disposition, customer returns, returnable container management, repair/refurbish Other 3PL services Brokering, freight forwarding, purchase-order management, order taking, loss and damage claims, freight bill audits, consulting, time-definite delivery International Customs brokering, port services, export crating, consolidation Special skills/handling Hazardous materials, temperature controlled, package/parcel delivery, food-grade facilities/equipment, bulk Table 15-2
15-19Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Using Total Cost to Score and Assess Suppliers Performance Category Category Components Quantifiable? Supplier price Labor, material, overhead, local taxes, and compliance costs Yes Supplier terms Net payment terms, delivery frequency, minimum lot size, quantity discounts Yes Delivery costs All transportation costs from source to destination, packaging costs Yes Inventory costs Supplier inventory, including raw material, in process and finished goods, in-transit inventory, finished goods inventory in supply chain Yes Warehousing cost Warehousing and material handling costs to support additional inventory Yes Quality costs Cost of inspection, rework, product returns Yes Reputation Reputation impact of quality problems No Other costs Exchange rate trends, taxes, duties Yes Support Management overhead and administrative support Difficult Supplier capabilities Replenishment lead time, on-time performance, flexibility, information coordination capability, design coordination capability, supplier viability To some extent Table 15-3
15-20Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Comparing Suppliers Based on Total Cost 2´3002 +1,0002 ´12 =1,086.28 NORMSINV(0.95)´1,086.28 =1,787 Annual material cost = 1,000 x 52 x 1 = $52,000 Average cycle inventory = 2,000/2 = 1,000 Annual cost of holding cycle inventory = 1,000 x 1 x 0.25 = $250 Standard deviation of ddlt = Safety inventory required with current supplier = Annual cost of holding safety inventory = 1,787 x 1 x 0.25 = $447 Annual cost of using current supplier = 52,000 + 250 + 447 = $52,697
15-21Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 6´3002 +1,0002 ´ 42 = 4,066.94 NORMSINV(0.95)´ 4,066.94 = 6,690 Annual material cost = 1,000 x 52 x 0.97 = $50,440 Average cycle inventory = 8,000/2 = 4,000 Annual cost of holding cycle inventory = 4,000 x 0.97 x 0.25 = $970 Standard deviation of ddlt = Safety inventory required with current supplier = Annual cost of holding safety inventory = 6,690 x 0.97 x 0.25 = $1,622 Annual cost of using current supplier = 50,440 + 970 + 1,622 = $53,032 Comparing Suppliers Based on Total Cost
15-22Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Selection – Auctions and Negotiations • Supplier selection can be performed through competitive bids, reverse auctions, and direct negotiations • Supplier evaluation is based on total cost of using a supplier • Auctions: – Sealed-bid first-price auctions – English auctions – Dutch auctions – Second-price (Vickery) auctions
15-23Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Selection – Auctions and Negotiations • Factors influence the performance of an auction – Is the supplier’s cost structure private (not affected by factors that are common to other bidders)? – Are suppliers symmetric or asymmetric; that is, ex ante, are they expected to have similar cost structures? – Do suppliers have all the information they need to estimate their cost structure? – Does the buyer specify a maximum price it is willing to pay for the supply chain?
15-24Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Selection – Auctions and Negotiations • Collusion among bidders • Second-price auctions are particularly vulnerable • Can be avoided with any first-price auction
15-25Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Basic Principles of Negotiation • The difference between the values of the buyer and seller is the bargaining surplus • The goal of each negotiating party is to capture as much of the bargaining surplus as possible – Have a clear idea of your own value and as good an estimate of the third party’s value as possible – Look for a fair outcome based on equally or equitably dividing the bargaining surplus – A win-win outcome
15-26Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts, Risk Sharing, and Supply Chain Performance 1. How will the contract affect the firm’s profits and total supply chain profits? 2. Will the incentives in the contract introduce any information distortion? 3. How will the contract influence supplier performance along key performance measures?
15-27Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts for Product Availability and Supply Chain Profits • Independent actions taken by two parties in a supply chain often result in profits that are lower than those that could be achieved if the supply chain were to coordinate its actions • Three contracts that increase overall profits by making the supplier share some of the buyer’s demand uncertainty are 1. Buyback or returns contracts 2. Revenue-sharing contracts 3. Quantity flexibility contracts
15-28Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Buyback Contracts • Allows a retailer to return unsold inventory up to a specified amount at an agreed upon price • The manufacturer specifies a wholesale price c and a buyback price b • The manufacturer can salvage $sM for any units that the retailer returns • The manufacturer has a cost of v per unit produced and the retail price is p Expected manufacturing profit = O *(c – v) – (b – sM ) ´ expected overstock at retailer
15-29Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Buyback Contracts Wholesale Price c Buyback Price b Optimal Order Size for Music Store Expected Profit for Music Store Expected Returns to Supplier Expected Profit for Supplier Expected Supply Chain Profit $5 $0 1,000 $3,803 120 $4,000 $7,803 $5 $2 1,096 $4,090 174 $4,035 $8,125 $5 $3 1,170 $4,286 223 $4,009 $8,295 $6 $0 924 $2,841 86 $4,620 $7,461 $6 $2 1,000 $3,043 120 $4,761 $7,804 $6 $4 1,129 $3,346 195 $4,865 $8,211 $7 $0 843 $1,957 57 $5,056 $7,013 $7 $4 1,000 $2,282 120 $5,521 $7,803 $7 $6 1,202 $2,619 247 $5,732 $8,351 Table 15-4
15-30Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Buyback Contracts • Holding-cost subsidies – Manufacturers pay retailers a certain amount for every unit held in inventory over a given period – Encourage retailers to order more • Price support – Manufacturers share the risk of product becoming obsolete – Guarantee that in the event they drop prices they will lower prices for all current inventories
15-31Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Revenue-Sharing Contracts • Manufacturer charges the retailer a low wholesale price c and shares a fraction f of the retailer’s revenue – Allows both the manufacturer and retailer to increase their profits – Results in lower retailer effort – Requires an information infrastructure – Information distortion results in excess inventory in the supply chain and a greater mismatch of supply and demand
15-32Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Revenue-Sharing Contracts CSL* = probability (demand £ O*) = Cu Cu +Co = (1– f )p – c (1– f )p – sR Expected manufacturers profits = (c – v)O * + fp(O * – expected overstock at retailer) Expected retailer profit +sR ´ expected overstock at retailer – cO * = (1– f )p(O * – expected overstock at retailer)
15-33Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Revenue-Sharing Contracts Wholesale Price c Revenue- Sharing Fraction f Optimal Order Size for Music Store Expected Overstock at Music Store Expected Profit for Music Store Expected Profit for Supplier Expected Supply Chain Profit $1 0.30 1,320 342 $5,526 $2,934 $8,460 $1 0.45 1,273 302 $4,064 $4,367 $8,431 $1 0.60 1,202 247 $2,619 $5,732 $8,350 $2 0.30 1,170 223 $4,286 $4,009 $8,295 $2 0.45 1,105 179 $2,881 $5,269 $8,150 $2 0.60 1,000 120 $1,521 $6,282 $7,803 Table 15-5
15-34Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Quantity Flexibility Contracts • Allows the buyer to modify the order (within limits) after observing demand • Better matching of supply and demand • Increased overall supply chain profits if the supplier has flexible capacity • Lower levels of information distortion than either buyback contracts or revenue sharing contracts
15-35Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Quantity Flexibility Contracts Expected quantity purchased by retailer, QR = qF(q) +Q 1– F(Q)é ë ù û +m Fs Q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ – Fs q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ é ë ê ù û ú = –s fs Q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ – fs q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ é ë ê ù û ú Expected quantity sold by retailer, DR = Q 1– F(Q)é ë ù û +mFs Q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ – s fs q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷
15-36Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Quantity Flexibility Contracts Expected quantity overstock at manufacturer Expected retailer profit = DR ´ p + QR – DR( )sR – QR ´ c Expected manufacturer profit = QR ´ c + Q – QR( )sM – Q ´ v = QR – DR
15-37Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Quantity Flexibility Contracts a b Wholesale Price c Order Size O Expected Purchase by Retailer Expected Sale by Retailer Expected Profits for Retailer Expected Profits for Supplier Expected Supply Chain Profit 0.00 0.00 $5 1,000 1,000 880 $3,803 $4,000 $7,803 0.05 0.05 $5 1,017 1,014 966 $4,038 $4,004 $8,416 0.20 0.20 $5 1,047 1,023 967 $4,558 $3,858 $8,416 0.00 0.00 $6 924 924 838 $2,841 $4,620 $7,461 0.20 0.20 $6 1,000 1,000 955 $3,547 $4,800 $8,347 0.30 0.30 $6 1,021 1,006 979 $3,752 $4,711 $8,463 0.00 0.00 $7 843 843 786 $1,957 $5,056 $7,013 0.20 0.20 $7 947 972 936 $2,560 $5,666 $8,226 0.40 0.40 $7 1,000 1,000 987 $2,873 $5,600 $8,473 Table 15-6
15-38Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts to Coordinate Supply Chain Costs • Differences in costs at the buyer and supplier can lead to decisions that increase total supply chain costs • A quantity discount contract may encourage the buyer to purchase a larger quantity which would result in lower total supply chain costs • Quantity discounts lead to information distortion because of order batching
15-39Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts to Increase Agent Effort • In many supply chains, agents act on behalf of a principal and the agents’ efforts affect the reward for the principal • A two-part tariff offers the right incentives for the dealer to exert the appropriate amount of effort • Threshold contracts increase information distortion • Offer threshold incentives over a rolling horizon
15-40Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts to Induce Performance Improvement • A buyer may want performance improvement from a supplier who otherwise would have little incentive to do so • A shared-savings contract provides the supplier with a fraction of the savings that result from performance improvement • Effective in aligning supplier and buyer incentives when the supplier is required to improve performance and most of the benefits of improvement accrue to the buyer
15-41Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Design Collaboration • 50-70% of spending at a manufacturer comes from procurement • 80% of the cost of a purchased part is fixed in the design phase • Design collaboration with suppliers can result in reduced cost, improved quality, and decreased time to market • Design for logistics, design for manufacturability • Modular, adjustable, dimensional customization
15-42Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. The Procurement Process • The process in which the supplier sends product in response to orders placed by the buyer • Main categories of purchased goods – Direct materials – Indirect materials • Procurement process for direct materials should be designed to ensure that components are available in the right place, in the right quantity, and at the right time • Focus for indirect materials should be on reducing transaction cost
15-43Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Differences Between Direct and Indirect Materials Direct Materials Indirect Materials Use Production Maintenance, repair, and support operations Accounting Cost of goods sold Selling, general, and administrative expenses (SG&A) Impact on production Any delay will delay production Less direct impact Processing cost relative to value of transaction Low High Number of transactions Low High Table 15-7
15-44Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Product Categorization Figure 15-2
15-45Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Designing a Sourcing Portfolio: Tailored Sourcing • Options with regard to whom and where to source from – Produce in-house or outsource to a third party – Will the source be cost efficient or responsive – Onshoring, near-shoring, and offshoring • Tailor supplier portfolio based on a variety of product and market characteristics
15-46Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Designing a Sourcing Portfolio: Tailored Sourcing Responsive Source Low-Cost Source Product life cycle Early phase Mature phase Demand volatility High Low Demand volume Low High Product value High Low Rate of product obsolescence High Low Desired quality High Low to medium Engineering/design support High Low Table 15-8
15-47Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Designing a Sourcing Portfolio: Tailored Sourcing Onshore Near-shore Offshore Rate of innovation/product variety High Medium to High Low Demand volatility High Medium to High Low Labor content Low Medium to High High Volume or weight-to-value ratio High High Low Impact of supply chain disruption High Medium to High Low Inventory costs High Medium to High Low Engineering/management support High High Low Table 15-9
15-48Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Risk Management in Sourcing • Inability to meet demand on time • An increase in procurement costs • Loss of intellectual property
15-49Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Making Sourcing Decisions in Practice 1. Use multifunction teams 2. Ensure appropriate coordination across regions and business units 3. Always evaluate the total cost of ownership 4. Build long-term relationships with key suppliers
15-50Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Summary of Learning Objectives 1. Understand the role of sourcing in a supply chain 2. Discuss factors that affect the decision to outsource a supply chain function 3. Identify dimensions of supplier performance that affect total cost 4. Structure successful auctions and negotiations 5. Describe the impact of risk sharing on supplier performance and information distortion 6. Design a tailored supplier portfolio
15-51Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

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Supply Chain Management chap 15

  • 1.
    PowerPoint presentation toaccompany Chopra and Meindl Supply Chain Management, 5e 1-1 Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall.Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall.Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 1-1 Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 1-1 Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 15-1 Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 15 Sourcing Decisions in a Supply Chain
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    15-2Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Learning Objectives 1. Understand the role of sourcing in a supply chain 2. Discuss factors that affect the decision to outsource a supply chain function 3. Identify dimensions of supplier performance that affect total cost 4. Structure successful auctions and negotiations 5. Describe the impact of risk sharing on supplier performance and information distortion 6. Design a tailored supplier portfolio
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    15-3Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. The Role of Sourcing in a Supply Chain • Sourcing is the set of business processes required to purchase goods and services – Outsourcing – Offshoring
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    15-4Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. The Role of Sourcing in a Supply Chain • Outsourcing questions 1. Will the third party increase the supply chain surplus relative to performing the activity in-house? 2. How much of the increase in surplus does the firm get to keep? 3. To what extent do risks grow upon outsourcing?
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    15-5Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. The Role of Sourcing in a Supply Chain Figure 15-1
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    15-6Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Scoring and Assessment • Supplier performance should be compared on the basis of the supplier’s impact on total cost • There are several other factors besides purchase price that influence total cost
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    15-7Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Selection • Identify one or more appropriate suppliers • Contract should account for all factors that affect supply chain performance • Should be designed to increase supply chain profits in a way that benefits both the supplier and the buyer
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    15-8Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Design Collaboration • About 80% of the cost of a product is determined during design • Suppliers should be actively involved at this stage
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    15-9Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Procurement • A supplier sends product in response to orders placed by the buyer • Orders placed and delivered on schedule at the lowest possible overall cost
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    15-10Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Sourcing Planning and Analysis • Analyze spending across various suppliers and component categories • Identify opportunities for decreasing the total cost
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    15-11Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Cost of Goods Sold • Cost of goods sold (COGS) represents well over 50 percent of sales for most major manufacturers • Purchased parts a much higher fraction than in the past • Companies have reduced vertical integration and outsourced
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    15-12Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Benefits of Effective Sourcing Decisions • Better economies of scale through aggregated • More efficient procurement transactions • Design collaboration can result in products that are easier to manufacture and distribute • Good procurement processes can facilitate coordination with suppliers • Appropriate supplier contracts can allow for the sharing of risk • Firms can achieve a lower purchase price by increasing competition through the use of auctions
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    15-13Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. In-House or Outsource • Increase supply chain surplus through 1. Capacity aggregation 2. Inventory aggregation 3. Transportation aggregation by transportation intermediaries 4. Transportation aggregation by storage intermediaries 5. Warehousing aggregation 6. Procurement aggregation 7. Information aggregation 8. Receivables aggregation 9. Relationship aggregation 10. Lower costs and higher quality
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    15-14Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Factors Influencing Growth of Surplus by a Third Party • Scale – Large scale it is unlikely that a third party can achieve further scale economies and increase the surplus • Uncertainty – If requirements are highly variable over time, third party can increase the surplus through aggregation • Specificity of assets – If assets required are specific to a firm, a third party is unlikely to increase the surplus
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    15-15Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Factors Influencing Growth of Surplus by a Third Party Specificity of Assets Involved in Function Low High Firm scale Low High growth in surplus Low to medium growth in surplus High Low growth in surplus No growth in surplus unless cost of capital is lower for third party Demand uncertainty for firm Low Low to medium growth in surplus Low growth in surplus High High growth in surplus Low to medium growth in surplus Table 15-1
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    15-16Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Risks of Using a Third Party 1. The process is broken 2. Underestimation of the cost of coordination 3. Reduced customer/supplier contact 4. Loss of internal capability and growth in third- party power 5. Leakage of sensitive data and information 6. Ineffective contracts 7. Loss of supply chain visibility 8. Negative reputational impact
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    15-17Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Third- and Fourth-Party Logistics Providers • Third-party logistics (3PL) providers performs one or more of the logistics activities relating to the flow of product, information, and funds that could be performed by the firm itself • A 4PL (fourth-party logistics) designs, builds and runs the entire supply chain process
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    15-18Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Third- and Fourth-Party Logistics Providers Service Category Basic Service Some Specific Value-Added Services Transportation Inbound, outbound by ship, truck, rail, air Tendering, track/trace, mode conversion, dispatch, freight pay, contract management Warehousing Storage, facilities management Cross-dock, in-transit merge, pool distribution across firms, pick/pack, kitting, inventory control, labeling, order fulfillment, home delivery of catalog orders Information technology Provide and maintain advanced information/computer systems Transportation management systems, warehousing management, network modeling and site selection, freight bill payment, automated broker interfaces, end-to-end matching, forecasting, EDI, worldwide track and trace, global visibility Reverse logistics Handle reverse flows Recycling, used-asset disposition, customer returns, returnable container management, repair/refurbish Other 3PL services Brokering, freight forwarding, purchase-order management, order taking, loss and damage claims, freight bill audits, consulting, time-definite delivery International Customs brokering, port services, export crating, consolidation Special skills/handling Hazardous materials, temperature controlled, package/parcel delivery, food-grade facilities/equipment, bulk Table 15-2
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    15-19Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Using Total Cost to Score and Assess Suppliers Performance Category Category Components Quantifiable? Supplier price Labor, material, overhead, local taxes, and compliance costs Yes Supplier terms Net payment terms, delivery frequency, minimum lot size, quantity discounts Yes Delivery costs All transportation costs from source to destination, packaging costs Yes Inventory costs Supplier inventory, including raw material, in process and finished goods, in-transit inventory, finished goods inventory in supply chain Yes Warehousing cost Warehousing and material handling costs to support additional inventory Yes Quality costs Cost of inspection, rework, product returns Yes Reputation Reputation impact of quality problems No Other costs Exchange rate trends, taxes, duties Yes Support Management overhead and administrative support Difficult Supplier capabilities Replenishment lead time, on-time performance, flexibility, information coordination capability, design coordination capability, supplier viability To some extent Table 15-3
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    15-20Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Comparing Suppliers Based on Total Cost 2´3002 +1,0002 ´12 =1,086.28 NORMSINV(0.95)´1,086.28 =1,787 Annual material cost = 1,000 x 52 x 1 = $52,000 Average cycle inventory = 2,000/2 = 1,000 Annual cost of holding cycle inventory = 1,000 x 1 x 0.25 = $250 Standard deviation of ddlt = Safety inventory required with current supplier = Annual cost of holding safety inventory = 1,787 x 1 x 0.25 = $447 Annual cost of using current supplier = 52,000 + 250 + 447 = $52,697
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    15-21Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. 6´3002 +1,0002 ´ 42 = 4,066.94 NORMSINV(0.95)´ 4,066.94 = 6,690 Annual material cost = 1,000 x 52 x 0.97 = $50,440 Average cycle inventory = 8,000/2 = 4,000 Annual cost of holding cycle inventory = 4,000 x 0.97 x 0.25 = $970 Standard deviation of ddlt = Safety inventory required with current supplier = Annual cost of holding safety inventory = 6,690 x 0.97 x 0.25 = $1,622 Annual cost of using current supplier = 50,440 + 970 + 1,622 = $53,032 Comparing Suppliers Based on Total Cost
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    15-22Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Selection – Auctions and Negotiations • Supplier selection can be performed through competitive bids, reverse auctions, and direct negotiations • Supplier evaluation is based on total cost of using a supplier • Auctions: – Sealed-bid first-price auctions – English auctions – Dutch auctions – Second-price (Vickery) auctions
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    15-23Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Selection – Auctions and Negotiations • Factors influence the performance of an auction – Is the supplier’s cost structure private (not affected by factors that are common to other bidders)? – Are suppliers symmetric or asymmetric; that is, ex ante, are they expected to have similar cost structures? – Do suppliers have all the information they need to estimate their cost structure? – Does the buyer specify a maximum price it is willing to pay for the supply chain?
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    15-24Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Supplier Selection – Auctions and Negotiations • Collusion among bidders • Second-price auctions are particularly vulnerable • Can be avoided with any first-price auction
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    15-25Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Basic Principles of Negotiation • The difference between the values of the buyer and seller is the bargaining surplus • The goal of each negotiating party is to capture as much of the bargaining surplus as possible – Have a clear idea of your own value and as good an estimate of the third party’s value as possible – Look for a fair outcome based on equally or equitably dividing the bargaining surplus – A win-win outcome
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    15-26Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts, Risk Sharing, and Supply Chain Performance 1. How will the contract affect the firm’s profits and total supply chain profits? 2. Will the incentives in the contract introduce any information distortion? 3. How will the contract influence supplier performance along key performance measures?
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    15-27Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts for Product Availability and Supply Chain Profits • Independent actions taken by two parties in a supply chain often result in profits that are lower than those that could be achieved if the supply chain were to coordinate its actions • Three contracts that increase overall profits by making the supplier share some of the buyer’s demand uncertainty are 1. Buyback or returns contracts 2. Revenue-sharing contracts 3. Quantity flexibility contracts
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    15-28Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Buyback Contracts • Allows a retailer to return unsold inventory up to a specified amount at an agreed upon price • The manufacturer specifies a wholesale price c and a buyback price b • The manufacturer can salvage $sM for any units that the retailer returns • The manufacturer has a cost of v per unit produced and the retail price is p Expected manufacturing profit = O *(c – v) – (b – sM ) ´ expected overstock at retailer
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    15-29Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Buyback Contracts Wholesale Price c Buyback Price b Optimal Order Size for Music Store Expected Profit for Music Store Expected Returns to Supplier Expected Profit for Supplier Expected Supply Chain Profit $5 $0 1,000 $3,803 120 $4,000 $7,803 $5 $2 1,096 $4,090 174 $4,035 $8,125 $5 $3 1,170 $4,286 223 $4,009 $8,295 $6 $0 924 $2,841 86 $4,620 $7,461 $6 $2 1,000 $3,043 120 $4,761 $7,804 $6 $4 1,129 $3,346 195 $4,865 $8,211 $7 $0 843 $1,957 57 $5,056 $7,013 $7 $4 1,000 $2,282 120 $5,521 $7,803 $7 $6 1,202 $2,619 247 $5,732 $8,351 Table 15-4
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    15-30Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Buyback Contracts • Holding-cost subsidies – Manufacturers pay retailers a certain amount for every unit held in inventory over a given period – Encourage retailers to order more • Price support – Manufacturers share the risk of product becoming obsolete – Guarantee that in the event they drop prices they will lower prices for all current inventories
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    15-31Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Revenue-Sharing Contracts • Manufacturer charges the retailer a low wholesale price c and shares a fraction f of the retailer’s revenue – Allows both the manufacturer and retailer to increase their profits – Results in lower retailer effort – Requires an information infrastructure – Information distortion results in excess inventory in the supply chain and a greater mismatch of supply and demand
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    15-32Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Revenue-Sharing Contracts CSL* = probability (demand £ O*) = Cu Cu +Co = (1– f )p – c (1– f )p – sR Expected manufacturers profits = (c – v)O * + fp(O * – expected overstock at retailer) Expected retailer profit +sR ´ expected overstock at retailer – cO * = (1– f )p(O * – expected overstock at retailer)
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    15-33Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Revenue-Sharing Contracts Wholesale Price c Revenue- Sharing Fraction f Optimal Order Size for Music Store Expected Overstock at Music Store Expected Profit for Music Store Expected Profit for Supplier Expected Supply Chain Profit $1 0.30 1,320 342 $5,526 $2,934 $8,460 $1 0.45 1,273 302 $4,064 $4,367 $8,431 $1 0.60 1,202 247 $2,619 $5,732 $8,350 $2 0.30 1,170 223 $4,286 $4,009 $8,295 $2 0.45 1,105 179 $2,881 $5,269 $8,150 $2 0.60 1,000 120 $1,521 $6,282 $7,803 Table 15-5
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    15-34Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Quantity Flexibility Contracts • Allows the buyer to modify the order (within limits) after observing demand • Better matching of supply and demand • Increased overall supply chain profits if the supplier has flexible capacity • Lower levels of information distortion than either buyback contracts or revenue sharing contracts
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    15-35Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Quantity Flexibility Contracts Expected quantity purchased by retailer, QR = qF(q) +Q 1– F(Q)é ë ù û +m Fs Q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ – Fs q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ é ë ê ù û ú = –s fs Q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ – fs q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ é ë ê ù û ú Expected quantity sold by retailer, DR = Q 1– F(Q)é ë ù û +mFs Q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷ – s fs q – m s æ è ç ö ø ÷
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    15-36Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Quantity Flexibility Contracts Expected quantity overstock at manufacturer Expected retailer profit = DR ´ p + QR – DR( )sR – QR ´ c Expected manufacturer profit = QR ´ c + Q – QR( )sM – Q ´ v = QR – DR
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    15-37Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Quantity Flexibility Contracts a b Wholesale Price c Order Size O Expected Purchase by Retailer Expected Sale by Retailer Expected Profits for Retailer Expected Profits for Supplier Expected Supply Chain Profit 0.00 0.00 $5 1,000 1,000 880 $3,803 $4,000 $7,803 0.05 0.05 $5 1,017 1,014 966 $4,038 $4,004 $8,416 0.20 0.20 $5 1,047 1,023 967 $4,558 $3,858 $8,416 0.00 0.00 $6 924 924 838 $2,841 $4,620 $7,461 0.20 0.20 $6 1,000 1,000 955 $3,547 $4,800 $8,347 0.30 0.30 $6 1,021 1,006 979 $3,752 $4,711 $8,463 0.00 0.00 $7 843 843 786 $1,957 $5,056 $7,013 0.20 0.20 $7 947 972 936 $2,560 $5,666 $8,226 0.40 0.40 $7 1,000 1,000 987 $2,873 $5,600 $8,473 Table 15-6
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    15-38Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts to Coordinate Supply Chain Costs • Differences in costs at the buyer and supplier can lead to decisions that increase total supply chain costs • A quantity discount contract may encourage the buyer to purchase a larger quantity which would result in lower total supply chain costs • Quantity discounts lead to information distortion because of order batching
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    15-39Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts to Increase Agent Effort • In many supply chains, agents act on behalf of a principal and the agents’ efforts affect the reward for the principal • A two-part tariff offers the right incentives for the dealer to exert the appropriate amount of effort • Threshold contracts increase information distortion • Offer threshold incentives over a rolling horizon
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    15-40Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Contracts to Induce Performance Improvement • A buyer may want performance improvement from a supplier who otherwise would have little incentive to do so • A shared-savings contract provides the supplier with a fraction of the savings that result from performance improvement • Effective in aligning supplier and buyer incentives when the supplier is required to improve performance and most of the benefits of improvement accrue to the buyer
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    15-41Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Design Collaboration • 50-70% of spending at a manufacturer comes from procurement • 80% of the cost of a purchased part is fixed in the design phase • Design collaboration with suppliers can result in reduced cost, improved quality, and decreased time to market • Design for logistics, design for manufacturability • Modular, adjustable, dimensional customization
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    15-42Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. The Procurement Process • The process in which the supplier sends product in response to orders placed by the buyer • Main categories of purchased goods – Direct materials – Indirect materials • Procurement process for direct materials should be designed to ensure that components are available in the right place, in the right quantity, and at the right time • Focus for indirect materials should be on reducing transaction cost
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    15-43Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Differences Between Direct and Indirect Materials Direct Materials Indirect Materials Use Production Maintenance, repair, and support operations Accounting Cost of goods sold Selling, general, and administrative expenses (SG&A) Impact on production Any delay will delay production Less direct impact Processing cost relative to value of transaction Low High Number of transactions Low High Table 15-7
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    15-44Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Product Categorization Figure 15-2
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    15-45Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Designing a Sourcing Portfolio: Tailored Sourcing • Options with regard to whom and where to source from – Produce in-house or outsource to a third party – Will the source be cost efficient or responsive – Onshoring, near-shoring, and offshoring • Tailor supplier portfolio based on a variety of product and market characteristics
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    15-46Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Designing a Sourcing Portfolio: Tailored Sourcing Responsive Source Low-Cost Source Product life cycle Early phase Mature phase Demand volatility High Low Demand volume Low High Product value High Low Rate of product obsolescence High Low Desired quality High Low to medium Engineering/design support High Low Table 15-8
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    15-47Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Designing a Sourcing Portfolio: Tailored Sourcing Onshore Near-shore Offshore Rate of innovation/product variety High Medium to High Low Demand volatility High Medium to High Low Labor content Low Medium to High High Volume or weight-to-value ratio High High Low Impact of supply chain disruption High Medium to High Low Inventory costs High Medium to High Low Engineering/management support High High Low Table 15-9
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    15-48Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Risk Management in Sourcing • Inability to meet demand on time • An increase in procurement costs • Loss of intellectual property
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    15-49Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Making Sourcing Decisions in Practice 1. Use multifunction teams 2. Ensure appropriate coordination across regions and business units 3. Always evaluate the total cost of ownership 4. Build long-term relationships with key suppliers
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    15-50Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. Summary of Learning Objectives 1. Understand the role of sourcing in a supply chain 2. Discuss factors that affect the decision to outsource a supply chain function 3. Identify dimensions of supplier performance that affect total cost 4. Structure successful auctions and negotiations 5. Describe the impact of risk sharing on supplier performance and information distortion 6. Design a tailored supplier portfolio
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    15-51Copyright ©2013 PearsonEducation, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.