Supercapacitors are energy storage devices that are different from conventional capacitors and rechargeable batteries. They store energy through reversible electric double layer capacitance and can be charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times. Supercapacitors have a higher power density than batteries but a lower energy density. They are safer than batteries and have a longer lifespan of up to 30 years with millions of charge/discharge cycles. Common types include coin, winding, and module supercapacitors. Potential applications include backup power sources, energy harvesting, and hybrid electric vehicles due to their high power density and ability to quickly charge/discharge.
Ultracapacitors can be defined as a energy storage device that stores energy electrostatically by polarizing an electrolytic solution.
Unlike batteries no chemical reaction takes place when energy is being stored or discharged and so ultracapacitors can go through hundreds of thousands of charging cycles with no degradation.
Ultracapacitors are also known as double-layer capacitors or supercapacitors.
Supercapacitors (Ultracapacitor) : Energy Problem Solver,Amit Soni
Capacitor, Basic design and terminology, Supercapacitor, History of Supercapacitor
Classification of Supercapacitors, Electrical Double layer capacitors,Pseudocapacitor
Hybrid Capacitor, Basic Design, Construction, Working , Technology used, Why these substances used ?, Features, Comparison, Applications , Advantages & Disadvantages
state of art materials, comparison with batteries, fuel cells, applications
A Lithium Ion Capacitor is a hybrid device which combines the intercalation mechanism of a Lithium battery with the [cathode] of an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC).
Ultracapacitors can be defined as a energy storage device that stores energy electrostatically by polarizing an electrolytic solution.
Unlike batteries no chemical reaction takes place when energy is being stored or discharged and so ultracapacitors can go through hundreds of thousands of charging cycles with no degradation.
Ultracapacitors are also known as double-layer capacitors or supercapacitors.
Supercapacitors (Ultracapacitor) : Energy Problem Solver,Amit Soni
Capacitor, Basic design and terminology, Supercapacitor, History of Supercapacitor
Classification of Supercapacitors, Electrical Double layer capacitors,Pseudocapacitor
Hybrid Capacitor, Basic Design, Construction, Working , Technology used, Why these substances used ?, Features, Comparison, Applications , Advantages & Disadvantages
state of art materials, comparison with batteries, fuel cells, applications
A Lithium Ion Capacitor is a hybrid device which combines the intercalation mechanism of a Lithium battery with the [cathode] of an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC).
Supercapacitors offer a promising alternative approach to meeting the increasing power demands of energy storage systems and electronic devices. With their high power density, ability to perform in extreme temperatures, and millions of charge-recharge cycle capabilities, supercapacitors can increase circuit performance and prolong the life of batteries. This can add value to the end-product and ultimately reduce the costs to the customer by reducing the amount of batteries needed and the frequency of the replacement of the batteries, which adds greatly to the environmental friendliness of the end-product as well.
Overview of Energy storage Technologies, Why we need to use Energy storage system, Case studies , The future of Energy storage systems and Development of Energy Storage systems, Brief discription of each system mentioning its advantages and disadvantages.
E-mobility | Part 2 - Battery Technology & Alternative Innovations (English)Vertex Holdings
Today, 60% of electric vehicles (EVs) are powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its efficiency, high power-to-weight ratio and flexibility to allow chemical alterations. As the EV industry gains steam, supply chain and design challenges are spurring battery manufacturers to explore alternatives.
Some of the alternative battery technologies include lithium-iron phosphate (LFP), lithium-sulfur battery (LSB) and sodium-ion battery (SIB). Besides LFP, LSB and SIB, solid-state batteries (SSBs) are touted as a forerunner for the next-generation battery technology.
Despite these advancements, the current speed of innovation is not accelerating fast enough to meet the demands of the rapidly growing EV sector. This presents opportunities in areas such as battery design and securing the supply chain locally via vertical integration.
As the world welcomes green mobility, commercializing battery technology will be imperative to drive global EV adoption. Given the increased push for battery development and innovation, we believe that it’s only a matter of time before supply catches up with demand.
Find out more here: https://bit.ly/3HUaf1Z
Super Capacitor by NITIN GUPTA
NITIN GUPTA,CEO/FOUNDER/OWNER at "TECH POINT"
Here's Channel Link
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE Our channel TECH POINT ..
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER:https://twitter.com/Nitin_TECHPOINT
Follow us on Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/NitinGupta1054.Official.PSIT
Follow us on Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/nitingupta_official
SUBSCRIBE Our channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3XVydYG3oPVJeZscU4NIg?sub_confirmation=1
A presentation as a part of coursework on Ultracapacitors, the modern electric energy storage devices with very high capacity and a low internal resistance.
Supercapacitors offer a promising alternative approach to meeting the increasing power demands of energy storage systems and electronic devices. With their high power density, ability to perform in extreme temperatures, and millions of charge-recharge cycle capabilities, supercapacitors can increase circuit performance and prolong the life of batteries. This can add value to the end-product and ultimately reduce the costs to the customer by reducing the amount of batteries needed and the frequency of the replacement of the batteries, which adds greatly to the environmental friendliness of the end-product as well.
Overview of Energy storage Technologies, Why we need to use Energy storage system, Case studies , The future of Energy storage systems and Development of Energy Storage systems, Brief discription of each system mentioning its advantages and disadvantages.
E-mobility | Part 2 - Battery Technology & Alternative Innovations (English)Vertex Holdings
Today, 60% of electric vehicles (EVs) are powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its efficiency, high power-to-weight ratio and flexibility to allow chemical alterations. As the EV industry gains steam, supply chain and design challenges are spurring battery manufacturers to explore alternatives.
Some of the alternative battery technologies include lithium-iron phosphate (LFP), lithium-sulfur battery (LSB) and sodium-ion battery (SIB). Besides LFP, LSB and SIB, solid-state batteries (SSBs) are touted as a forerunner for the next-generation battery technology.
Despite these advancements, the current speed of innovation is not accelerating fast enough to meet the demands of the rapidly growing EV sector. This presents opportunities in areas such as battery design and securing the supply chain locally via vertical integration.
As the world welcomes green mobility, commercializing battery technology will be imperative to drive global EV adoption. Given the increased push for battery development and innovation, we believe that it’s only a matter of time before supply catches up with demand.
Find out more here: https://bit.ly/3HUaf1Z
Super Capacitor by NITIN GUPTA
NITIN GUPTA,CEO/FOUNDER/OWNER at "TECH POINT"
Here's Channel Link
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE Our channel TECH POINT ..
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER:https://twitter.com/Nitin_TECHPOINT
Follow us on Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/NitinGupta1054.Official.PSIT
Follow us on Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/nitingupta_official
SUBSCRIBE Our channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3XVydYG3oPVJeZscU4NIg?sub_confirmation=1
A presentation as a part of coursework on Ultracapacitors, the modern electric energy storage devices with very high capacity and a low internal resistance.
Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
State of Charge Vs Depth of Discharge
Battery Indicator
Safety Label
Lead Acid Battery Standard Performance
The difference between Conventional Batteries, Hybrid Batteries and MF Batteries
Lagging cells in lead acid batteries
Cycling
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies
Water Loss in VRLA
Premature Capacity Loss in VRLA
References
it's a presentation to illustrate:
What is the battery?
When did the story of battery begin?
Types of the battery
How much do batteries weigh?
What does mAh mean in a battery?
Battery Technical Specifications
How to make automatic battery charger?
How do we improve the battery charging speed?
batteries in the future
Novel technique for hybrid electric vehicle presentation 1Manish Sadhu
Problem Summary:
Higher demand of current results an important heating of the battery, this heating will generate several consequences, firstly a reduction of lifespan of the battery and secondly a significant loss of capacity. Supercapacitors are used in series with a power battery to provide power requirement in transient state. An energy battery is placed in parallel, this battery gives the power in steady state.
Detailed Description Problem:
Modern batteries (e.g., Li-ion batteries) provide high discharge efficiency, but the rate capacity effect in these batteries drastically decreases the discharge efficiency as the load current increases. Electric double layer capacitors, or simply supercapacitors, have extremely low internal resistance, and a battery-supercapacitor hybrid may mitigate the rate capacity effect for high pulsed discharging current. However, a hybrid architecture comprising a simple parallel connection does not perform well when the supercapacitor capacity is small, which is a typical situation because of the low energy density and high cost of supercapacitors. A new battery-supercapacitor hybrid system that employs a constant-current charger. The constant current charger isolates the battery from supercapacitor to improve the end-to-end efficiency for energy from the battery to the load while accounting for the rate capacity effect of Li-ion batteries and the conversion efficiencies of the converters.
Excepted Outcome:
The supercapacitor will take an important part for the improvement of the energetic efficiency of the embarked systems and in the reduction of batteries replacement. Supercapacitor increases the performance motor at accelerated and reaccelerated mode. Also increases the life span of the battery. Indeed the supercapacitors will not be used as source of pure energy, because of their weak energy mass, but rather of complement to the battery, providing the strong demands of power. The supercapacitor solution as source of power is clearly interesting; however the cost of the kilowatt per hour remains higher than for the batteries lead-acid (approximately 30 times more) but with a weight and volume weaker.
Other Description:
Supercapacitors are widely used for energy storage in various applications. Specifically, supercapacitors are gaining more attention as energy storage elements for renewable energy sources which tend to have a high charge-discharge cycle frequency, and demand high cycle efficiency and good
Depth-of-discharge(DOD) properties. There are several related battery-supercapacitor hybrid architectures in the literature on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). A bidirectional converter-based approach is introduced for the regenerative brake-equipped HEVs. A DC bus-based architecture for the battery-supercapacitor hybrid system is described in. However, it is difficult to directly apply these architectures to portable applications because they are designed for the HEV which involves high-power op
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
3. How does a super capacitor work?
Ultra capacitor mainly relies on the electric double layer and the redox tantalum
capacitor to store electric energy. But there is no chemical reaction during storage.
This energy storage process is reversible, and it is precisely because this super
capacitor can be repeatedly charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times.
Ultracapacitors release energy quickly at peak times, then store it quickly and capture
excess energy.
4. Battery vs. Supercapacitor
•The cycle life of battery cells is
restricted to one thousand
discharge/recharge cycles
•Electron transfer occurs across the
two electrodes with the electrolyte as
the medium transfer
• The charge storage by REDOX
reaction occurs in the battery
• Lower power density
● 100 times shorter than the
conventional electrochemical cell
● REDOX reaction across the double
layers
● In the form of Helmholtz capacitance
and space-charge capacitance
● Higher power density
● Functions over a larger range of
temperature
6. Advantages of ultra capacitors
Ultracapacitors not only have the characteristics of fast charge and discharge of
capacitor, but also has the characteristics of energy storage of battery.
1. High power density: up to 102 ~ 104 W/kg.
2. Long using-life.
3. Maintenance-free.
4. Environment protecting energy storage device.
As a powerful alternative energy resource, ultracapacitors are widely used in different
industrial fields, such as smart meter, electronics, power grid and so on. The future
applications of supercapacitor looks brilliant.
7. Power Density
Supercapacitors have a high power density than the same rated battery.
Although there are different kinds of batteries in the market, for example, lithium-
ion, polymer, lead-acid batteries have different power density, from 1000 Wh per
kg to 2000 Wh per kg. The ratings can also vary a lot depending on the
manufacturing process. But, for a supercapacitor, the power density varies from 2500
Wh per kg to 45000 Wh per kg. That is much larger than the power density of the same
rated batteries. Due to the high power density, a supercapacitor is useful power source
where larger peak current is required
8. Cellvoltage…
In different kinds of applications, often the input voltage is a large factor.
Obviously, there are different kinds of voltage regulators available in the
market but still, the input voltage across a regulator became an important
part of the application. The below figure shows the output voltage of
Supercapacitor vs Battery for the same number of cells.
For example, an application with a linear voltage regulator like 7812 requires at
least 15V input. A single-cell Lithium battery provides 3.2 volts at the lowest
charge condition and 4.2 volts at the highest charge condition.
9. Cellvoltage…
Therefore, to compensate with the input voltage specification, at least 5
batteries in series connection is required but supercapacitor could provide 2.5
volts to 5.5-volt output. Supercapacitors have a high cell voltage of 5.5V
compared with 3.7V of a typical Lithium battery. Thus, ignoring other limitations
of a supercapacitor the circuit designer can choose three 5.5 volt
supercapacitors in series. Over the battery, this is an undoubtedly plus point of
supercapacitors in space constraint situations or cost optimization for purposes
10.
11. Efficiency
In terms of efficiency, supercapacitors are 95% more efficient than the
batteries which are 60-80% efficient under full load conditions. Batteries in high
load dissipate heat that contributes to low efficiency. Also, battery temperature
and other parameters should be monitored during the charging and discharging
using a Battery Management System (BMS), whereas in supercapacitors such
strict monitoring systems might not be needed. The Efficiency of Ultracapacitor
vs Battery is shown in the below figure. However, it should be noted that
Supercapacitor also generates nominal heat during operation.
12. ReusabilityandLifespan
Battery's lifespan is highly dependable on the charging and discharging cycles. In
the case of Lithium and lead-acid batteries, the charging and discharging times
are limited from 300 to 500 cycles, sometimes it can be a maximum of 1000
times. The lifespan without the charging and discharging situation lithium
batteries can last for a span of 7 years.
A supercapacitor almost has infinite charge cycles, it can be charged and
discharged for a huge number of times; it can be from 1 lakh to 1million of time.
The lifespan of a supercapacitor is also high. A supercapacitor can last for 10-
18 years, while a Lead-Acid battery can last around 3-5 years only.
13. DischargeVoltageFactor
A battery provides a relatively constant output voltage. But a supercapacitor
output voltage decreases during discharging conditions. Therefore,
while using batteries as a power source, one can use buck or boost regulator
depending on the application requirements, but while using a supercapacitor,
it is a popular choice to use a wide range boost converter for compensating
the input voltage loss.
14. ChargingTime
Different batteries use different charging algorithms. To charge Lithium-ion
batteries constant voltage and constant current charging chargers are used. The
charger needs to be specially configured to detect the charge condition of the
battery as well as the temperature. For the case of lead-acid batteries trickle
charging method is used.
Overall, to charge batteries irrespective of the Lithium-ion or lead-acid, it takes
hours to get fully charge. The supercapacitor has supper fast charging
time; it needs a very short period of time for getting a full charge. Therefore, for
the applications where the charge time is required to be very less,
supercapacitors definitely win over the same capacity of batteries.
15. Cost
Cost is an important parameter for product design related
issues. Supercapacitors are a costly alternative when used
instead of batteries. The cost sometimes gets very high such
as 10 times higher when compared with the same capacity of
the battery.
16. Riskfactors…
Lithium or lead-acid batteries require special care or attention during operating or
charging conditions. Especially for lithium-ion batteries, the charging topology
needs to be configured in such a way that the battery should not be overcharged
or charged with a higher capacity of current than the battery can actually accept.
This increases the risk of an explosion whenever the battery is overcharged or
charged with a high current.
Not only in charging condition, but the batteries also need to be carefully operated
during discharging situations. Deep discharge condition could potentially damage
the battery life.
17. Riskfactors
Therefore, the battery needs to be disconnected from the load after it is reached
to a certain level of charging state. Also, the short circuit of a battery is a
dangerous situation.
Supercapacitors are safer than the batteries in terms of the above risk factors.
However, charging a supercapacitor using a higher voltage than its rating is
potentially harmful to the supercapacitors. But, when charging more than a single
capacitor, it can become a complex job.
18. Typesof Supercapacitors
Some importance types of Super Capacitors
• Coin Type Series 0.1F~1.5F 5.5V super capacitor
• Winding Type Series
• Combined Type Series
• MK Module Series
• High Temperature Series
• 2.3V 3.8V Hybrid Capacitor Series
19. Types:SuperCapacitor
1.CoinTypeSeries0.1F~1.5F5.5Vsupercapacitor
The performance of coin cell supercapacitor
• The types of supercapacitor are from 0.047 Frad 5.5V to 1.5
Frad 5.5V, of which the Kamcap 5.5V 1.5F type super cap is
one of the most popular products.
• The typical application of coin cell supercapacitor
The typical application of our 0.047F~1.5F 5.5 V ultracapacitor is
as the follows: RAM, Detonator, car recorder, smart meter,
vacuum switch, digital camera, motor drive, clock circuit, UPS,
toy, program-controlled switch, etc.
20. Series name SE Series
Type name SE -5R5-D
Rated voltage VR 5.5V
Surge voltage 5.8V
Capacity range 0.1F~1.5F
Operating temperature range -25~ +70℃
Product life
Normal temperature cycle life:25℃, 1 million cycles
between VR and 1/2VR, Capacity attenuation≤30%, ESR
change≤4 times.
High temperature endurance life:70℃, maintain VR, 1000
hours. Capacity attenuation≤30%, ESR change≤4 times
Types:SuperCapacitor
1.CoinTypeSeries0.1F~1.5F5.5Vsupercapacitor
21. Types:SuperCapacitor
1.CoinTypeSeries0.1F~1.5F5.5Vsupercapacitor
TypicalApplication
Series Application range Instance
SP, LR, HP, HT Backup power RAM、Detonator, car recorder, smart
meter, vacuum switch, digital camera,
motor drive, clock circuit, UPS, toy,
program-controlled switch, etc.
SE, HP, HE Energy storage Water meter, electricity meter, gas meter,
UPS, security equipment, computer
memory, communication equipment
SE Coin type, HE Energy storage Flashlights, water meters, gas meters,
taillights, small appliances, etc.
HP、LR High power support Wind power, locomotive start, ignition,
electric vehicles, etc.
MK Backup power
High current operation
Electrified railway, smart grid control,
hybrid vehicle, wireless transmission,
rail power system
24. Series Application range Instance
SP, LR, HP, HT Backup power RAM、Detonator, car recorder,
smart meter, vacuum switch,
digital camera, motor drive, clock
circuit, UPS, toy, program-
controlled switch, etc.
SE, HP, HE Energy storage Water meter, electricity meter, gas
meter, UPS, security equipment,
computer memory, communication
equipment
SE Coin type, HE Energy storage Flashlights, water meters, gas
meters, taillights, small
appliances, etc.
HP、LR High power support Wind power, locomotive start,
ignition, electric vehicles, etc.
MK Backup power Electrified railway, smart grid
SolarEnergy
25. Types:SuperCapacitor
2.LowESRWindingTypeSeries
Performancecharacteristics:Lowinternalresistanceseries.Theproductusesanewinternaldesign
andadvancedmaterialstoensurelowESR.
Series Application range Instance
SP, LR, HP, HT Backup power RAM、Detonator, car recorder, smart
meter, vacuum switch, digital camera,
motor drive, clock circuit, UPS, toy,
program-controlled switch, etc.
SE, HP, HE Energy storage Water meter, electricity meter, gas meter,
UPS, security equipment, computer
memory, communication equipment
SE Coin type, HE Energy storage Flashlights, water meters, gas meters,
taillights, small appliances, etc.
HP、LR High power support Wind power, locomotive start, ignition,
electric vehicles, etc.
MK Backup power
High current operation
Electrified railway, smart grid control, hybrid
vehicle, wireless transmission, rail power
system
26. Solar Energy
• Solar power generation is divided into photovoltaic power
generation and solar thermal power generation, in which
photovoltaic power generation uses photovoltaic cells to
directly convert solar energy into electrical energy.
• At present, solar photovoltaic power generation systems have
three development directions: independent operation, grid-
connected and hybrid photovoltaic power generation systems.
• In an independent operating system, the energy storage unit
is generally required to store the remaining electrical energy
emitted by the sun for insufficient sunshine or no sunshine.
27. • At present, the demand of the international photovoltaic energy
industry has begun to the grid-connected power generation and
construction combined power supply. Through the energy storage
system composed of battery packs, it can smooth the fluctuation of
electric energy caused by fluctuations in solar light intensity, and can
also compensate for voltage dips or sudden rises in the grid system,
but due to its limited number of charge and discharge, high current
charge and discharge time is slow. And other factors, so its short life
and high cost. Therefore, the use of solar capacitor banks in solar
photovoltaic power generation systems will make grid-connected
power generation more feasible.
Solar Energy
28. Exporters
indicators
Value imported
in 2019 (USD
thousand)
Share in
Pakistan's
imports (%)
Quantity
imported in
2019
Quantity unit
Unit value
(USD/unit)
Growth in
imported value
between 2015-
2019 (%, p.a.)
World 35823 100 4114470 Units 8.71 96
China 35063 97.9 3927864 Units 8.93 119
Thailand 167 0.5 25165 Units 6.64 -3
Finland 151 0.4 26162 Units 5.77 -2
Sweden 128 0.4 6330 Units 20
India 64 0.2 18368 Units 3.48 60
List of supplying markets for the product imported by Pakistan in 2019
Product: 853210 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a reactive
power-handling ...
29. Bilateral trade between Pakistan and China
Product: 853210 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a
reactive power-handling ...
Product code Product label
Pakistan's
imports
from China
Pakistan's
imports from
world
Pakistan's
imports from
world other
than China
Value
in
2017
Value
in
2018
Value
in
2019
Value
in
2017
Value
in
2018
Value
in
2019
Value
in
2017
Value
in
2018
Value
in
2019
85321000
Fixed
capacitors
designed for
use in 50/60
hz circuits 1735 2270 33680 2710 3335 34442 975 1065 762
30. Product label
Pakistan's imports from
China China's exports to world Pakistan's imports from world
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Fixed capacitors designed for
use in 50/60 Hz circuits and
having a reactive power-
handling ... 1738 2279 35063 63729 79325 129770 2714 3348 35823
Fixed electrical capacitors
(excluding tantalum, aluminium
electrolytic, ceramic, paper,
plastic ... 2142 2676 2501 69954 92748 94494 2847 3186 2834
Parts of electrical "pre-set"
capacitors, fixed, variable or
adjustable, n.e.s. 281 273 456 83036 86215 71907 541 528 540
Fixed electrical capacitors,
ceramic dielectric, multilayer
(excluding power capacitors) 296 328 252 2465935 3179767 2257125 454 664 324
Variable or adjustable "pre-set"
electrical capacitors 211 275 174 19343 25882 10253 258 343 250
Existing and potential trade between Pakistan and China
Product: 853210 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a reactive power-handling ...
31. Existing and potential trade between Pakistan and China
Product: 853210 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a reactive power-handling ...
Product code Product label
Pakistan's imports from
China China's exports to world Pakistan's imports from world
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
853223
Fixed electrical capacitors, ceramic dielectric,
single layer (excluding power capacitors) 137 194 115 60847 69331 61340 143 206 123
853225
Fixed electrical capacitors, dielectric of paper
or plastics (excluding power capacitors) 481 222 112 458078 483076 451168 503 229 120
853222
Fixed electrical capacitors, aluminium
electrolytic (excluding power capacitors) 22 34 14 811810 892445 822087 70 90 31
853221
Fixed electrical capacitors, tantalum (excluding
power capacitors) 0 1 0 194681 242230 211028 15 12 42
32. Company name Number of product or service categories traded Number of employees City
ADVANCE ENGINEERING GROUP 6 100 Karachi
AL QAMAR DIGITAL TRADERS 5 3
Amber Capacitors Limited - Acl 4 195 Lahore
BRITLITE ENGINEERING COMPANY 4 55 Karachi
Creative Engineering (Pvt.) Limited - Creative Engineering 6 80 Lahore
DESCON POWER SOLUTIONS (PVT.) LIMITED 4 38 Lahore
Electro Dynamic Works - Electro Dynamic Works (Puma) 5 200 Karachi
FAIZI INDUSTRIES PVT LTD 6 362 Lahore
G. A. SONS 2 6 Lahore
Hnr Company (Pvt.) Limited - Hnr Company 6 655 Lahore
INTERNATIONAL TRADING CORPORATION 4 25 Lahore
LONG LIFE TRANSFORMERS 6 10 Lahore
QUALITY BRANDS 1 50 Multan
SUN BIRD CORPORATION 6 1 Karachi
List of importing companies in Pakistan for the following product
Product category : Electrical industrial apparatus, and parts, nspf
33. PAKISTANCUSTOMSTARIFF2019-20PCT CODE DESCRIPTION CD %
85.32 Electrical capacitors, fixed, variable or adjustable (pre- set).
8532.1000 - Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a reactive 20
power handling capacity of not less than 0.5 kvar (power capacitors)
- Other fixed capacitors:
8532.2100 - - Tantalum 11
8532.2200 - - Aluminum electrolytic 20
8532.2300 - - Ceramic dielectric, single layer 11
8532.2400 - - Ceramic dielectric, multilayer 11
8532.2500 - - Dielectric of paper or plastics 20
8532.2900 - - Other 20
- Variable or adjustable (pre- set) capacitors:
8532.3090 - - - Other 20
- Parts:
8532.9010 - - - Capacitors decks of metal or plastic with terminals or connectors 11
8532.9020 - - - Capacitors terminals 11
34. Top 12 Global Supercapacitorand Ultra capacitorManufacturers
Company Country Founded Estimated Financing Revenue
1 Cellergy USA 2002 NA NA
2 Ioxus USA 2007 $160.1 Million NA
3 Maxwell Technologies USA 1965 NA $130.4 Million
4 Murata Manufacturing Japan 1944 NA NA
5 Nanoramic Laboratories USA 2008 $9 Million NA
6 Nec Tokin Japan 1938 NA $24.0 Billion
7 Nippon Chemi-Con Japan 1931 NA $1.02 Billion
8 Panasonic Japan NA $71.8 Billion
9 Paper Battery Company USA 2008 $5.7 Million NA
10 Skeleton Technologies Estonia 2009 $53.8 Million NA
11 Yunasko UK 2010 NA NA
12 ZapGo UK 2013 $18.2 Million NA
35. Conclusion
• This PPT argues that the super capacitor buffering of solar
energy (SOLARCAP) is a feasible foundation for future self-
sustainable field systems.
• Compared to the conventional battery-based energy storage,
SOLARCAP requires lower maintenance and it is much more
environmentally friendly.
• The super capacitors have relatively small energy storage
capacity.