- Television in India started as an experimental broadcast in 1959 and regular daily transmission began in 1965 as part of All India Radio. By the mid-1970s, only seven cities had television services. - In the early 1980s, there was only one national channel, Doordarshan, which was government owned. Private channels began in the late 1980s and cable television grew. - The television industry is large and growing, with revenue expected to reach INR 975 billion by 2019, driven by subscription and advertising growth. Digitalization of cable has expanded options and revenues.

1. TELEVISION

2. Television in India is a huge industry which has thousands of
programmes in many languages.
Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast
starting in Delhi on 15 Sept 1959 when UNESCO gave the Indian
government $20000 and 180 Phillips TV Sets.
The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India
Radio.
The television service was extended to Bombay & Amritsar in 1972. A
television centre was commissioned at Srinagar (Kashmir) and Amritsar
(Punjab) in 1973.
A relay centre i.e. a centre which received & passed the content was
opened in POONA (Maharashtra) on October 1973. Until 1975, only
seven Indian cities had television service.
Television services were separated from Radio in 1976 and National
telecasts were introduced in 1982.
Small screen programming started off in the early 1980’s. At that time
there was only one National channel ‘Doordarshan’ which was owned
by the Indian government.

3. For the first 17 years, broadcasting of television spread haltingly
and transmission was in ‘Black and White’.
The Ramayana & Mahabharata were the major TV serial products.
PAS-1 & PAS-4 are satellites whose transponders help in the
telecasting of DD programming in half the regions of the world.
An International Channel called DD International was started in
1995 and it telecasts programmes for 19 hours a day to foreign
countries via PAS-4 to Europe, Asia, & Africa and via PAS-1 to North
America.
The television industry in India is expecting to estimate at INR 475
billion in 2014 to INR 975 billion in 2019.
Subscription revenue growth at a annualised growth rate of 16 per
cent is expected to outpace the advertising revenue annualised
revenue growth of 14 per cent, on account of improvising
monetisation due to digitisation.

5. TELEVISION CHANNELS BY
GENRE
• SHOPPING
• SPORTS
• MUSIC
• GARDENING
• ENTERTAINMENT/
LIFESTYLE
• CHARITY
• ANIMAL/WILDLIFE
• NEWS
• DAILY SOAP
• KIDS
• TRAVELLING
• FASHION
• MOVIES
• MOVIES ON
DEMAND
• SCIENCE &
DISCOVERY

6. VARIOUS GENRES IN TELEVISION
PROGRAMMES:
• ANIAMTED SERIES
• ANIMATED SITCOM
• COMEDY DRAMA
• DAYTIME TELEVISION
• DRAMA
• EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION
• FANTACY TELEVISION
• FOOD REALITY TELEVISION
• GAME SHOW
• GENERALIST CHANNELS
• HORROR FICTION
• HISTORICAL PERIOD DRAMA
• PARTICIPATION TELEVISION
• POLITICAL DRAMA
• SOAP OPERA
• STUDENT QUIZ SHOW
• SUPERHERO TELEVISION
SERIES
• TALK SHOW
• TEEN DRAMA
• TELEVISION DOCUMENTRY
• THRILLER

8. DIFFERENT FORMATS OF
TELEVISION PROGRAMMES:
Many times while watching television we notice that some
programmes are a work of the directors imagination while others
appear to be real life experiences. Thus there are THREE broad formats
of television programmes.
FICTION PROGRAMMING.
NON-FICTION PROGRAMMING.
LIVE PROGRAMMING.
FICTION PROGRAMMING:
Almost all the fiction programmes that depend on imagination
& dramatization are meant for entertaining the audiences. Fictional
programmes include Daytime operas, Comedy Shows, Dramas, Motion
Pictures made for television including Mini Series (a multiple part
movie).

9. NON-FICTION PROGRAMMING:
The basic nonfictional or reality programmes includes Game
Shows, Talk Shows, News & Magazine Shows (exploration of new
stories in entertainment form).
LIVE TELEVISON PROGRAMMING:
Live Television Programming are restricted to Sports, Awards
Shows, News Coverage, & Several Daily Talk Shows.

10. TELEVISION CONTENT PRODUCTION
PROCESS
There are THREE main phases/ steps of Television Production
which are as follows:
PRE-PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
POST- PRODUCTION
PRE-PRODUCTION-
It involves generation of idea, research, scripting, discussions
with all new members & talent (actors), arranging equipment, video/
audio tapes, properties, costumes, set designing or location hunting,
booking of editing shift.
In Pre-Production process one needs to be clear with respect
to idea of what you want to make and how one wants the programme
to look like.

11. • PRODUCTION:
Stage where you are on the studio floor or on location and are
ready to shoot.
It includes managing all the facilities, handling to talent and
crew members, controlling the crowd, shooting without hurdles, and
solving any problem related on that spot at that time.
• POST-PRODUCTION-
Here final shape of programme is obtained. It includes cutting
the recorded visuals into approximate length, arranging the visuals in a
proper sequence, use of desired effects for the visuals or text/caption,
commentary recording, music/ song recording, & fisnal assembly of
the entire programme.

12. DISTRIBUTION OF TELEVISION
CONTENT:
The value chain in the distribution of television channels comprises the
broadcaster, the distribution platform operator, the last mile operator and
the end consumer.
The business of distribution of TV channels from the broadcaster to the
consumer has two levels - i) bulk or wholesale level - wherein the
distribution platform operator obtains the TV channels from the
broadcasters, and ii) retail level - where the distribution platform operator
offers these channels to the consumers, either directly or through the last
mile operator.
Amongst the distribution platform operators, the Direct to Home (DTH)
operator and the Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) operator serve the
consumer directly, while the Multi System Operator (MSO) and the
Headend in the Sky (HITS) operator generally serve the consumer through
its linked Local Cable Operator (LCO).
In the broadcasting and cable TV sector, TV channels are distributed by the
broadcasters themselves or through their authorized distribution agencies
to the distribution platforms viz cable TV, DTH, IPTV, HITS etc. Many such
agencies operate as authorised agents for more than one broadcaster.

13. After obtaining the distribution rights from one or more broadcasters,
such distribution agencies form bouquets, many of which also consist of
channels of one or more broadcasters. They publish Reference
Interconnect Offers (RIOs), negotiate the rates for these
bouquets/channels with operators of various distribution platforms and
enter into interconnection agreement(s) with them.
As on date, the distribution business of around 73% of the total pay TV
market, including high definition (HD) TV channels, is controlled by a few
authorised distribution agencies. These channels include almost all the
popular pay TV channels.
Many broadcasters, especially the larger ones, appoint authorised
distribution agencies as intermediaries. Many such agencies operate as
authorised agents for more than one broadcaster.

17. CABLE TV
 The TV distribution platforms in India are terrestrial (owned by
Doordarshan), cable, DTH and IPTV.
 The Indian TV distribution industry now comprises of 6000 Multi
System Operators (MSOs), around 60,000 Local Cable Operators
(LCOs), 7 DTH/ satellite TV operators and several IPTV service
providers.
 At one point of time, India had nearly 100,000 cable operators. The
industry was run by small operators.
 The emergence of large operators from Hinduja group (incablenet),
Zee group (Siticable), Asianet, Hathway (Raheja group) and RPG
group (RPG Netcom), who are now known as MSO (Multi System
Operators) changed the way in which the industry is run.
 But the MSOs are concentrated on the metros and major cities
only so far. The industry is in the hands of local cable TV operators
in the rural areas and small towns.

18.  The broadcasting business in India is primarily driven by two
sources of revenue – advertising and subscription. There are two
main types of broadcasting business models:
 a. Free to Air (FTA) channels which rely on advertising revenue as
their primary source of revenue, and thus are dependent on the
distribution supply chain only to ensure reach to their target
audience.
 b. Pay TV channels which have a dual source of income from both
subscription and advertisement. The channels need to ensure reach
not just to earn advertising revenue but are also dependent on the
distribution network to collect subscription revenue from the
consumer.
 The total revenue of the Indian television industry was estimated at
Rs. 25,700 crore in 2009, of which advertising accounts for Rs.8,800
crore (34%) and subscription accounts for Rs.16,900 crore (66%).
The average ARPU is Rs 165.

19. Whatis theDigitalisationof AnalogueCableSystem
Ordinance?
• The ordinance, passed by the Cabinet, makes mandatory the
digitisation of the distribution of TV signals by cable operators. TV
signals are distributed to households through various platforms such
as cable, direct-to-home (DTH), internet protocol TV (IPTV) and
headend-in-the-sky (HITS). Cable is the largest platform, followed by
DTH.
• DTH eliminates the need of an intermediary between the MSO and
the consumer. The consumers have to install a small satellite on their
rooftop and can download the signals transmitted by MSOs. A set-top
box decrypts the signals and viewers can watch channels of their
choice.
• The ordinance mandates that all cable TV households in metros will
have to be digitalised by March 2012 and in the rest of the country by
December 2014. This will necessitate conversion of analogue systems
into digital systems; consumers will have to install a set-top box.

20. Why DIGITISE everything?
• Analogue systems have several limitations. For one thing, it is
difficult to ascertain how many households are using cable
services.
• The actual number is known only to the local cable operators
who also work as bill collection agents. Telecom regulator
TRAI had mandated that revenues gathered by cable
operators should be split 45:30:25 among broadcasters, MSOs
and LCOs.
• According to a report by industry lobby FICCI and
management consultancy KPMG, in 2010, a total of Rs 19,400
crore was generated through subscription fee paid by
consumers but only around 20 per cent of this was declared
by cable operators.

22. DTHAverageRevenuePerUnit(ARPU)growthcontinues:
While subscriber addition for DTH separators was muted in 2014,
they had healthy revenue growth due to sustained increase in
ARPU.
According to industry discussions, DTH operators have seen an
ARPU increase of around 12 to 15 per cent in 2014.
The more promising trend is that DTH operators are able to
increase collections from customers by providing additional services
such as HD Channels, Premium Channels, and other Value Added
Services.
HD Adoption continues to drive ARPU growth for DTH players with
the average ARPU of a HD subscriber at 1.5 to 2x the ARPU of a
non-HD subscribers.
HD Adoption will continue to a key growth driver for DTH ARPU’s
over the next few years.

23. DTH Operators have a key advantage in monetising online viewers for
on demand content through their TV Everywhere APPS, given their
already existing payment relationships with subscription.
With Premium Subscription Channels, the idea of paying for better
content has been incubated among the subscription.
DTH operators have focused on increasing monetisation by providing
additional value to their subscribers either through innovative
services or STB’s, such as those with unlimited recording & 4K.

24. TOP CHANNELS IN
VARIOUS GENRES

25. ENTERTAINMENT
NAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE
STAR PLUS STAR INDIA GENERAL
LIFE OK STAR INDIA GENERAL
STAR UTSAV STAR INDIA RE-RUN
CHANNEL V STAR INDIA YOUTH
ZEE TV ZEE NETWORK GENERAL
ZEE ANMOL ZEE NETWORK RE-RUN
& TV ZEE NETWORK GENERAL
ZEE SMILE ZEE NETWORK RE-RUN
ZINDAGI ZEE NETWORK GENERAL
SONY TV MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE
LIMITED
GENERAL
SAB TV MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE
LIMITED
GENERAL
SONY PAL MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE
LIMITED
RE-RUN

26. NAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE
COLORS VIACOM 18 GENERAL
RISHTEY VIACOM 18 RE-RUN
MTV VIACOM 18 YOUTH
BINDASS UTV YOUTH
SAHARA ONE SAHARA ONE MEDIA AND
ENTERTINMENT LIMITED
GENERAL
DD INDIA DOORDARSHAN CULTURAL
DD BHARATI DOORDARSHAN CULTURAL
DD NATIONAL DOORDARSHAN CULTURAL

27. MOVIES
NAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE
SONY MAX MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE LIMITED MIX MOVIES
SONY MAX2 MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE LIMITED MIX MOVIES
ZEE CINEMA ZEE NETWORK MIX MOVIES
ZEE CLASSIC ZEE NETWORK GOLDEN ERA
& PICTURES ZEE NETWORK MIX MOVIES
STAR GOLD STAR INDIA MIX MOVIES
MOVIES OK STAR INDIA MIX MOVIES
B4U MOVIES B4U MIX MOVIES
UTV MOVIES UTV MIX MOVIES
UTV ACTION UTV ACTION MOVIES

28. NAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE
SAHARA SAHARA ONE MEDIA &
ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED
MIX MOVIES
ENTERR 10 MIX MOVIES
CINEMA TV SOFTLINE CREATIONS MIX MOVIES

29. MUSIC & BOLLYWOOD
NAME OWNER TYPE OF CHANNELS
9XM 9X MEDIA MUSIC
ZING ZEE NETWORK MUSIC
ZEE ETC
BOLLYWOOD
ZEE NETWORK BOLLYWOOD
SONY MIX MULTISCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE
LIMITED
MUSIC
MUSIC INDIA MEDIA WORLDWIDE PRIVATE LIMITED MUSIC
B4U MUSIC B4U MUSIC
E24 B.A.G FILMS AND MEDIA LIMITED BOLLYWOOD

30. NAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE
ZOOM THE TIMES GROUP BOLLYWOOD
M TUNES PIONEER CHANNEL
FACTORY PVT LIMITED
MUSIC
MASTII SRI ADHIKARI BROTHERS BOLLYWOOD & MUSIC
CHANNEL X PIONEER CHANNEL
FACTORY PVT LIMITED
MUSIC

31. KIDS ENTERTAINMENT
NAME OWNER
CARTOON NETWORK TURNER INTERNATIONAL INDIA PVT LTD
DISCOVERY KIDS DISCOVERY NETWORK
DISNEY CHANNEL WALT DISNEY INTERNATIONAL INDIA
DISNEY JUNIOR WALT DISNEY INTERNATIONAL INDIA
DISNEY XD WALT DISNEY INTERNATIONAL INDIA
HUNGAMA TV WALT DISNEY INTERNATIONAL INDIA
NICK VIACOM 18
POGO TV TURNER INTERNATIONAL INDIA PVT LTD

32. INFOTAINMENT {KNOWLEDGE}
NAME OWNER
ANIMAL PLANET DISCOVERY NETWORK
DISCOVERY CHANNEL DISCOVERY NETWORK
DISCOVERY SCIENCE DISCOVERY NETWORK
HISTORY TV18 A+E NETWORKS & TV18
NAT GEO PEOPLE FOX INTERNATIONAL
CHANNELS
NAT GEO WILD FOX INTERNATIOAL
CHANNELS
NATIONAL GEOGRAFIC
CHANNEL
FOX INTERNATIONAL
CHANNELS

33. INFOTAINMENT {LIFESTYLE &
HEALTH}
NAME OWNER
FASHION TV 24HR FASHION CHANNEL
FOX TRAVELLER FOX INTERANTIONAL
CHANNELS
LIVING FOODZ ZEE NETWORK
NDTV GOOD TIMES NDTV & KINGFISHER
TLC DISCOVERY NETWORK
TRAVEL XP CELEBRITIES
MANAGEMENT PRIVATE
LIMITED

34. INFOTAINMENT {NEWS}
NAME OWNER
ABP NEWS ABP GROUP
DD NEWS DOORDARSHAN
INDIA TV RAJAT SHARMA
NDTV INDIA NDTV TELEVISION LTD
NEWS 24 B.A.G FILMS & MEDIA LIMITED
ZEE NEWS ZEE NETWORK
ZEE BUSINESS ZEE NETWORK
LOK SABHA TV & RAJYA SABHA TV GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

35. SPORTS CHANNELS
NAME OWNER FREE/PAY CHANNEL
DD SPORTS DOORDARSHAN FREE TO AIR
NEO PRIME NIMBUS COMMUNICATION PAY CHANNEL
NEO SPORTS NIMBUS COMMUNICATION PAY CHANNEL
SONY SIX SET INDIA PVT. LTD. PAY CHANNEL
STAR SPORTS 1,2,3 & 4 STAR INDIA PAY CHANNELS
TEN ACTION TAJ TELEVISION PAY CHANNEL
TEN CRICKET TAJ TELEVISION PAY CHANNEL
TEN SPORTS TAJ TELEVISION PAY CHANNEL

36. REFERENCES AND SOURCES
FOR NOTES:
• www.indiatelecomonline.com
• www.indianexpress.com
• FICCI-KPGM 2015
FOR IMAGES:
• FICCI-KPGM 2015