FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is an event caused by a problem with the heart's "electrical" system. SCA occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating. The heart’s electrical system sends signals to the heart to beat much too fast. The heart cannot beat that fast, so the heart muscle just quivers. Blood and oxygen do not reach vital organs like the brain. Then it stops altogether. The heart needs immediate treatment from an electrical shock (defibrillation) to restart the electrical system. If SCA is not treated within 7-10 minutes, it leads to sudden cardiac death.
This is a presentation I made while I was going through my college days. A presentation which included 5 people all my peers and and a lot of research. You will find all types of Information on Rape with Real Case studies ranging from Man Raped by a woman to the Infamous Hannah Foster Rape Case. Read and Share so that everyone can know more about this heinous crime.
Pathogenesis and Medicolegal aspect of shock Soreingam Ragui
shock is one of the main cause of death very common encountered in day to day practice,in this presentation we look at how it happen,what are the causes and how we diagnose it in brief and its forensic importance
The heart has an enormous capacity to deal with transient increases in workload, as long as adequate intervals
are provided for the recovery of nutritive and electrolyte levels. However, if the heart is forced to work against a
sustained overload, it eventually becomes unable to deliver a normal output of blood. This leads to cardiac
enlargement (dilatation and hypertrophy) which is the cardinal sign of heart disease
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
2. Definition
Unexpectedly
death within 24
hrs from onset of
symptoms with or
without known
preexisting
conditions.
In forensic view
most of cases
occur within
minutes or even
seconds from
onset of
symptoms.
2
3. SUDDEN DEATH
There are no obvious criminal or
accidental causes, and becomes of
some concern to the forensic
pathologist simply because of the
difficulty or even impossibility to
furnish a certifiable cause of death.
The numerous causes of sudden natural
death may conveniently be classified
according to the different anatomical
systems of the body.
3
4. Causes of sudden death
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Gastrointestinal System
Gynecological conditions
Central Nervous System
Other
4
5. Heart
• The heart of an adult Indian
– Male 275-300 g
– Female 225-250g
• Thickness
– Atrial wall 1-2 mm
– Right ventricle 3-5 mm
– Left ventricle 10-15 mm
• Layers of the heart
– Outer epicardium
– Middle myocardium
– Inner endocardium
• Heart enclosed by visceral and parietal pericardium
5
6. Blood supply
• The Left Coronary Artery: originating from the
left aortic sinus, after a short course, bifurcates
into:
– Left anterior descending which runs in the anterior
inter-ventricular groove, provides blood to anterior
left ventricle, the adjacent anterior right ventricle and
anterior two thirds of the inter-ventricular septum
– Left circumflex branch, which runs in left atrio-
ventricular groove, supplies the lateral wall of the left
ventricle
6
7. Blood supply
• The Right Coronary Artery runs in the right
atrio-ventricular groove. It usually nourishes
the remainder of the right ventricle and the
postero-septal region of the left ventricle,
including the posterior third of the inter-
ventricular septum.
7
8. The localization of atheroma or
thrombus
• Left anterior descending (left anterior inter-
venrticular) (45-64%)
• Right main coronary (45-46%)
• Left circumflex coronary (3-10%)
• Left main coronary (0-10%)
8
9. Type of occlusion
• Simple atheroma
• Ulcerative atheroma
• Sub-intimal hemorrhage
• Coronary thrombosis
• Per arteritis Nodosa
9
10. Ischemic Heart Disease
Interruption or
interference with the blood
flow to the heart along the
coronary arteries will have
profound effects on the
heart itself
In the extreme-the heart
will suddenly cease
functioning
In less extreme, areas of
the heart will fail which in
turn causes a chain
reaction and finally the
complete heart failure.
At autopsy, one or more of
the main branches of the
two coronary arteries may
show of severe disease
process.
There will be a deposition
of soft white or yellow
necrotic fatty material on
the lining of the arteries.
11. Ischemic Heart Disease
Myocardial infarction occurs when there is 70%
blockage or more in the lumen of one or more
of the main coronary arteries.
11
12. Cardiac temponade
• Cardiac tamponade is caused by a large or
uncontrolled pericardial effusion due to trauma
or after subacute setting after myocardial
infarction (heart attack) which result in pressure
on the heart muscle.
12
13. Hypertensive Heart Disease
An enlargement of the left ventricle of the
heart with accompanying increase in the
thickness of the muscle wall will result in a
raise blood pressure, frequently to a level
twice as high as normal.
So that, rupture of vessels is frequently
seen in the presence of hypertension –
raised blood pressure, example: rupture of
a cerebral artery.
13
The cardiac enlargement almost limited to the left ventricle, the three
remaining usually within normal size.
In many cases the cause for cardiac enlargement is unknown, when the
term primary or essential hypertension is used.
14. Hypertensive Heart Disease
• HTN may kill person in a number of ways :
– Cerebral stroke
– Renal failure
– Rupture aneurysm
– Primary HF called “cardiac asthma” or
“paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea” produced by the
massive pulmonary oedema due to HTN
• Weght of heart >400g
14
15. Aortic Valve disease
Sudden death result because of the
hypertrophied left ventricle to force the
blood through the diseased and
narrowed valve.
An alternative reason is that the disease
process may spread out from the valve
and impede the entry of blood into the
ostia of the nearby coronary arteries.
15
16. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
(HOCM)
• Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a
disease that results in abnormal thickening of the
myocardium most commonly in the interventricular
septum
• HOCM can result in clinical heart failure, life-threatening
arrhythmias, mitral regurgitation and sudden cardiac
death.
16
17. Sequence of Coronary occlusion
Sudden Death
Myocardial Infarction
Arrhythmia
Left ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock
Rupture of the Myocardium
aneurysms
Myocardial Fibrosis
Mural Thrombosis and Embolism
Pericarditis
Post-myocardial Infarction Syndrome (Dressier Syndrome)
17
18. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• The main causes are:
18
Pulmonary
Embolism
massive
haemorrhage
in the air
passages
pneumothorax
asthma
20. Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of the main artery of
the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has
travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream
(embolism) especially from deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Usually results after prolonged immobilization, pregnancy,
obesity, catheterization (endothelial injury).
20
21. Haemorrhage in the Air Passages
When a massive haemorrhage occurs
into the major air passages due to
trauma, death results from an
obstruction to normal respiratory
gaseous exchange.
Erosion of a large pulmonary vessel by a
malignant tumor or by an expanding
pulmonary infection (TB).
21
22. Pneumothorax
The spontaneous rupture of
an emphysematous bulla on
the periphery of a lung. e.g.:
following a bout of coughing
or straining during some
physical exertion, can be lead
to a massive escape of air
into one of the pleural
cavities.
The vacuum normally
present is lost and
there is an immediate
collapse of the
affected lung.
In the absence of special
medical equipment death
may rapidly ensue,
especially if there is
concomitant disease in
the other lung in the
heart.
22
23. Asthma
Asthma is the
sudden and
prolonged spasm
of the smooth
muscles in the
walls of
bronchioles.
The bronchospasm
causes sever
constriction of the
air passages.
In the case, the
death is due to
respiratory failure
in the exchange of
oxygen and carbon
dioxide within the
lungs.
This may due to
obstruction in the
airways, restriction
in the ability to
expand the lungs,
allergic
neuromuscular
problems and
ventilation
abnormalities.
23
24. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
A Massive bleed may
occur when a gastric or
duodenal ulcer erodes
through the sub
mucosal tissues.
The profuse bleeding
may pass down the
intestinal tract emerging
from the anus, or it may
enter the stomach and
be vomited up, or more
frequently it will pass in
both directions.
Another form of
dramatic fatal bleeding
occurs when varicose
and distended veins at
the lower end of the
esophagus become
eroded and burst. This
usually occurs in a
patient who had
developed severe fatty
change or even cirrhosis
of the liver brought
about by chronic alcohol
use.
24
25. Gynecological conditions
In pregnancy, sudden deaths are usually
associated with haemorrhage.
25
The rupture of an extra-uterine pregnancy may
produce a massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage
which on occasions has caused death.
Premature separation of a placenta previa may both
cause severe exsanguinations unless there is medical
aid.
Attempts at abortion by inexpert persons may cause
death either by perforation by the instrument of a
major vessel, or by causing pulmonary embolus by
means of air, chemical fluids or the release of
amniotic fluid into the blood stream.
26. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Nearly always caused by
hemorrhage
which may occur either
within:
– the brain
– the meninges
26
27. Cerebral Haemorrhage
This is often referred to as
cerebrovascular accident,
although the word
accident is a misnomer.
The massive bleed
usually occurs
either within the
basal ganglia or
more distally in the
internal capsule.
The
hemorrhage is
associated with
raised blood
pressure
May also occur
in other sites
such as pons or
the cerebellum
but they are
much less
frequently seen.
27
28. Circulatory, non-hemorrhagic causes
The formation of a cerebral thrombus in one of the cerebral
arteries at the base of the brain, or within the brain may cause
loss of consciousness leading to death within a short time. The
thrombus is usually formed in association with a localized plaque
of arteriosclerosis.
The most unusual cause is that of a cerebral embolus, which may
arise from an area of thrombus formation within the cavity of the
heart, passing upwards to the brain via one of the carotid arteries.
28
30. Epilepsy
Epileptic sufferers may die during a prolonged single
seizure or more usually during a series of repeated
seizures termed status epilepticus
Death is due to asphyxia if the epileptic ceases to
breathe or aspirates regurgitated vomit, or has an
airway obstructed by the tongue.
30
31. SUDDEN DEATH FROM UNKNOWN CAUSES
There is nothing more frustrating
than a death for which there is no
demonstrable cause
All cases where after autopsy,
toxicology, bacteriology, virology,
histopathology and a review of the
history of the case with all the
professional concerned, and there is
no reasonable cause to be found.
One very special group of deaths
which still remains a mystery is the
sudden death in infancy syndrome.
31
32. sudden death in infancy syndrome
• Incidence rate 1.5-3 per 1000 most common in first 12
months
• Risk factors
– Higher rate incidence in winter
– Death occur in region of Res. Disease
– Male predominance
– More in cities than rural areas
– Mainly between 4-6 months
– Increase incidence in twins, LBW, young mothers
– Poor living conditions
– Bottle-fed babies
– Occur during night
32
33. Pathophysiology
• Prolonged sleep apnea
• Cow’s milk coke more than human milk
• Airway obstruction
• Respiratory viruses
• Infants suffering from some occult illness
33