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Solid waste management
- 1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 13e CHAPTER 16: Solid and Hazardous Waste
- 2. Core Case Study: Electronic Waste (1) • What is electronic waste or e-waste? –Televisions, computers –Cell phones, iPods • Fastest growing category of waste • 80% recyclable • Contains toxic materials
- 3. Core Case Study: Electronic Waste (2) • Disposal methods • Cradle-to-grave approach • E-recycling industry • Company-sponsored recycling programs • Prevention is best long-term solution
- 4. Fig. 16-1, p. 403
- 5. 16-1 What Are Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Why Are They Problems? • Concept 16-1 Solid waste represents pollution and unnecessary waste of resources, and hazardous waste contributes to pollution, natural capital degradation, health problems, and premature deaths.
- 6. Wasting Resources (1) • Solid Waste • Industrial solid waste –Mining –Agriculture –Industry • Municipal solid waste –Homes –Businesses
- 7. Wasting Resources (2) • Hazardous or toxic waste –Threatens human health or the environment –Poisonous –Reactive –Corrosive –Flammable –Developed countries produce 80-90%
- 8. Wasting Resources (3) • Solid waste and hazardous waste –About 3/4 unnecessary resource waste –Create air and water pollution, land degradation
- 9. Fig. 16-2, p. 405
- 10. Fig. 16-2, p. 405 Paint Products Automotive Gardening Cleaning Glues and cements What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home? Flea powders Ant and rodent killers Weed killers Pesticides Gasoline Used motor oil Antifreeze Battery acid Brake and transmission fluid Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium) General Artist paints and inks Wood preservatives Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers Paints, stains, varnishes, and lacquers Septic tank cleaners Spot removers Drain, toilet, and window cleaners Disinfectants
- 11. What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home? Cleaning Disinfectants Drain, toilet, and window cleaners Spot removers Septic tank cleaners Paint Products Paints, stains, varnishes, and lacquers Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers Wood preservatives Artist paints and inks Gardening Pesticides Weed killers Ant and rodent killers Flea powders General Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium) Glues and cements Automotive Gasoline Used motor oil Antifreeze Battery acid Brake and transmission fluid Stepped Art Fig. 16-2, p. 405
- 12. Fig. 16-3, p. 405
- 13. Case Study: Solid Waste in the United States • Produces 1/3 of world’s solid waste • Mining, agricultural, industrial – 98.5% • Municipal solid waste – 1.5% • High-waste economy • Examples
- 16. 16-2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste? • Concept 16-2 A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose of what is left.
- 17. Dealing with Solid Waste • Waste management • Waste reduction • Integrated waste management
- 18. Fig. 16-4, p. 407
- 19. Fertilizer Compost Hazardous waste management Landfill Hazardous waste Remaining mixed waste To manufacturers for reuse or for recycling Processing and manufacturing Plastic Glass Paper Food/yard waste Solid and hazardous wastes generated during the manufacturing process Waste generated by households and businesses Products Raw materials Metal Incinerator Fig. 16-4, p. 407
- 20. Fig. 16-5, p. 407
- 21. Last Priority Waste Management Treat waste to reduce toxicity Incinerate waste Bury waste in landfills Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution Stepped Art Second Priority Second Pollution and Waste Prevention Reuse Repair Recycle Compost Buy reusable and recyclable products First Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals Use less of a harmful product Reduce packaging and materials in products Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair Fig. 16-5, p. 407
- 22. Producing Less Waste • Refuse • Reduce • Reuse • Recycle
- 23. Fig. 16-6, p. 408
- 24. Reducing Resource Use, Waste, and Pollution (1) • Redesign processes and products to use less material • Redesign processes and products to generate less waste • Make products easy to repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost, or recycle
- 25. Reducing Resource Use, Waste, and Pollution (2) • Eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging • Use fee-per-bag waste collection systems • Establish cradle-to-grave laws
- 26. Science Focus: Garbology • Garbologists • Like archaeologists • Trash persists for decades
- 27. 16-3 Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important? • Concept 16-3 Reusing items decreases the use of matter and energy resources and reduces pollution and natural capital degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree.
- 28. Reuse • Reuse as a form of waste reduction • Salvaging • Yard sales, flea markets, secondhand stores, auctions, newspaper ads, Craigslist, ebay • Technology: rechargeable batteries • Refillable containers and cloth bags
- 29. Fig. 16-7, p. 409
- 30. Recycling (1) • Five major types of materials can be recycled 1. Paper products 2. Glass 3. Aluminum 4. Steel 5. Plastics (some)
- 31. Recycling (2) • Primary (closed-loop) recycling • Secondary recycling • Preconsumer (internal) waste • Postconsumer (external) waste • Feasibility and marketing
- 32. Mixed Versus Separate Household Recycling • Material recovery facilities (MRF) –Can be expensive • Source separation –By households and businesses –Glass, paper, metals, plastics, compostable
- 33. Composting • Decomposing bacteria • Household composting • Organic waste collection facilities • Successful large-scale composting –Odor control –Exclude toxic materials
- 34. Individuals Matter: Recycling Plastics • 5% plastics recycled • MBA Polymers, Inc – commercial recycling process –Mike Biddle and Trip Allen, co-founders • Pellets cheaper than virgin plastics • More environmentally friendly
- 35. Fig. 16-8, p. 411
- 36. Fig. 16-8, p. 411 Trade-Offs Recycling Advantages Disadvantages Reduces air and water pollution Saves energy Reduces mineral demand Reduces greenhouse gas emissions Reduces solid waste production and disposal Helps protect biodiversity Can save landfill space Important part of economy Can cost more than burying in areas with ample landfill space May lose money for items such as glass and some plastics Reduces profits for landfill and incinerator owners Source separation is inconvenient for some people
- 37. Science Focus: Bioplastics • Most plastics are organic polymers produced from petrochemicals • Bioplastics are made from plant materials • Biodegradable –Composting
- 38. Encouraging Reuse and Recycling • Market prices must reflect true costs • Even economic playing field: taxes/subsidies • Stabilize prices for recycled materials • Fee-per-bag waste collection • Better-informed public
- 39. 16-4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste? • Concept 16-4 Technologies for burning and burying solid wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and buried wastes can eventually contribute to air and water pollution and land degradation.
- 40. Fig. 16-9, p. 413
- 41. Boiler Wet scrubber Furnace Steam Turbine Smokestack Electricity Electrostatic precipitator Ash for treatment, disposal in landfill, or use as landfill cover Fig. 16-9, p. 413
- 42. Fig. 16-10, p. 414
- 43. Fig. 16-10, p. 414 Trade-Offs Incineration Advantages Disadvantages Reduces trash volume Less need for landfills Low water pollution Concentrates hazardous substances into ash for burial Sale of energy reduces cost Modern controls reduce air pollution Some facilities recover and sell metals Expensive to build Costs more than short-distance hauling to landfills Difficult to site because of citizen opposition Some air pollution and CO2 emissions Older or poorly managed facilities can release large amounts of air pollution Output approach that encourages waste production Can compete with recycling for burnable materials such as newspaper
- 44. Burying Solid Wastes • Open dumps • Sanitary landfills • Leachates
- 45. Fig. 16-11, p. 414
- 46. Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill Groundwater Leachate monitoring well Groundwater monitoring well Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal Leachate storage tank Leachate treatment system Pipes collect explosive methane for use as fuel to generate electricity Electricity generator building When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Methane storage and compressor building Methane gas recovery well Compacted solid waste Leachate pipes Probes to detect methane leaks Topsoil Garbage Clay Sand Garbage Subsoil Synthetic liner Sand Clay Sand Fig. 16-11, p. 414
- 47. Fig. 16-12, p. 415
- 48. Fig. 16-12, p. 415 Trade-Offs Sanitary Landfills Advantages Disadvantages No open burning Noise and traffic No shortage of landfill space in many areas Filled land can be used for other purposes Eventually leaks and can contaminate groundwater Output approach that encourages waste production Slow decomposition of wastes Releases greenhouse gases (methane and CO2) unless they are collected Air pollution from toxic gases and trucks Dust Can handle large amounts of waste Low operating costs Can be built quickly Low groundwater pollution if sited properly Little odor
- 49. 16-5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste? • Concept 16-5 A more sustainable approach to hazardous waste is first to produce less of it, then to reuse or recycle it, then to convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally to safely store what is left.
- 50. Fig. 16-13, p. 415
- 51. Put in Perpetual Storage Landfill Underground injection wells Surface impoundments Underground salt formations Stepped Art Convert to Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous Substances Natural decomposition Incineration Thermal treatment Chemical, physical, and biological treatment Dilution in air or water Produce Less Hazardous Waste Change industrial processes to reduce or eliminate hazardous waste production Recycle and reuse hazardous waste Fig. 16-13, p. 415
- 52. Detoxifying Hazardous Waste • Bioremediation • Phytoremediation • Incineration • Plasma arc torch
- 53. Storing Hazardous Waste • Deep-well disposal –Below aquifers in dry, porous rock • Surface impoundments –70% in U.S. have no liners –90% may threaten groundwater • Secure landfills
- 54. Fig. 16-14, p. 417
- 55. Fig. 16-15, p. 417
- 56. Fig. 16-15, p. 417 Trade-Offs Surface Impoundments Advantages Disadvantages Wastes can often be retrieved if necessary Groundwater contamination from leaking liners (or no lining) Low construction costs Low operating costs Can be built quickly Can store wastes indefinitely with secure double liners Output approach that encourages waste production Disruption and leakage from earthquakes Air pollution from volatile organic compounds Overflow from flooding
- 57. Fig. 16-16, p. 418
- 58. Leak detection system Groundwater monitoring well Reactive wastes in drums Plastic double liner Water table Earth Double leachate collection system Groundwater Clay cap Impervious clay cap Plastic cover impervious clay Bulk waste Gas vent Topsoil Earth Sand Fig. 16-16, p. 418
- 59. Fig. 16-17, p. 418
- 60. Case Study: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States (1) • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act –EPA administers –Cradle to grave • Laws regulate only 5% of hazardous wastes
- 61. Case Study: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States (2) • Superfund – 1980 - created – Cleans hazardous waste sites – Nov. 2008: 1,255 sites on list; 322 sites cleaned – Now broke – Taxpayers pay for cleanup, not polluters • Brownfields – Turning toxic areas into parks and nature reserves
- 62. Dealing with Lead Poisoning • Neurotoxin • Especially harmful to children –1976-2004: number of children with unsafe blood lead levels dropped from 85% to 1.4% –Government banned leaded gasoline (1976) and lead-based paint (1970) • 100 countries still use leaded gasoline
- 63. Fig. 16-18, p. 419
- 64. Fig. 16-18, p. 419 Solutions Lead Poisoning Prevention Control Phase out leaded gasoline worldwide Phase out waste incineration Ban use of lead solder Ban use of lead in computer and TV monitors Ban lead glazing for ceramicware used to serve food Test blood for lead by age 1 Replace lead pipes and plumbing fixtures containing lead solder Wash fresh fruits and vegetables Test existing candles for lead Test for lead in existing ceramic- ware used to serve food Remove lead from TV sets and computer monitors before incineration or land disposal Sharply reduce lead emissions from incinerators Remove leaded paint and lead dust from older houses and apartments Ban candles withlead cores
- 65. 16-6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society? • Concept 16-6 Shifting to a low-waste society requires individuals and organizations to reduce resource use and to reuse and recycle wastes at local, national, and global levels.
- 66. Achieving a Low-Waste Society • Grassroots action • Environmental justice • International treaties –Basel Convention –Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) • Dirty dozen
- 67. Five Principles for Achieving a Low-Waste Society 1. Everything is connected 2. There is no “away” for wastes 3. Polluters and producers must pay for wastes 4. Different categories of hazardous waste and recyclable waste should not be mixed 5. Reuse, recycle, and compost solid wastes
- 68. Three Big Ideas from This Chapter - #1 The order of priorities for dealing with solid waste should be to reduce, reuse, recycle as much of it as possible and to safely dispose of what is left.
- 69. Three Big Ideas from This Chapter - #2 The order of priorities for dealing with hazardous waste should be to produce less of it, reuse or recycle it, convert it to less hazardous material, and safely store what is left.
- 70. Three Big Ideas from This Chapter - #3 We need to view solid wastes as wasted resources and hazardous wastes as materials that we should not be producing in the first place.
- 73. Animation: Resources Depletion and Degradation PLAY ANIMATION
- 74. Video: China Computer Waste PLAY ANIMATION