Supply Chain Management Changing business environment and Present need.pptx
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Supply chain management (SCM) is the coordination of all activities involved in the planning, sourcing, production, and delivery of products or services to customers. The business environment is constantly changing, and these changes have a significant impact on SCM. Here are some of the ways in which the changing business environment is affecting SCM: Globalization: The globalization of markets has created new opportunities for businesses to source and sell products across the world. However, it has also made SCM more complex as companies have to deal with multiple suppliers, varying regulations, and cultural differences. Technology: The use of technology has revolutionized SCM, making it easier to manage processes, track products, and communicate with suppliers and customers. However, it has also created new challenges, such as cybersecurity risks and the need for skilled personnel. Sustainability: The growing concern for the environment has made sustainability an important consideration in SCM. Companies need to find ways to reduce their carbon footprint, use renewable resources, and minimize waste. Customer expectations: Customers are becoming more demanding, expecting products to be delivered faster, at lower costs, and with greater customization. This is putting pressure on SCM to be more efficient and flexible. The present need for SCM is critical, as it enables businesses to compete in today's complex and dynamic environment. SCM helps companies to: Optimize their operations: SCM helps businesses to streamline their processes, reduce costs, and improve efficiency. Manage risk: SCM helps companies to identify and manage risks in their supply chain, such as supplier bankruptcy or natural disasters. Enhance collaboration: SCM facilitates collaboration between different functions within a business and between suppliers and customers, leading to better communication and alignment. Improve customer service: SCM helps businesses to meet customer demands by delivering products faster, with higher quality, and at lower costs. Overall, SCM is essential for businesses to remain competitive and adapt to the changing business environment. It enables companies to respond to challenges and opportunities, while improving their efficiency and effectiveness.
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Conceptual model of supply chain management
Supply Chain Management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption (supply chain).
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Supply chain management involves the flow of goods and information from raw materials to the customer. It includes procurement, production, and distribution. Key drivers are production, inventory, location, transportation, and information. The components are plan, develop, make, deliver, and return. Products, information, and funds flow between customers and suppliers. Supply chain management aims to coordinate activities among organizations to trade off costs, service, time, risk, and other metrics across the chain.
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This document provides an overview of the role of information technology in supply chain management. It discusses key concepts like SCM, benefits of IT in SCM like competitive advantage and information visibility. It describes areas where IT is used for optimizing SCM like warehousing, logistics, and sales. Specific technologies like barcode, RFID, GPS, ERP, e-SCM, and CPFR are explained. The future of further IT adoption in SCM over the next 6 years is also highlighted.
Conceptual model of supply chain management with case study mc donald’s
Customer today is very demanding and asks for more value.
Due to this the capability required for market entrance and leadership has changed from ability to supply to ability to add more and more value to the customer.
SCM enables the consistent delivery of service in terms of reaching the right products, at the right time, at the right cost, in the right condition, (quality) to the right customer.
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Supply Chain Management Approaches Traditional vs Modern SCM.pptx
Supply chain management (SCM) refers to the management of the flow of goods and services from the point of origin to the point of consumption. Effective SCM is essential for companies to ensure timely delivery of goods, minimize inventory costs, and improve customer satisfaction. There are two main approaches to SCM: traditional and modern.
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Conceptual model of supply chain management with case study mc donald’s
Customer today is very demanding and asks for more value.
Due to this the capability required for market entrance and leadership has changed from ability to supply to ability to add more and more value to the customer.
SCM enables the consistent delivery of service in terms of reaching the right products, at the right time, at the right cost, in the right condition, (quality) to the right customer.
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Information is a key driver of supply chain performance. It consists of data regarding facilities, inventory, transportation, costs, prices, and customers throughout the supply chain. Information has a direct impact on all other supply chain drivers and can make the supply chain more responsive and efficient. Key performance metrics for information include data accuracy, system uptime, data accessibility, and timeliness of sharing and reporting data. Information plays an important role in creating strategic fit between the supply chain strategy and competitive strategy by enabling responsiveness to meet customer needs while achieving production and distribution efficiencies.
Supply Chain Management Approaches Traditional vs Modern SCM.pptx
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Focus: Traditional SCM focuses on reducing costs and improving efficiency, while modern SCM focuses on meeting customer needs and achieving sustainability goals.
Decision-making: Traditional SCM relies on centralized decision-making processes, while modern SCM emphasizes decentralized decision-making processes.
Collaboration: Traditional SCM is based on a linear model that emphasizes control and coordination, while modern SCM is based on a circular model that emphasizes collaboration and communication.
Technology: Modern SCM makes greater use of digital technologies, data analytics, and supply chain visibility to achieve sustainability and resilience.
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Basics of Supply Chain Management
1. Supply chain management involves coordinating the flow of materials, information, and finances between suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers. It aims to optimize the production and distribution of goods and services.
2. Key aspects of supply chain management include purchasing, logistics, and warehousing. Purchasing links an organization to its suppliers, logistics involves transporting materials, and warehousing manages inventory storage and order fulfillment.
3. Developing partnerships with suppliers is important in supply chain management. Strategic supplier relationships can help lower costs, improve quality, and increase flexibility throughout the supply chain.
Objectives of supply chain management
Supply chain management aims to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores to minimize costs while meeting customer demands. The objectives are to produce and distribute the right quantities of products to the right locations at the right time. This helps firms face global competition, improve standardization, and satisfy customers while reducing total system costs across the entire supply chain.
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This document discusses factors that influence distribution network design and different design options for distribution networks. It outlines key considerations for distribution network design like meeting customer needs through good service and minimizing supply chain costs. Different distribution network designs are presented, including direct shipping from manufacturers, distribution through warehouses, and retail stores. Their relative strengths in areas like response time, product variety, and costs are compared. The impacts of e-business and real-world examples of distribution networks are also covered.
Types of purchasing system
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FUNCTIONS OF PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
SUBCONTRACTING
TENDER
BLANKET ORDER
CAPITAL EQUIPMENT PURCHASE
PETTY CASH SYSTEM
IMPORTS
E-PURCHASING
ORDER ON TELEPHONE
RATE CONTRACT METHOD
STOCKLESS PURCHASING
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Components of scm
The five components of supply chain management are planning, sourcing/developing, making, delivering, and returning. Planning involves developing strategies to satisfy customer demands profitably. Sourcing involves selecting reliable suppliers and establishing pricing, delivery, and payment processes. Making refers to manufacturing products according to customer demands. Delivering involves logistics to ship products to customers. Returning addresses dealing with defective or damaged goods returned by customers.
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This document discusses logistics management. It defines logistics management as the integrative process that optimizes the flow of materials and suppliers through an organization to customers. It describes the key phases and functions of logistics management, including inbound logistics, processing logistics, outbound logistics, order processing, inventory management, warehousing, transportation, material handling, packaging, and information. The main objectives of logistics management are reducing inventory, reliable delivery, freight economy, minimizing damage, and quick response. The document concludes that many companies now outsource logistics to specialized firms that can provide complete logistics solutions.
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Chap 4 Designing the Distribution Network in a Supply Chain
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This document discusses how effective supply chain management can create competitive advantages for organizations. It provides success stories of Zara, Dell, FedEx, and Walmart as examples. Zara gains advantages through rapid production, local sourcing, and frequent deliveries. Dell reduces costs and lead times through vendor managed inventory and information sharing. FedEx improves transparency and customer service through innovative technology and data availability. Walmart was an early adopter of barcodes and IT to reduce costs and offer low prices. Overall the document shows how supply chain integration, information technology, and waste reduction can help firms compete.
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supply chain management
1. The document discusses supply chain management, defining a supply chain as the system involved in moving products from suppliers to customers, and supply chain management as planning and controlling supply chain operations efficiently.
2. It describes the SCOR model, which defines core supply chain processes like plan, source, make, deliver, and return, and provides performance metrics and best practices.
3. Successful supply chain management requires integrating activities like procurement, product development, distribution, and performance measurement into key supply chain business processes.
IRJET- Importance of IT in Supply Chain Management Improvement
This document discusses the importance of information technology (IT) in supply chain management. It makes three key points:
1. IT plays a crucial role in modern supply chain management by enabling fast communication, data processing, and intelligence sharing between organizations. This helps improve business processes and achieve cost efficiencies.
2. Several existing IT tools that are widely used in supply chain management are discussed, including electronic data interchange, barcoding, enterprise resource planning systems, warehouse management systems, and transportation management systems.
3. While IT provides many benefits, implementing IT systems for supply chain management also faces challenges like overcoming resistance to change, integrating new and legacy systems, and managing large amounts of shared data.
Ijm 06 09_008
This document examines the relationships between new technology and innovation in supply chain management (SCM), marketing postponement flexibility, and customer-related performance. It proposes a conceptual model linking these three constructs and develops hypotheses. Specifically, it hypothesizes that:
1) New technology and innovation has a positive effect on marketing postponement flexibility.
2) New technology and innovation has a positive effect on customer-related performance.
3) Marketing postponement flexibility has a positive effect on customer-related performance.
The study aims to empirically test these relationships and their impacts using statistical analysis methods like correlation analysis and structural equation modeling on data collected from Malaysian manufacturing companies.
Ijm 06 09_008
This document examines how incorporating new technology and innovation in supply chain management processes can enhance marketing postponement flexibility and customer-related performance in Malaysian manufacturing companies. It studies how new technology related to product/process design, new product development, and production line processes impact postponement flexibility and customer performance. The study uses statistical analysis methods like correlation, cluster analysis, and structural equation modeling to analyze relationships between these variables based on manager perceptions. Key findings indicate new technology in these areas has significant positive correlations with postponement flexibility and customer performance, and can play an important role in improving company performance.
Ijm 06 09_008
This document examines how incorporating new technology and innovation in supply chain management processes can enhance marketing postponement flexibility and customer-related performance in Malaysian manufacturing companies. It studies how new technology related to product/process design, new product development, and production processes impact flexibility and customer performance. The study uses statistical analysis methods like correlation analysis and structural equation modeling to analyze relationships between these variables based on manager perceptions. Key findings are that new technology and innovation in SCM have significant correlations with flexibility and customer performance, and especially impact aspects of design/development and production processes. Companies should emphasize new technology in these areas to improve performance.
Supply Chain optimization & risks factors
This white paper discuss on building a supply chain beyond risks factors surrounding organization operations. Companies today work on several supply chain strategies to improve their supply chain.
Risk factors in as-is process and how to eliminate those risks.
Beyond Supply Chains Empowering Responsible Value Chains
This document discusses the opportunity for companies to create "responsible supply chains" that provide benefits to both businesses and society. It identifies 31 proven supply chain practices that can help companies achieve "triple advantage" - commercial benefits as well as benefits to the environment and local economies. Implementing these practices could result in increased revenues and reduced costs for companies, as well as improved customer health, labor standards and reduced environmental impact. The practices are organized into a framework that companies can use to prioritize which practices would be most effective for their specific industry and situation. However, the concept of triple advantage has limitations, as human rights commitments should not be based solely on financial justification. The document calls for policies to support companies in optimizing across all three
Social Enterprise Primer | beyond supply chainsreport 2015
The social business manages work|life balance and Social Local Mobile SoLoMo concerns #smallbizIT #smallbizBI #liberteks
WEFUSA_BeyondSupplyChains_Report2015
This document discusses the need for companies to create responsible supply chains that provide benefits to both business and society. It outlines four core sustainability strategies that companies employ, from compliance-driven to more holistic approaches. Leading companies are pursuing a "triple advantage" through sustainability efforts - achieving benefits for profitability, society, and the environment simultaneously. Examples show potential revenue growth, cost reduction, brand improvement, and risk mitigation from triple advantage initiatives. The document advocates for companies to move towards holistic sustainability strategies and drive their journey to responsible supply chains that maximize shared value.
UGOANI & UGOANI 2017.doc
Globalization and managing across cultures and borders make the business sense of efficient supply chain management more challenging than ever before. The demand and supply chain can now be as long or as short as the distance between suppliers and consumers who have critical influence on the value chain. This is important because the demand and supply chain processes often have profound effect on productivity levels of the organization. The exploratory research design was deployed for the investigation to gauge the effect of supply chain management on productivity. Through regression analysis it was found that for a 1 percent increase in supply chain management productivity increases by 1.88 percent. Organizations around the globe are getting increasingly concerned about the process with which their goods and services reach the ultimate consumer or customer. It is believed that an effective and efficient supply chain management is the corner stone for customer satisfaction, and to this extent, supply chain management is an important topic in business and management today. According to Chase, et al (2001) the critical idea of supply chain management is to apply a total system approach to managing the entire flow of information, materials and services from raw materials suppliers, through factories and warehouses to the end customer. They posit that the idea of supply chain management comes from a picture of how organizations are linked together as a particular company. Such linkage is typically between suppliers that provide inputs, manufacturing and service support operations that transform the inputs into products and services, and the distribution and local service providers that localize the products. They argue that localization can involve just the delivery of the products or some other processes that tailors the products or services to the needs of the local markets and customers. Enterprises have come to realize that achieving significant competitive advantage depends to a great extent on the way they configure and manage their supply chain operations. Stevenson (2002) states that a supply chain is a sequence of organizations – their facilities, functions, and activities that are involved in producing and delivering a product or service. According to him, the sequence begins with basic suppliers of raw materials and extends all the way to the final customer. Basic facilities in supply chain management include warehouses, factories, processing centres, distribution centres, retail outlets, and offices. On the other hand, the major activities in supply chain management include forecasting, purchasing, scheduling, production, distribution, delivery, and customer service (Copacino, 1997, Marshall, 1997, Handfield, et al, 1999). Stevenson (2002) elaborates that supply chains are sometimes referred to as value chains; a term that reflects the concept that value is added as goods and services progress through the chain supply or value chains
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Gaining Competitive Advantages Through Supply Chain Management:Success Stories
Gaining Competitive Advantages Through Supply Chain Management:Success Stories
THE AGILE SUPPLY CHAIN IN TURBULENT AND VOLATILE MARKET
THE AGILE SUPPLY CHAIN IN TURBULENT AND VOLATILE MARKET
IRJET- Importance of IT in Supply Chain Management Improvement
IRJET- Importance of IT in Supply Chain Management Improvement
Beyond Supply Chains Empowering Responsible Value Chains
Beyond Supply Chains Empowering Responsible Value Chains
Social Enterprise Primer | beyond supply chainsreport 2015
Social Enterprise Primer | beyond supply chainsreport 2015
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classical vs Keynesian theory.pptx
The fundamental principle of the classical theory is that the economy is self‐regulating. Classical economists maintain that the economy is always capable of achieving the natural level of real GDP, which is the level of real GDP that is obtained when the economy's resources are fully employed.
National output or income was determined by real factors such as capital stock, state of technology, labour supply and in no way was affected by the general price level which was determined by the quantity of money. This classical doctrine is generally referred to as classical dichotomy.
While circumstances arise from time to time that cause the economy to fall below or to exceed the natural level of real GDP, self‐adjustment mechanisms exist within the market system that work to bring the economy back to the natural level of real GDP.
The classical doctrine—that the economy is always at or near the natural level of real GDP (full employment)—is based on two firmly held beliefs:
The assumption of the full employment of labour and other productive resources
Belief that prices, wages, and interest rates are flexible.
The general over production, and hence general unemployment, is impossible.
The normal situation is stable equilibrium at full employment.
The classical economist believe that the policy of laissez-faire guaranteed normal full employment. They had great faith in free and perfect competition, efficacy of the profit motive and price mechanism to remedy the temporary ills of the economic system and ensure full employment.
Prof. Pigou says, “With perfectly free competition, there will always be at work a strong tendency for wage rates to be so related to demand that everybody is employed.”
They treated money as a mere medium of exchange. (Transaction motive)
Property Rights IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION.pptx
Property rights in natural resource management are important because they provide incentives for people to manage natural resources responsibly. When people have an ownership stake in a resource, they are more likely to take steps to protect it, use it sustainably, and share it equitably. Property rights also create a system of accountability, ensuring that those who manage the resource are held responsible for their actions. Finally, property rights can provide a mechanism for resolving disputes over natural resources, promoting the peaceful resolution of conflicts. Property rights also promote economic efficiency by allowing private individuals and companies to reap the benefits of their investments in natural resources. This encourages innovation and technological advances that can improve the management of natural resources. Finally, property rights protect against externalities, such as pollution, by creating incentives to manage resources responsibly.
PERT.pptx
PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) was developed in 1956–58 by a research team to help in the planning and scheduling of the US Navy’s Polaris Nuclear Submarine Missile project involving thousands of activities. The objective of the team was to efficiently plan and develop the Polaris missile system.
This technique has proved to be useful for projects that have an element of uncertainty in the estimation of activity duration, as is the case with new types of projects which have never been taken up before.
Project management is important for several reasons:
1. Effective planning: Project management provides a structured approach to planning and executing projects. By defining clear objectives, timelines, and milestones, project managers can ensure that everyone on the team is working towards a common goal and that resources are allocated efficiently.
2. Cost control: Project management helps to control costs by identifying potential cost overruns early on and taking corrective action to prevent them. By keeping a close eye on project finances, project managers can ensure that the project stays within budget.
3. Risk management: Projects are inherently risky, and project management helps to identify, assess, and mitigate risks throughout the project lifecycle. By proactively managing risks, project managers can reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes and ensure that the project is completed successfully.
4. Improved communication: Good project management involves clear communication among team members, stakeholders, and sponsors. This helps to ensure that everyone understands their roles and responsibilities, and that there are no surprises or misunderstandings along the way.
5. Quality control: Project management also focuses on ensuring that the project delivers a high-quality output. By defining quality standards and conducting regular quality checks, project managers can ensure that the final product meets the requirements and expectations of stakeholders.
Property Rights IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION.pptx
Property rights in natural resource management are important because they provide incentives for people to manage natural resources responsibly. When people have an ownership stake in a resource, they are more likely to take steps to protect it, use it sustainably, and share it equitably. Property rights also create a system of accountability, ensuring that those who manage the resource are held responsible for their actions. Finally, property rights can provide a mechanism for resolving disputes over natural resources, promoting the peaceful resolution of conflicts. Property rights also promote economic efficiency by allowing private individuals and companies to reap the benefits of their investments in natural resources. This encourages innovation and technological advances that can improve the management of natural resources. Finally, property rights protect against externalities, such as pollution, by creating incentives to manage resources responsibly.
Property Rights IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION.pptx
Property rights have significant implications for conservation efforts. When people have secure property rights over natural resources, they have an incentive to conserve and sustainably manage those resources over the long term. This can include investing in practices such as reforestation, sustainable agriculture, and fishing practices that conserve and protect natural habitats.
On the other hand, when property rights are insecure, conservation efforts can be more difficult to implement. For example, in areas where land tenure is unclear or contested, conservation organizations may have difficulty working with local communities to establish protected areas or conservation agreements. This can lead to conflict over land and resources, and ultimately hinder conservation efforts.
Secure property rights can also be important for promoting the participation of local communities in conservation efforts. When people have a stake in the management and protection of natural resources, they are more likely to participate in conservation initiatives and support conservation goals. In contrast, if people do not have secure property rights, they may be more likely to engage in unsustainable practices, such as illegal logging or poaching, as they do not have a long-term stake in the health of the resource.
Overall, the implications of property rights for conservation highlight the importance of ensuring that people have secure and well-defined property rights over natural resources, and that conservation efforts are designed to work within existing property rights frameworks. By doing so, it is possible to build a more sustainable and equitable future for both people and the environment.The Meghalaya Community Led Landscape Management Project is an initiative aimed at promoting sustainable management of natural resources in the state of Meghalaya, India. The project is funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and implemented by the Government of Meghalaya, in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
The main objective of the project is to support community-led approaches to natural resource management in Meghalaya, with a focus on improving livelihoods, reducing poverty, and conserving biodiversity. Specifically, the project aims to:
Improve the management of community forests, including strengthening community institutions and governance structures, promoting sustainable harvesting practices, and increasing community participation in decision-making processes.
Enhance the sustainable management of watersheds, through activities such as rainwater harvesting, soil and water conservation, and the promotion of sustainable agriculture practices.
Support the conservation of biodiversity, by promoting the establishment of protected areas and community-conserved areas, and supporting efforts to reduce threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and fragmentation.
Increase awareness and knowledge among communities
Property rights in natural resources.pptx
Property rights play an important role in natural resource management. They define who has the right to access, use, and manage natural resources such as land, water, forests, fisheries, and minerals. Property rights can be held by individuals, communities, or the state.
Secure property rights provide incentives for individuals and communities to invest in the management of natural resources, leading to better outcomes for both people and the environment. When people have secure property rights, they are more likely to invest in sustainable management practices, conserve resources, and prevent degradation.
In contrast, insecure property rights can lead to overexploitation, degradation, and conflict over natural resources. For example, in areas where land tenure is unclear or disputed, people may engage in unsustainable practices such as overgrazing or deforestation, as they do not have the security of knowing that they will benefit from long-term investments in the land. Efforts to strengthen property rights in natural resource management include land titling and registration, community forestry management, and catch-share programs in fisheries. These approaches aim to provide greater clarity and security around property rights, leading to more sustainable and equitable outcomes for all stakeholders.
Distribution Theory.pptx
Theory of Distribution
Factor Pricing
Concepts of rent, wages, interest, profit.
Marginal productivity theory
Modern productivity theory
LP special cases and Duality.pptx
This document provides an overview of operations research and linear programming techniques. It begins with an introduction to the graphical method for solving linear programming problems with two variables by plotting the feasible region defined by the constraints. It then defines key terms like feasible solutions and optimal solutions. The document provides examples of using the graphical method to find the optimal solution for both maximization and minimization problems. It also discusses special cases that can occur with linear programs, such as alternative optimal solutions, unbounded solutions, infeasible solutions, and degenerate solutions. Finally, it provides an introduction to the concept of duality in linear programming.
classical vs Keynesian theory.pptx
The classical doctrine—that the economy is always at or near the natural level of real GDP (full employment)—is based on two firmly held beliefs:
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Belief that prices, wages, and interest rates are flexible.
Keynesian Theory
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Objectives are statements which describe what the learner is expected to achieve as a result of instruction.
A course objective specifies a behavior, skill, or action that a learner can demonstrate if they have achieved mastery of the objective.
Objectives need to be written in such a way that they are measurable by some sort of assessment.
Course objectives form the foundation of the class.
General equilibrium : Neo-classical analysis
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Enhancing bargaining power of farmers
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2. To assess the effect of Farmers collectives and market intervention.
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In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.一比一原版(UCSB毕业证)圣芭芭拉分校毕业证如何办理
UCSB毕业证文凭证书【微信95270640】办理圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单（Q微信95270640）毕业证学历认证OFFER专卖国外文凭学历学位证书办理澳洲文凭|澳洲毕业证,澳洲学历认证,澳洲成绩单 澳洲offer,教育部学历认证及使馆认证永久可查 ,国外毕业证|国外学历认证,国外学历文凭证书 UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，专业为留学生办理毕业证、成绩单、使馆留学回国人员证明、教育部学历学位认证、录取通知书、Offer、
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OAT_RI_Ep20 WeighingTheRisks_May24_Trade Wars.pptx
How will new technology fields affect economic trade?
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptx
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
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Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...Godwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Lecture slide titled Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria - Prof Oyedokun.pptx一比一原版(GWU,GW毕业证)加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证如何办理
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Supply Chain Management Changing business environment and Present need.pptx
- 1. Supply Chain Management : Changing business environment and Present need Snehal Athawale PhD Scholar (School of Social Sciences) CPGS-AS, Umiam, Meghalaya Course no. ABM-508
- 2. What is Supply Chain? A supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. It is a network of individuals and companies who are involved in creating a product and delivering it to the consumer.
- 3. The Objective of Supply Chain Supply Chain Surplus = Customer Value – Supply Chain Cost Supply chain surplus Difference between the value of the product and its price remains with the customer Consumer surplus. Difference between the revenue generated from the customer and the overall cost across the supply chain Supply chain profitability (Chopra and Meindl , 2007)
- 4. Supply Chain Management SCM is the process of managing the movement of goods and services to end users in a very efficient and effective way. Appropriate management of flows (i.e. flows of information, product, or funds generate costs within the supply chain) is a key to supply chain success. Maximize total supply chain surplus. These all chained activities are glued by information technology and wheeled by money.
- 5. Supply chain : Changing business environment Business environment indicates the aggregate total of all people, organisations and other forces that are outside the power of industry but that may affect its production. Current global and competitive business environment constantly asks for innovation, continuously thriving for advancement in process improvement. Business environments are complex in nature as well as dynamic because they are dependent upon factors like political, economic, legal, technological, social, etc. for sustenance Globalization has encouraged free movement of capital, goods and service across countries.
- 6. Supply chain : Changing business environment Opening up of markets has not only increased competition but also has allowed companies to operate in markets previously considered forbidden. Importance of Business Environment- Helps in Identifying Opportunities and Threat First Mover Advantage Tapping Useful Resources Coping With Rapid Changes Assisting in Planning and Policy Formulation Improving Performance 2 1 3 5 4
- 7. Factors influencing SCM Consumer Demand Globalization Competition 1 2 3 Information and Communication Government Regulation Environment 4 5 6 2 3
- 8. Present need of SCM in business Supply chain drivers Warehouse facilities Inventory Transportation Logistic Cross Fuctional Pricing Sourcing Information External factors - Regulatory systems, international agreements, tax systems, and infrastructure may impact the performance of SC indirectly
- 9. 04 03 01 02 To assure a continuous supply and avoid a service company’s delivery disruptions. Contractual obligations Strengthening supplier relations Managing risk Procurement For systematic synergy with suppliers and different lines of business. Mitigation of everyday risks, with the goal of reduced costs, minimizing inconvenience, and boosting company profits. Getting required goods by Establishing comprehensive supplier view through right supplier Present need of SCM in business
- 10. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- The higher the supply chain profitability, the more successful is the supply chain. Supply chain success should be measured in terms of supply chain profitability and not in terms of the profits at an individual stage.