Presentation delivered by Árni M. Mathiesen, ADG, FI

1. Food Security and Fisheries:
Major issues
For the Diplomatic Education and training center
Mid career course
Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, Rome, Italy
Thursday, 2 March 2017
Presentation by Árni M. Mathiesen
Assistant Director-General
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

2.  795 million people estimated to be undernourished in 2014–16, down 100 million in the
last decade.
 The vast majority, 780 million, live in developing countries.
Hunger

3. Share of fish in animal protein
• >20% for more than 3 billion people
• >50% in many developing countries:
Cambodia (69%)
Maldives (67%)
Sierra Leone (65%)
Gambia (57%)
Bangladesh (56%)
Indonesia (55%0
Sri Lanka(54%),
Ghana (50%)

4. A source of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Important for optimal brain and neural system
development in children (1000 day window!)
Lowers the risk of coronary heart disease related
(CHD) mortality.
A daily intake of 250 mg of EPA and DHA per adult gives
optimal protection against CHD.
At least two meals of fish a week!
Fish and Nutrition

5. 56 million people are engaged in capture
fisheries and aquaculture production,
however the whole supply chain…
Employment and Livelihoods

6. • .
OECD-FAO Fish Model Projections (2025)
Source: OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016-2025
Countries/regions ranked by per capita fish consumption in 2013-15 average.
Countries/regions with declined per capita fish consumption highlighted in red.
WB-FAO-IFPRI Fish to 2030 Projections
Source: World Bank Report on Fish to 2030 (Table 3.7).
Countries/regions ranked by per capita fish consumption in 2006.
Countries/regions with declined per capita fish consumption highlighted in red
Country/
region
Fish Demand (2030)
Total fish
prod.
(2012, mil.
tonne)
S-D
gap
2030
(col. 4
minus
col. 3)
kg/cap.
Total
(mil.
tonne)
WORLD
29.1 261.2 156.5
-104.7
S.S. Africa
10.8 15.1 6.9
-8.2
L.A. & C.
12.2 18.3 14.8
-3.4
N. Africa
12.9 3.7 2.8
-0.8
Europe
27.3 23.4 16.0
-7.4
N. America
29.8 12.9 6.7
-6.1
Oceania
31.9 1.8 1.4
-0.3
Asia
37.0 186.3 107.8
-78.5
Future fish supply and demand projections
FAO/FI Fish Supply-Demand Gap Projections
Source: Estimation of FI/FAO (preliminary results)
Main assumptions: 1) Per capita fish demand affected by income growth. 2)
Fish price unchanged. 3) Preference over fish unchanged
49.1
47.2
31.7
24.3
26.4
22.2
16.7
12.2
9.1
6.7
21.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Japan
China
Australia and New Zealand
North America
Asia and Oceania dev.ing
Europe
Northern Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
Sub-Saharan Africa
India
WORLD
2025

7. Fish production and utilization
Fish production
(million tonnes live weight) Per capita fish supply (kg)
Excluding aquatic plants. 2014/2015: estimates/forecast
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016
Non-food uses
Capture for human consumption
Aquaculture for human consumption
Per capita food fish supply
Excluding aquatic plants. 2015: estimate; 2016 forecast

8. Capturefisheriesproduction
million tonnes live weight
2014
Including aquatic plants
0
20
40
60
80
100
1950 1958 1966 1974 1982 1990 1998 2006 2014
Inland waters
Marine areas
Freshwater
fishes
11%
Diadromou
s fishes
2%
Marine
fishes
70%
Crustaceans
7%
Molluscs
8%
Miscellane
ous aquatic
animals
1%
Aquatic
plants
1%

9. State of World Marine Fish Stocks

10. Effects of Climate Change

11. million tonnes live weight
Including aquatic plants
Aquaculture production
2014
Freshwater
fishes
42%
Diadromous
fishes
5%
Marine fishes
2%
Crustaceans
7%
Molluscs
16%
Miscellaneous
aquatic
animals
1%
Aquatic
plants
27%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1950 1958 1966 1974 1982 1990 1998 2006 2014
Brackishwater
Freshwater
Marine

12. 0
5
10
15
20
25
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Kgpercapitaperyear
USDbillion
World seafood exports World seafood consumption
Linear (World seafood exports) Linear (World seafood consumption)
Globalization in a graph: world seafood exports
vs world average seafood consumption 1976 to 2014

13. International instruments for fisheries conservation,
management and governance
UNCLOS (1982)
UN Fish Stocks Agreement (1995) FAO Port State Measures
Agreement (2009)
FAO Compliance Agreement (1993)
FAO Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries (1995)
International Plans of Action
Sharks, Seabirds, Capacity, IUU
(1999-2001)
Strategies on information
STF, STA
(2003-2008)
International Guidelines
FSP, SSF, BC/DC, DSF
(2009-2014)

14. Blue Growth - definition
• Sustainable growth and
development from economic
activities in oceans and other
aquatic systems
• Minimizes environmental
degradation, biodiversity loss and
unsustainable use of resources
• Maximizes economic and social
benefits
AIM - Promote sustainable use and
conservation of aquatic renewable
resources

15. How the
Blue Growth
Initiative works

16. TheSSFGuidelinesaddressesbothfisheriesandsustainable
development
Sustainable resource utilization/stewardship and secure rights
to fishery resources and land and the ability to benefit from
them for SSF communities
Social development dimension of SSF livelihoods (e.g. access
to social services, need for equality and equity), employment
and incomes, and fair and decent working conditions
The postharvest sector and trade and consideration of the
whole value chain
Importance of gender and the need to promote equality and
equity
Vulnerabilities of small-scale fishing communities in the context
of disaster risks and climate change

17. Small Scale Fisheries in Developing Countries
> 50% of the total catch
> 90% of the workers
Almost always marginalized and in many cases the poorest of the poorest in their
countries.
What possibilities do they have to improve their fisheries management? With help
they can?
- What happens when you attempt to improve a fishery?
- Fishing effort is reduced. Fishermen are left on the beach.
- Total community income is reduced. The population suffers.
17

18. BLUE COMMUNITIES
–
A blue print for action
Sustainable
fisheries
management
(e.g. reduction of
overcapacity)
Increased value of
the product
(e.g. value addition,
reduced losses, value
chain income
internalization for
communities )
Diversified
livelihoods
(e.g. aquaculture,
payments for
environmental
services)
Investment in SSF
(e.g. small-medium
enterprise
development)
Secure tenure rights
for land and
fisheries resources
Social protection
for the transition
period
ALL
of these
elements have
to be
addressed to
ensure fair
benefit sharing
for small-scale
fisheries and
their full
contribution to
food security
and poverty
eradication

19. 2009 FAO Agreement on Port State Measures (PSMA)
+ Global Record of Fishing Vessel, Refrigerated
Transport Vessels and Supply Vessels
PSMA
Who: 42 Parties (including EU) at 13/02/2017
When: entered into force 5 June 2016
What: minimum set of standard procedures, measures and actions to be applied by Port States
How: prevents foreign IUU fishing vessels from using ports and landing catches
reduces incentives to continue to operate
blocks IUU fishery products from reaching national, international markets
With support from
Global Record: provides information on vessels used for fishing and fishing-related activities
But
PSMA Parties need:
• implementation strategies with policy, legal and institutional frameworks
• operational mechanisms with sufficient human & financial resources.
PSMA Article 21 & funding mechanisms:
• developing States will be better placed to combat IUU fishing

20. Global
Record
PSMA: Requirements & Operations
Global
Record

21. Nilsson, M., Griggs, D., Visbeck, M. 2016. Map the interactions between SDG’s, Nature, 534.
SDG14
AMONGSTOTHERSDGS

22. Nilsson, M., Griggs, D., Visbeck, M. 2016. Map the interactions between SDG’s, Nature, 534.

23. Nilsson, M., Griggs, D., Visbeck, M. 2016. Map the interactions between SDG’s, Nature, 534.

24. Policy and
Management
Fishery
Structure
Market
Structure
Consumption
Regulation
Fishing
Effort
Stock
Status (EAFM)
Prices Livelihoods
Fisher(y)
Monitoring
Stock
Monitoring
Stock
Statistics
Market
Monitoring
GOVERNANCE FISHER(Y) STOCKS MARKETS SOCIO-CULTURAL
$
Compliance
Community
Awareness
FISHERY FRAMEWORK

25. Policy and
Management
Fishery
Structure
Market
Structure
Consumption
Regulation
Fishing
Effort
Stock
Status (EAFM)
Prices Livelihoods
Fisher(y)
Monitoring
Stock
Monitoring
Stock
Statistics
Market
Monitoring
GOVERNANCE FISHER(Y) STOCKS MARKETS SOCIO-CULTURAL
$
Compliance
Community
Awareness
FISHERY FRAMEWORK
14.4
RESTORE
STOCKS
14.3
CLIMATE
CHANGE
14.a
TECH.
TRANSFER
14.c
INT.
LAW
14.5
PROTECT
AREAS
14.6
I.U.U.
SUBSIDIES
14.2
COASTAL
SYSTEMS
14..1
MARINE
POLLUTION
14.7
SIDS
BENEFITS
14.b
S.S.F.
ACCESS

26. Presentation by Mr Árni M. Mathiesen
Assistant Director-General
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

27. TERIMA KASIH
TAKK
THANK YOU