Summary of topic 5.5
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This document discusses types and management of solid domestic waste. It provides charts showing the typical composition of solid waste, with kitchen waste and organics making up the largest percentages. It then outlines four main management strategies - reduce, reuse, recover, and dispose. Specific options under each strategy are described, such as recycling, composting, and incineration. Both landfill disposal and incineration are also discussed, noting problems with methane emissions, leachate contamination, and air pollutants from incineration. Key questions are provided at the end to evaluate the different waste management approaches.
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Mw pollution lope
Natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires, animals, and hurricanes all contribute to air pollution by releasing gases and particulates into the atmosphere. Man-made causes are the primary drivers of air pollution through activities like farming, construction, vehicular transportation, industries, refuse disposal, noise pollution, poor urban planning, and household activities. These human factors release a variety of exhausts, fumes, dust, and chemicals that damage the environment. The paper concludes by examining solutions to address the growing problem of air pollution.
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This document discusses various topics related to pollution management, including solid domestic waste, ozone depletion, urban air pollution, and acid deposition. It describes different methods for managing solid waste such as recycling, incineration, composting, and landfills. It also discusses how chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer and international efforts to reduce their use. The formation of urban air pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter from fossil fuel combustion is explained as well as their health impacts. Finally, the document covers how acid rain is formed from sulfur and nitrogen emissions and the harm it causes to plants, soil, and water.
102 weather
1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating between the equator and poles which causes global atmospheric circulation of air masses.
2. The Coriolis effect and centrifugal force cause these air masses to be deflected as they move, influencing wind patterns.
3. Areas of high and low pressure form as the air masses circulate, with high pressure bringing fair weather and low pressure often associated with stormy conditions and the meeting of different air masses.
4. Weather forecasting is limited by the inherent chaotic nature of atmospheric systems and small differences that are compounded over time.
Industries In LEDC's
The document discusses differences in employment structures between more economically developed countries (MEDC's) and less economically developed countries (LEDC's). It notes that many LEDC's still have economies dominated by agriculture, with over 50% of the workforce employed in primary industries. However, some LEDC's like Mexico, Brazil, South Korea and Malaysia have grown to become newly industrialized countries through substantial industrial growth, resulting in more employment in secondary and tertiary sectors.
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1. Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support. For humans, carrying capacity is difficult to determine due to variable resource use, technology, trade, and environmental impacts.
2. Some argue technology can continually expand human carrying capacity. Others argue technology only increases efficiency, not long-term capacity, which may decline due to environmental degradation.
3. Ecological footprint measures the land area required to sustain a population's resource use and waste, providing an estimate of human carrying capacity. Most developed nations have footprints exceeding a sustainable global share per person.
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Natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires, animals, and hurricanes all contribute to air pollution by releasing gases and particulates into the atmosphere. Man-made causes are the primary drivers of air pollution through activities like farming, construction, vehicular transportation, industries, refuse disposal, noise pollution, poor urban planning, and household activities. These human factors release a variety of exhausts, fumes, dust, and chemicals that damage the environment. The paper concludes by examining solutions to address the growing problem of air pollution.
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102 weather
1. Weather is driven by unequal solar heating between the equator and poles which causes global atmospheric circulation of air masses.
2. The Coriolis effect and centrifugal force cause these air masses to be deflected as they move, influencing wind patterns.
3. Areas of high and low pressure form as the air masses circulate, with high pressure bringing fair weather and low pressure often associated with stormy conditions and the meeting of different air masses.
4. Weather forecasting is limited by the inherent chaotic nature of atmospheric systems and small differences that are compounded over time.
Industries In LEDC's
The document discusses differences in employment structures between more economically developed countries (MEDC's) and less economically developed countries (LEDC's). It notes that many LEDC's still have economies dominated by agriculture, with over 50% of the workforce employed in primary industries. However, some LEDC's like Mexico, Brazil, South Korea and Malaysia have grown to become newly industrialized countries through substantial industrial growth, resulting in more employment in secondary and tertiary sectors.
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This document summarizes a presentation by Árni M. Mathiesen from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on food security and fisheries. It notes that 795 million people are undernourished globally and fish provide over 20% of animal protein for over 3 billion people. Fish are an important source of nutrition. The document also discusses employment in fisheries and aquaculture, global fish production and trade, challenges like illegal fishing and climate change impacts, and tools for fisheries management like the Port State Measures Agreement. It maps interactions between sustainable development goals including those related to oceans and highlights the importance of small-scale fisheries for food security, livelihoods, and poverty reduction.Eco footprint
1. Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support. For humans, carrying capacity is difficult to determine due to variable resource use, technology, trade, and environmental impacts.
2. Some argue technology can continually expand human carrying capacity. Others argue technology only increases efficiency, not long-term capacity, which may decline due to environmental degradation.
3. Ecological footprint measures the land area required to sustain a population's resource use and waste, providing an estimate of human carrying capacity. Most developed nations have footprints exceeding a sustainable global share per person.
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The document discusses the four phases of demographic transition that more developed countries experience as they industrialize:
Phase I is pre-industrial with high birth and death rates, stable population. Phase II is transitional with declining death rates but sustained high birth rates, causing population growth. Phase III is industrialization where birth rates decline to match lower death rates, stabilizing population. Phase IV is post-industrial with lower birth rates than death rates, causing population decline and problems with fewer workers.
Resources natural capital
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Natural capital refers to natural resources that provide value to humans. Natural income is the growth or yield of natural capital over time, such as agricultural harvests, timber growth, or herd increases. For a resource to be used sustainably, only the natural income should be harvested, not the original stock, so that the resource is not depleted. The concept of sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising the environment and resources for future generations. However, defining and achieving sustainability can be debated, as views differ on how to balance environmental protection with economic interests.
Environmental value systems
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Demographic Transition Model
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes how birth and death rates change as countries develop economically and socially. The DTM outlines 4 stages of population growth: 1) high birth and death rates with steady population, 2) declining death rate leads to rapid growth, 3) birth rate declines as well but growth remains high, and 4) birth and death rates stabilize with low growth. Reasons for changes include improvements to healthcare, sanitation, women's status and family planning.
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The document discusses various topics related to population dynamics, including:
1. Characteristics of populations such as population density, dispersion, growth, and carrying capacity.
2. Factors that influence population growth such as resources, reproductive strategies, and population cycles.
3. Models of human population growth including the demographic transition model.
4. Challenges facing developing countries in slowing population growth.
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Water resources
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful for various human uses. Virtually all human uses require fresh water, but only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh, and over two thirds of that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. As the global population rises, water demand is exceeding supply in many areas, so there is increasing scarcity of accessible, clean fresh water. The major sources of fresh water are surface water, groundwater, and frozen water. Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental purposes.
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This document discusses solid domestic waste management. It notes that solid domestic waste composition varies by location and time. Common waste types include kitchen waste, garden waste, paper, and packaging. Problems with waste disposal include landfills producing methane and leachates, while incineration releases pollutants. Management strategies encourage reducing waste production, reusing materials, recycling, composting, and proper disposal. Recycling and composting reduce environmental impacts but not all recycling is ethical. Incineration reduces landfill waste but produces air pollution.
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The document discusses principles of sustainable resource management and the waste and recycling industry. It covers three main learning outcomes: understanding the purpose of the industry, the flow of waste materials, and waste minimization. Some key points include that the UK generates around 290 million tonnes of waste annually, contributing to environmental damage and costs. The waste and recycling industry helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions from landfills and incineration. The document also outlines recycling and landfill diversion targets, and different activities within the industry such as collection, sorting, and disposal methods.
Disposal
This document discusses various aspects of municipal solid waste management including disposal methods, landfill criteria, and recycling. It provides details on:
- The four main methods for managing municipal solid waste: materials recovery, energy recovery, bioconversion, and landfilling.
- Key criteria for selecting and managing landfill sites, including accessibility, buffer zones, groundwater levels, and restricting public access.
- Standard processes for managing waste including incineration, composting, and landfilling as well as recycling programs for materials like newspapers.
- Benefits of reducing waste such as conserving resources, reducing energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions.
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This document discusses the human population challenge from the "Population Bomb" concerns to current worries about a "demographic crisis". It provides global and US population statistics from 1990 to 2010. It also discusses key demographic terms and concepts like total fertility rate, replacement-level fertility, age structure histograms, and components of population change. While some warn of overpopulation, others warn of a crisis due to aging populations in countries with low birth rates. However, the document argues that characterizing population stabilization as a crisis is misleading given constraints on continuous growth. Overall population growth and its social and environmental impacts present complex challenges that defy simplistic analysis.
Demographic Transition
The document discusses the four phases of demographic transition that more developed countries experience as they industrialize:
Phase I is pre-industrial with high birth and death rates, stable population. Phase II is transitional with declining death rates but sustained high birth rates, causing population growth. Phase III is industrialization where birth rates decline to match lower death rates, stabilizing population. Phase IV is post-industrial with lower birth rates than death rates, causing population decline and problems with fewer workers.
Resources natural capital
Natural capital refers to ecosystems that provide valuable goods and services. Forests provide timber but also protect from flooding, while tropical seas provide fish but also support tourism. Resources are classified as renewable if replenished at harvest rate, replenishable if replenished by solar energy, and non-renewable if not replenished within the timescale used. What is considered a resource changes over time and depends on economic and supply factors. Assessing sustainability requires considering whether capital is depleted to support a system.
Iucn red list
The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and publishes its assessments. Major goals are to convey the urgency of conservation and provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity. Key findings from assessments over the years have shown increasing numbers of threatened species, including many moving into critically endangered categories. Major taxonomic groups like corals, amphibians, and mammals are particularly at risk.
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Natural capital refers to natural resources that provide value to humans. Natural income is the growth or yield of natural capital over time, such as agricultural harvests, timber growth, or herd increases. For a resource to be used sustainably, only the natural income should be harvested, not the original stock, so that the resource is not depleted. The concept of sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising the environment and resources for future generations. However, defining and achieving sustainability can be debated, as views differ on how to balance environmental protection with economic interests.
Environmental value systems
An environmental value system shapes how individuals and groups perceive and evaluate environmental issues. Historical events like pollution disasters and activist campaigns have influenced different value systems over time. Societies have developed varying value systems, such as First Nation Americans emphasizing environmental communion versus European pioneers prioritizing exploitation. Communist societies struggled with resource overuse while capitalist societies balanced profit and environmental protection. Buddhist views separation of humans and nature, while Judaeo-Christian beliefs debate domination versus stewardship of the Earth. Personal characteristics and social influences also shape individual environmental values.
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The document discusses natural capital and the natural capital approach to environmental decision making. It provides background on natural capital, outlines some of the work that has been done so far including developing natural capital accounts, and discusses some issues and ideas for the future, including focusing on priority decisions and the dangers of excessive monetization given limitations in valuing ecosystem services. If the natural capital approach leads to improved decision making, better reporting, demonstrating societal value, and understanding new markets, it could help prioritize investments in natural capital assets most at risk. However, more work is still needed.
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
Aquaculture involves farming aquatic animals and plants in controlled environments. There are several types of aquaculture including freshwater, brackish water, and intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive systems. Proper water quality monitoring and fertilization are important to maintain a healthy environment for growth. Common aquaculture activities include culturing fish, prawns, and shellfish through various stages from hatcheries to harvest.
Demographic Transition Model
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes how birth and death rates change as countries develop economically and socially. The DTM outlines 4 stages of population growth: 1) high birth and death rates with steady population, 2) declining death rate leads to rapid growth, 3) birth rate declines as well but growth remains high, and 4) birth and death rates stabilize with low growth. Reasons for changes include improvements to healthcare, sanitation, women's status and family planning.
Hydrological Cycle (Water Cycle)
The hydrological cycle is the system which describes the distribution and movement of water between the earth and its atmosphere. The model involves the continual circulation of water between the oceans, the atmosphere, vegetation and land.
Unfccc, kyoto protocol, montreal protocol, pollution, international conventio...
The document summarizes the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Montreal Protocol. The UNFCCC is a 1992 treaty aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It lacks enforcement but established a framework for negotiating protocols like Kyoto. Kyoto set binding emissions reduction targets for developed nations from 2008-2012. The Montreal Protocol is a 1987 agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and reduce global warming.
Human Population Dynamics
The document discusses various topics related to population dynamics, including:
1. Characteristics of populations such as population density, dispersion, growth, and carrying capacity.
2. Factors that influence population growth such as resources, reproductive strategies, and population cycles.
3. Models of human population growth including the demographic transition model.
4. Challenges facing developing countries in slowing population growth.
Chapter 15 – water quality and pollution
The document discusses various types of water pollution including chemical, thermal, radioactive, sediments, and sewage. The largest sources of water pollution are agricultural runoff and sewage. Developing countries often lack proper sewage treatment facilities. Water pollution has been an issue for centuries but legislation and enforcement have been weak, allowing the problem to continue. The top source of water pollution in North Carolina is stormwater runoff carrying various pollutants. Solutions include limiting development near waterways and preserving wetlands to naturally filter water.
El nino and La nina
El Niño and La Niña are climate patterns characterized by fluctuations in sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. During El Niño, warm water shifts eastward, suppressing coastal upwelling and reducing nutrients. La Niña has the opposite effect, with stronger trade winds pushing warm water westward and enhancing coastal upwelling and nutrients. These changes impact global weather patterns and ocean productivity.
Fifth Assessment Report - Working Group III
The document summarizes the Working Group III contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on mitigation of climate change. It describes the extensive work that went into the report, including 235 authors, over 800 reviewers, and close to 10,000 references. The report found that greenhouse gas emissions have grown significantly in recent decades despite reduction efforts. Effective mitigation will require substantial technological and economic changes across all sectors on a global scale, as well as significant international cooperation.
Water resources
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful for various human uses. Virtually all human uses require fresh water, but only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh, and over two thirds of that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. As the global population rises, water demand is exceeding supply in many areas, so there is increasing scarcity of accessible, clean fresh water. The major sources of fresh water are surface water, groundwater, and frozen water. Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental purposes.
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Summary of topic 8.3
This document discusses solid domestic waste management. It notes that solid domestic waste composition varies by location and time. Common waste types include kitchen waste, garden waste, paper, and packaging. Problems with waste disposal include landfills producing methane and leachates, while incineration releases pollutants. Management strategies encourage reducing waste production, reusing materials, recycling, composting, and proper disposal. Recycling and composting reduce environmental impacts but not all recycling is ethical. Incineration reduces landfill waste but produces air pollution.
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This document provides an introduction to waste-to-energy technologies. It discusses various types of solid waste including municipal and hazardous waste. It describes established waste treatment methods like composting, incineration, and landfills. Newer technologies like plasma gasification are introduced. The document also addresses environmental concerns associated with waste treatment and discusses methods like waste burning and methane capture in more detail.
Unit 209 Principles of the Waste & Recycling Industry
The document discusses principles of sustainable resource management and the waste and recycling industry. It covers three main learning outcomes: understanding the purpose of the industry, the flow of waste materials, and waste minimization. Some key points include that the UK generates around 290 million tonnes of waste annually, contributing to environmental damage and costs. The waste and recycling industry helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions from landfills and incineration. The document also outlines recycling and landfill diversion targets, and different activities within the industry such as collection, sorting, and disposal methods.
Disposal
This document discusses various aspects of municipal solid waste management including disposal methods, landfill criteria, and recycling. It provides details on:
- The four main methods for managing municipal solid waste: materials recovery, energy recovery, bioconversion, and landfilling.
- Key criteria for selecting and managing landfill sites, including accessibility, buffer zones, groundwater levels, and restricting public access.
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- Benefits of reducing waste such as conserving resources, reducing energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions.
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The document discusses integrated green technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It describes an automated waste collection system and various MSW thermo-chemical conversion technologies, including recycling, combustion, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and advanced thermal gasification. Incineration can generate energy from MSW but requires effective pollution controls. Emerging technologies like gasification and pyrolysis produce syngas and oils while advanced thermal gasification vitrifies waste into inert materials. Overall, thermal conversion technologies allow for more sustainable MSW management compared to landfilling but require further commercialization and environmental assessment.
Waste! Is it really a problem?
The document discusses the problem of waste production in the UK. It states that the UK produces around 400 million tonnes of waste per year, which would fill London's Albert Hall in under two hours. Most of this waste ends up in landfills or is incinerated, despite efforts to increase recycling rates. The document advocates following the waste hierarchy of reduce, reuse, and recycle to help address the problem of excessive waste.
Air Pollution.pptx
Air pollution occurs when gases, particles, or liquids are released into the atmosphere in amounts that exceed natural levels and cause harm. There are two types - outdoor pollution from sources like vehicles, industry, and indoor pollution from activities like cooking or smoking. Major sources include mobile sources, stationary sources, natural sources, and area sources. The six main criteria pollutants designated by the EPA are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and lead. Common activities and industries that contribute to air pollution include combustion of fossil fuels, waste incineration, agriculture, and deforestation.
sustainability development problem
This document discusses waste management and air pollution from poor waste disposal. It is a project from engineering students focusing on domestic waste. The introduction defines sustainable development and air pollution. Poor waste management like open burning can cause air pollution issues. The challenges of increasing waste amounts, limited landfill space, and difficulties with incineration are discussed. Suggested solutions include waste hierarchy approaches like recycling and incineration used in Europe, as well as emerging technologies like gasification. Ocean dumping and unethical disposal methods are also addressed.
Solid waste
The document discusses different types of solid waste and methods for managing waste. It defines municipal solid waste and hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is dangerous to human health or the environment due to properties like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity. The US generates a large amount of total and toxic waste. Management methods include sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, recycling and waste reduction. Recycling programs in the US have increased and help reduce environmental impacts and conserve natural resources.
Waste Management Methods.pptx
The document discusses various aspects of waste management. It defines waste management as all activities related to managing waste from generation to disposal. This includes collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste along with monitoring and regulation. It discusses the concepts of reduce, reuse and recycle in modern waste management approaches. Various methods of waste disposal like landfills and incineration are also explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. Environmental and economic impacts of waste as well as steps individuals can take to reduce waste are highlighted.
Ch21 a
Solid and hazardous wastes are generated from industrial and municipal sources. Common methods of disposing solid waste include open dumping and sanitary landfills. Sanitary landfills are regulated facilities that spread waste out daily, cover it with soil or plastic, and include liners and monitoring systems. However, they still produce greenhouse gases and liquid leaks. Reducing waste through reducing consumption, reuse, and recycling programs decreases environmental impacts. Recycling has benefits like lowering emissions and pollution but requires infrastructure.
REVISED APES solid and hazardous waste unit ppt
This document discusses different types of solid waste and hazardous waste, as well as methods for handling waste. It begins by defining solid waste and hazardous waste. It then discusses the different types of industrial, municipal, and hazardous waste produced. The document also covers various methods for handling waste, including waste management through recycling and composting, as well as waste reduction through reuse and prevention strategies. It notes the environmental and economic impacts of different waste handling methods.
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Unit 209 Principles of the Waste & Recycling Industry
Unit 209 Principles of the Waste & Recycling Industry
Unit 209 Principles of Waste and Recycling Industry
Unit 209 Principles of Waste and Recycling Industry
More from Michael Smith
Summary of topic 7.3
This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation. It defines mitigation as actions to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, such as reducing energy consumption, using renewable energy sources, and reducing deforestation. Geoengineering techniques are also mentioned. Adaptation refers to accepting climate impacts and changing lifestyles accordingly, for example through flood prevention infrastructure, relocating communities threatened by rising seas, and altering agricultural practices as climates shift. The Kyoto Protocol established emissions targets among signatories to mitigate climate change.
Summary of topic 2.5
This document discusses various methods for measuring biotic factors and biodiversity in ecosystems, including:
- Species richness, which counts the number of different species. Biodiversity combines species richness with the relative abundance of individuals of each species.
- Population size can be estimated by throwing quadrats and extrapolating from the counts. Simpson's Diversity Index provides a single number measurement of biodiversity.
- Other metrics like abundance, density, frequency, and biomass provide additional information about populations and communities.
- For mobile species, mark-recapture methods like the Lincoln Index can estimate population size over time.
- Alternative approaches include chemical fogging to sample canopy insects, though ethics must be
Summary of topic 2.4
1. Biomes are determined by factors like temperature, rainfall, and sunlight which affect photosynthesis and net primary productivity. Different biomes like tropical rainforests, savannas, and tundra support characteristic plant life adapted to their climate.
2. Succession over time and zonation over environmental gradients cause changes in plant communities. Early successional "pioneer" species establish first, followed by later successional species that outcompete pioneers. Eventually a stable "climax" community develops.
3. Human impacts like deforestation and grazing can interrupt succession, maintaining early successional "plagioclimax" communities
Topic 4
This document contains topics and questions about water and aquatic food production systems. It includes definitions for terms like turnover time, hydrological flows, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and more. It also outlines how interception loss and evaporation rates vary and defines advection. There are sections about the relationship between human activities and their impacts on water systems, the role of salinity, temperature, and density in ocean circulation, and how access to fresh water varies globally and may be influenced by climate change. Diagrams are requested on the global water stores, hydrological cycle, and ocean circulation system.
Topic 7
This document outlines key topics related to climate change and energy production including definitions of terms like fossil fuels and renewable fuels. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources such as fossil fuels, fracking, renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, tidal, solar, wind, and biofuels. The document also covers global energy consumption patterns, factors influencing energy security and supply, and case studies on topics like the Arctic and energy conservation. Finally, it outlines climate change effects, evidence, and strategies for mitigation and adaptation.
Topic 8
This document provides an overview of key topics related to human systems and resource use, including:
1. Definitions of terms like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and natural increase.
2. Factors that influence population growth and birth rates, such as education, standard of living, and economic prosperity.
3. Models for population growth and carrying capacity, and how concepts like ecological footprints are measured.
4. Challenges of resource management and waste, including mismanagement of renewable and non-renewable resources and problems with landfills and electronic waste.
5. Strategies for more sustainable management of issues like population growth and solid domestic waste.
Topic 2
This document covers topics related to ecology, including niches, species, habitats, populations, communities, ecosystems, energy and matter cycles, succession, and human impacts. It defines key terms, outlines concepts, and asks questions about topics such as limiting factors, population growth curves, pyramids of numbers/biomass/productivity, photosynthesis, respiration, primary/secondary productivity, carbon/nitrogen/nutrient cycles, pioneer/climax communities, r- and K- selection, and pollutants. Methods for studying ecosystems such as measuring population size, biomass, and productivity are also outlined.
Topic 1
The document outlines key topics in environmental studies including:
1. The history of the environmental movement and the role of environmental disasters, media, international agreements, and technology.
2. Environmental value systems including technocentric, ecocentric, and anthropocentric views and examples of societies with contrasting systems.
3. Concepts in ecology including open/closed/isolated systems, equilibrium, resilience, diversity, and pollution.
4. Specific issues like acid rain, fossil fuel use, water demand, DDT, and approaches to pollution management.
Topic 5
1. The document discusses topics related to soil systems, terrestrial food production systems, and their impact on societies. It covers concepts like soil profiles, ecosystem services provided by soil, and factors that influence agricultural potential and limit plant growth.
2. The document also discusses topics like agribusiness, factors leading to unsustainable food production, and ways to increase sustainability. It outlines issues like decreasing land for agriculture, impacts of different farming methods, and soil conservation measures.
3. Additional topics covered include food waste, shifting cultivation practices, reasons for inequalities in global food supply, and the role of organic matter and animals in maintaining soil fertility.
Topic 6
This document outlines topics related to atmospheric systems and societies, including changes to atmospheric composition over time, the layers and composition of the atmosphere, greenhouse gases, the natural and enhanced greenhouse effect, how human activities alter the atmosphere, cloud formation, ozone formation and depletion, photochemical smog formation, acid deposition formation, and management of issues like ozone depletion, smog, and acid deposition. Diagrams and definitions are provided for many of the atmospheric concepts. International and national organization efforts to reduce ozone depleting substances are also discussed.
Topic 3
This document defines key terms related to biodiversity such as genetic diversity, species diversity, habitat diversity, and species richness and evenness. It also defines evolution, natural selection, speciation, and reproductive isolation. Additionally, it outlines the role of plate tectonics and isolation in forming new species, examples of mass extinctions, and the mechanism of natural selection. Finally, it discusses threats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction and loss, sustainable development versus conservation, and strategies for conserving biodiversity including habitat and species approaches.
Summary of topic 2.2
This document discusses the structure and energy flow within ecosystems. It describes the three main biotic components - producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers like plants perform photosynthesis to produce food, while consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients. The document also discusses food webs, energy flow through ecosystems via photosynthesis and respiration, and how sunlight is the main source of energy but deep-sea vent communities use chemosynthesis. It notes the inefficiencies of energy transfer between trophic levels and how energy is eventually lost as heat.
Summary of topic 2.1
There are three types of ecological pyramids: number, biomass, and productivity. The pyramid of productivity is most useful as it represents the flow of biomass or energy over time rather than just a snapshot. Top predators are most at risk from toxic pollutants due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification. DDT and mercury pollution caused severe environmental and health impacts by biomagnifying up food chains. Population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism are examples of biotic factors that influence populations and communities.
Summary of topic 2.3
This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Maximum NPP values are listed for different biomes.
Summary of topic 2.3
This document discusses energy flow and matter cycling in ecosystems. It explains that only a small portion (around 0.06%) of the sun's energy is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Primary productivity is the gain in biomass by producers, while secondary productivity is the gain by heterotrophs. Gross productivity does not account for energy losses from respiration, while net productivity does. Formulas are provided to calculate net primary productivity (NPP) and net secondary productivity (NSP). The carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are also summarized. Sample calculations are provided to illustrate NPP and NSP values. Biomes are compared in terms of their mean NPP.
Summary of topic 6.4
Acid rain is caused by NOx and SOx emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels which react with water vapor and oxygen in the air to form acids. These acids can fall to earth long distances from the source as wet or dry deposition, damaging lakes and forests. Lakes experience decreased biodiversity and fish mortality while forests show needle loss, inhibited growth, and increased soil acidity. Management strategies include reducing emissions through cleaner fuels and regulations, adding neutralizing agents to smokestacks, and remediating ecosystems. However, regulations are costly to implement and maintain, and international agreements are difficult to enforce.
Summary of topic 6.3
The document discusses photochemical smog and tropospheric ozone. It explains that (1) emissions from burning fossil fuels and deforestation produce pollutants like NOx and VOCs that react with sunlight to form ozone in the troposphere. (2) High temperatures and concentrations of these pollutants near the equator exacerbate ozone formation. (3) Photochemical smog results from a mixture of ozone, NOx and VOCs in cities without wind dispersing the pollutants. It causes eye, skin and respiratory irritation in humans and damage to plants. Management strategies aim to reduce vehicle use and encourage public transport to lessen emissions.
Summary of topic 6.2
The document discusses stratospheric ozone and its depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It explains that ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet light and protects life from its harmful effects. CFCs were used widely but break down ozone when they reach the stratosphere. This led to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985. Increased UV radiation can cause skin cancer, eye damage and lower crop yields. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have phased out CFC use, reducing ozone depletion, though some developing nations still use CFCs and a black market exists.
Summary of topic 6.1
The document discusses the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argon. The atmosphere is divided into layers based on altitude and temperature. The troposphere, located closest to the surface, is where weather occurs and contains the majority of the atmosphere's mass, water vapor, and dust. It is also where most human pollution accumulates and affects climate change through increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
Summary of topic 8.4
This document discusses human population carrying capacity and factors that influence it. It notes that while the concept of carrying capacity applies to other species, it is difficult to define for human populations due to variables like technology, resource use, and trade. The document also summarizes Malthusian and Boserup theories on population growth and food production. It introduces the concept of ecological footprint and compares footprints of different countries. Finally, it discusses environmental value systems and perspectives like ecocentrism, technocentrism, and anthropocentrism.
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Summary of topic 5.5
- 1. Topic 5 Pollution Management 5.5 Solid domestic waste http://edroness.blogspot.mx/2013/ 12/the-story-of-stuff.html
- 2. Types of Solid Domestic Waste disposable nappies, 3% paper, 1% packaging, 4% textiles, 4% soil, 4% garden scrap metal, 6% waste, 25% furniture, 6% wood, 6% glass, 9% household sweepings, 11% kitchen waste, 21%
- 3. Percentage Composition of Waste Country Organics Paper Glass Metals Plastics Textiles Other Belgium 43 28 9 4 7 9 0 Denmark 37 30 6 3 7 18 0 Germany 32 24 8 5 9 0 22 France 21 27 7 4 11 2 28 Greece 49 20 5 4 9 13 0 Ireland 42 15 6 4 11 8 14 Italy 32 27 8 4 7 3 19 Luxembourg 41 16 4 3 8 3 25 Netherlands 39 25 8 5 8 15 0 Portugal 39 20 4 2 9 5 21 Spain 44 21 7 4 11 5 8
- 4. Disposable Nappies (Diapers) • One of the most problematic types of domestic waste • Made of resistant plastics • Also contain faeces and urine which may carry disease • Approx. 3 billion kg disposed of to landfills in the US per year • It takes about 500 years for one nappy to break down completely
- 5. Management Strategies 1. Reduce o o Producers can consider expanding lifespan of goods and reducing packaging Consumers can demand or use less packaging 2. Reuse o o o Use of refillable bottles – e.g. garafons Refurbishment of used products Donation of used items for resale (charity shops) 3. Recover o o o Recycling Composting Incineration to collect heat 4. Dispose o Landfill
- 6. Management Strategies • Recycling – Reduces pressure on landfill sites – Reduces mining, use of oil to produce plastics and transportation of new goods – Not all recycling companies are ethical and many materials are simply exported (in 2015, 410 000 tonnes of plastic were collected for recycling; approx 57% was exported to Asia) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3fOLL10yxY
- 7. Management Strategies • Composting – The recycling of organic material to produce nutrient-rich soil – May divert approx. 30% of total household waste from landfill – Introduces beneficial microorganisms to the soil – Helps to reduce leaching of nutrients and problems of eutrophication (increasing amounts of sewage sludge are now being composted worldwide) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eXRfynD-M8
- 8. Management Strategies • Incineration – Combustion of waste (organic and inorganic) – Produces ash, flue gases and heat – Heat can be used to produce electricity – Ash is sometimes used to produce paving slabs, bricks or road fill – Reduces the amount of waste which is sent to landfill – Reduces harmfulness of wastes which might otherwise go to landfill – e.g. hospital waste – Produces polluting gases including CO2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhJRuiEId9Y
- 9. Disposal Problems • Landfill Disposal – Biodegradation of organics in landfills produces methane (explosive and greenhouse gas) – This may also biodegrade to CO2 – Leachates may contaminate rivers and groundwater, causing eutrophication – Punishments for not collecting animal poo (sealing landfills causes increased methane production – Cause local problems of noise, smell and vermin
- 10. Disposal Problems • Incineration – Many waste gases produced – CO2, SOx, NOx, Cl2, dioxins – These lead to indirect problems such as acid rain, smog, global warming, lung diseases etc. – Large amounts of road traffic, producing more greenhouse gases, fuel use, noise etc. Ukranian politician Viktor Yushchenko before and after dioxin poisoning
- 11. Questions 1. Describe the different types of domestic solid waste 2. Describe and evaluate different pollution management strategies for domestic solid waste disposal 3. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of disposal to landfill 4. Evaluate the advantages and disadvatages of disposal by incineration