Phase change materials (PCMs) can store and release large amounts of heat energy as they change phase between solid and liquid states. There are three main types of thermal energy storage: sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical heat. Latent heat storage uses PCMs, which absorb or release heat during phase changes without changing temperature. Common PCMs include salt hydrates, paraffin waxes, and fatty acids. PCMs can be encapsulated in small spheres or other shapes to improve heat transfer properties and prevent leakage. Encapsulated PCMs have applications in building insulation, solar energy storage, textiles, and more.
A phase change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.
A (brief) preview of Phase-change material as Thermal energy storage.
Energy demands vary on daily, weekly and seasonal bases. TES is helpful for balancing
between the supply and demand of energy.
Thermal energy storage (TES) is defined as the temporary holding of thermal energy in the form of hot or cold substances for later utilization.
TES systems deal with the storage of energy by cooling, heating, melting, solidifying or vaporizing a material and the thermal energy becomes available when the process is reversed.
TES system for a particular application depends on storage duration, economics, supply and utilization temperature requirements, storage capacity, heat losses and available
Space.
Phase Change Material (PCM) - Seminar.pptxShahidTavar
This is a Slides presentation prepared for Seminar on the topic - Overview of Phase Change Material.
Phase Change Material (PCMs) is a material which absorbs or releases the maximum heat
during its state change due to change in temperature. It uses chemical bonds to store and
releases the heat.
What is PCM ?
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are theoretically able to change state at constant temperature
and therefore store large quantities of energy.
Table of content -
- Thermal Energy Storage
- Latent Heat Storage
- What is PCM ?
- Mechanism of Heat Transfer
- Classification of PCM
-Applications
Thank you.
A phase change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.
A (brief) preview of Phase-change material as Thermal energy storage.
Energy demands vary on daily, weekly and seasonal bases. TES is helpful for balancing
between the supply and demand of energy.
Thermal energy storage (TES) is defined as the temporary holding of thermal energy in the form of hot or cold substances for later utilization.
TES systems deal with the storage of energy by cooling, heating, melting, solidifying or vaporizing a material and the thermal energy becomes available when the process is reversed.
TES system for a particular application depends on storage duration, economics, supply and utilization temperature requirements, storage capacity, heat losses and available
Space.
Phase Change Material (PCM) - Seminar.pptxShahidTavar
This is a Slides presentation prepared for Seminar on the topic - Overview of Phase Change Material.
Phase Change Material (PCMs) is a material which absorbs or releases the maximum heat
during its state change due to change in temperature. It uses chemical bonds to store and
releases the heat.
What is PCM ?
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are theoretically able to change state at constant temperature
and therefore store large quantities of energy.
Table of content -
- Thermal Energy Storage
- Latent Heat Storage
- What is PCM ?
- Mechanism of Heat Transfer
- Classification of PCM
-Applications
Thank you.
Seminar Report - Phase Change Material (PCM).pdfShahidTavar
A Seminar Report On “Phase Change Material (PCM)” submitted By Shahid Tavar.
Phase Change Material (PCMs) is a material which absorbs or releases the maximum heat during its state change due to change in temperature. It uses chemical bonds to store and releases the heat. The thermal energy transfer occurs when a material changes from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid. This is called a change in state or phase. Ice changes phase when heated at 0°C and is converted to water. Ice is an excellent phase change material.
This seminar contains the introduction of Phase Change Material, it’s need, properties, working, types, various applications in energy saving, selection criterion of phase change material, its advantages and effect of operating temperature on selection of PCM.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are theoretically able to change state at constant temperature and therefore store large quantities of energy. Seminar also focuses the Energy Conservation by using Solar Energy with Phase Change Material.
Introduction to Phase Change Materials #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
Presentation by Ian Biggin – Director, Phase Energy Limited
More information: https://storify.com/subutcher/cost-effective-thermal-comfortsolutions-for-the-p
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
How is Phase Change Material used for storing thermal energy. Thermal battery, store energy from ambient and use in air-conditioning, differential power tariffs. Reduce global warming, save energy, green technology
Plastic Products Manufacturing: Profitable Plastic Industries (Spectacle Frames, P.V.C. Rexine Cloth, Plastic Granules from Scraps/Waste, P.V.C. Hand Gloves, H.D.P.E. Tarpaulins, P.V.C. Bottles, Tooth Brush, H.D.P.E. Films/Sheets, Fibre Reinforced Plastics, Pet Bottles/Containers, Plastic Syringes, Needles, Polyester Resin, Cooler Body, Plastic Cups and Glass)
Plastic has brought immense benefits to the society in a number of ways. A number of industries have been benefitted by plastic. In actuality, plastic has helped aeronautics technology take massive steps forward over the past 50 years, including advancements in satellites, shuttles, aircraft, and missiles. In addition, pharmaceuticals industry, the building and construction, electronics, packaging, and transportation industries have all benefited greatly from plastic. Plastic is superior, light, sturdy and economical to produce.
See more
https://goo.gl/NPQV4s
https://goo.gl/arXHp1
https://goo.gl/QkjtBX
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Industry, How to Start Plastic Industry, Plastic Processing, Plastic Industry in India, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Starting Plastic Manufacturing Plant, Small Plastic Products Making, Plastic Products Making Small Business Ideas, Plastic Product Making Plant, Start Your Own Plastic Industry, Commercial Plastic Industry, Small Scale Manufacturing Business Ideas, Small Scale Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Small Plastic Products Manufacturing Plant, Plastics Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Business Ideas, Plastic Business Opportunities, Plastic Product Manufacturing Machinery, Plastic Packaging, Plastic Moulding Business Ideas, Plastic Packaging Product Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Packaging Manufacture, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Most Profitable Successful Small Plastic Molded Parts Manufacturing, Business Opportunities for Plastics Industry, Plastics Manufacturing Business, Packaging Business Opportunity, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Business in India, Plastic Processing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Plastics, Methods of Manufacturing Plastics, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing, Plastic Bottles Manufacturing Process, Plastics Molding & Manufacturing, Manufacturing Process of Plastic Bottles, Plastic Processing and Manufacturing, Business Plan of Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Molding Business Plan, Plastic Manufacturing Business, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing Business, Business Plan for Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Production, Business Plan for Production of Plastics, Commercial Production of Plastics
The tube furnace provides the user with a cylindrical, gas-tight atmosphere controlled hot zone. The sole purpose of using a tube furnace is to have heating in a controlled atmosphere or in a vacuum. As the name suggests, the tube furnace houses a working tube made of either Alumina or Quartz depending on the temperature of operation. The working tube is equipped with gas-tight stainless steel flanges on both ends for gas purging and vacuum applications.
Fouling, in technical language, it is the general term of unwanted material which is accumulating on surfaces, such as inside pipes, machines or heat exchanger.
Seminar Report - Phase Change Material (PCM).pdfShahidTavar
A Seminar Report On “Phase Change Material (PCM)” submitted By Shahid Tavar.
Phase Change Material (PCMs) is a material which absorbs or releases the maximum heat during its state change due to change in temperature. It uses chemical bonds to store and releases the heat. The thermal energy transfer occurs when a material changes from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid. This is called a change in state or phase. Ice changes phase when heated at 0°C and is converted to water. Ice is an excellent phase change material.
This seminar contains the introduction of Phase Change Material, it’s need, properties, working, types, various applications in energy saving, selection criterion of phase change material, its advantages and effect of operating temperature on selection of PCM.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are theoretically able to change state at constant temperature and therefore store large quantities of energy. Seminar also focuses the Energy Conservation by using Solar Energy with Phase Change Material.
Introduction to Phase Change Materials #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
Presentation by Ian Biggin – Director, Phase Energy Limited
More information: https://storify.com/subutcher/cost-effective-thermal-comfortsolutions-for-the-p
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
How is Phase Change Material used for storing thermal energy. Thermal battery, store energy from ambient and use in air-conditioning, differential power tariffs. Reduce global warming, save energy, green technology
Plastic Products Manufacturing: Profitable Plastic Industries (Spectacle Frames, P.V.C. Rexine Cloth, Plastic Granules from Scraps/Waste, P.V.C. Hand Gloves, H.D.P.E. Tarpaulins, P.V.C. Bottles, Tooth Brush, H.D.P.E. Films/Sheets, Fibre Reinforced Plastics, Pet Bottles/Containers, Plastic Syringes, Needles, Polyester Resin, Cooler Body, Plastic Cups and Glass)
Plastic has brought immense benefits to the society in a number of ways. A number of industries have been benefitted by plastic. In actuality, plastic has helped aeronautics technology take massive steps forward over the past 50 years, including advancements in satellites, shuttles, aircraft, and missiles. In addition, pharmaceuticals industry, the building and construction, electronics, packaging, and transportation industries have all benefited greatly from plastic. Plastic is superior, light, sturdy and economical to produce.
See more
https://goo.gl/NPQV4s
https://goo.gl/arXHp1
https://goo.gl/QkjtBX
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Industry, How to Start Plastic Industry, Plastic Processing, Plastic Industry in India, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Starting Plastic Manufacturing Plant, Small Plastic Products Making, Plastic Products Making Small Business Ideas, Plastic Product Making Plant, Start Your Own Plastic Industry, Commercial Plastic Industry, Small Scale Manufacturing Business Ideas, Small Scale Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Small Plastic Products Manufacturing Plant, Plastics Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Business Ideas, Plastic Business Opportunities, Plastic Product Manufacturing Machinery, Plastic Packaging, Plastic Moulding Business Ideas, Plastic Packaging Product Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Packaging Manufacture, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Most Profitable Successful Small Plastic Molded Parts Manufacturing, Business Opportunities for Plastics Industry, Plastics Manufacturing Business, Packaging Business Opportunity, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Business in India, Plastic Processing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Plastics, Methods of Manufacturing Plastics, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing, Plastic Bottles Manufacturing Process, Plastics Molding & Manufacturing, Manufacturing Process of Plastic Bottles, Plastic Processing and Manufacturing, Business Plan of Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Molding Business Plan, Plastic Manufacturing Business, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing Business, Business Plan for Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Production, Business Plan for Production of Plastics, Commercial Production of Plastics
The tube furnace provides the user with a cylindrical, gas-tight atmosphere controlled hot zone. The sole purpose of using a tube furnace is to have heating in a controlled atmosphere or in a vacuum. As the name suggests, the tube furnace houses a working tube made of either Alumina or Quartz depending on the temperature of operation. The working tube is equipped with gas-tight stainless steel flanges on both ends for gas purging and vacuum applications.
Fouling, in technical language, it is the general term of unwanted material which is accumulating on surfaces, such as inside pipes, machines or heat exchanger.
Performance Improvement of a Domestic Refrigerator Using Phase change Materia...IOSR Journals
The paper investigates the performance improvement provided by a phase change material (PCM) associated with the evaporator in a domestic refrigerator. The heat release and storage rate of a refrigerator is depends upon the characteristics of refrigerant and its properties. The usage of phase change material (PCM) enhances the heat transfer rate thus improve the COP (Coefficient of performance) of refrigeration. The analysis of the experiment exemplifies the improvement of a conventional refrigeration system’s COP (Coefficient of performance) considerably. Using water as PCM and for a certain thermal load it is found that the COP (Coefficient of performance) of the conventional refrigerator increased by 18-26% on average. Here the phase change material (PCM) used in a chamber built manually and which surrounds the Evaporator chamber of a conventional refrigerator. The whole heat transfer from load given to refrigerator cabinet to evaporator, evaporator to phase change material (PCM) by conduction. So the heat transfer rate of evaporator refrigerant increases remarkably which improves the COP (Coefficient of performance) the refrigeration system.
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL ASSISTED SOLAR STILLIAEME Publication
A Solar still is a simple device, which is used to produce drinking water using energy of sun. Its low productivity is of great concern. Lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still to produce drinking water in the off sunshine hours. To examine the effects of use of PCM in the solar still for same total daily solar intensity on energy and exergy efficiency, experiments were carried out on two similar double slope solar still at Allahabad (250 28ꞌN, 810 54ꞌE) U.P. India. PCM is used in one of the still for the purpose of comparison with conventional still. It is observed that the exergy efficiency increases by 40% when lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still.
Krishna ppt.paper no 4 Indian Writing in Englishkhamal krishna
This Presentation is a part of my acedemic presentation.This presentation Indian Writing in English.M.A semester-1 Department of English ,MKBU and it is submitted to M.A.Department of English Pro Dr,Dlip Barad sir.
this power point discuses about pcm material s and recently applications on green house
and introduce kind of pcm system
this power point priority created by some other authors
Phase Change Materials as an Alternative to Thermal Grease for Networking Applications - a technical comparison of Thermal Interface Materials in networking applications. Presented jointly by Juniper Networks and Honeywell Electronic Materials.
Phase change materials or PCMs are compounds which store and release latent heat by changing chemical bonds through a phase alteration. These materials absorb energy during the heating and release energy to the surroundings through a reverse cooling process. The integration of PCM in textiles by coating, encapsulation or any other means has grown concentration to the scientist. In this paper; characteristics, classification, working principle of PCMs and its versatile application in textiles are mainly discussed.
An Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Domestic ApplicatonsEditorIJAERD
Thermal Energy storage has been the significant area of research over the last many decades. Various methods
and materials are developed for storing heat energy. Yet a main obstacle to modern methods is its lack of thermal mass.
Phase change materials are one of the optimized alternate to various energy storing methods and materials. They have
high energy storage capacity. In any case, despite the fact that the data is quantitatively tremendous, it is moreover
spread generally in the writing, and hard to discover. This report contrasts on the properties of phase change materials
and also reveals their significant applications. Furthermore, the discussion includes main benefits and drawbacks of
phase change materials over the different renewable energy sources. It also carries various types of PCMs and
performance analysis of PCMs for selecting the best required PCM for the purpose of heating and cooling of building.
Reduction of cold start emissions in automotive catalytic converter using the...Asheesh Padiyar
Catalytic converters are used to convert harmful exhaust gases like CO, NOx and unburnt hydrocarbons released by
internal combustion engine of automobiles into less harmful gases like CO2, H2O and N2. During the start-up of engine run, catalytic converters suffer cold start problems as the catalyst does not remain active in cold conditions. This results in emission of unconverted harmful gases into the atmosphere. This work attempts to eliminate cold start problems using a heat storage system to keep the catalytic converter hot even under engine off conditions. A eutectic alloy of Mg-Zn-Al is used as the Phase Change Material (PCM) to store the heat around the catalyst. This alloy has high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, suitable melting point and high thermal stability. Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy changes its state between liquid and solid on application and removal of heat. Thus this phase change material acts as a heat storage mechanism in the catalytic converter. Catalytic converter design also involves Rockwool insulation in order to aid longer heat storage. This thermal energy storage system as a combination of PCM and insulation, keeps the catalytic converter hot for several hours even after the engine is shut of
Due to the excessive use of the electronic devices a lot of heat is generated in it which effects the performance of the device, it is paramount Important to remove the heat from them.
Since the electronic industries (e.g. laptops and computers) demanding smaller size and lower power consumption, more fundamental research is required to improve the cooling systems from material engineering point of view alongside redesigning the available cooling systems.
2. Phase Change Material
Thermal Energy Storage
TES is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling medium, so that the
stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power
generation.
Types of thermal energy storage:
1) Sensible heat storage
2) Latent heat storage
3) Thermochemical heat storage
Latent Heat Storage: Phase change materials (PCM) are ‘‘Latent’’ heat storage materials.
PCM have been applied to increase the thermal storage capacity of different system. Heat
is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa.
Therefore, PCM readily and predictably change their phase with certain input of energy
and release this energy at a later time.
3. Phase Change Material
Phase change method[1]
1) Higher thermal storage capacity compared to sensible energy storage in water. This leads to
smaller required storage. Only a true advantage if only small useful temperature difference can
be achieved.
2) Relatively constant temperature during charging and discharging
3) Burner cycle for the backup generation unit and therefore their CO and HC emission can be
reduced.
4. Phase Change Material
Properties of PCM[2]
1) Melting point should be in the desired temperature range.
2) High latent heat of fusion per unit volume to store more energy in a given volume.
3) High thermal conductivity to assist charging and discharging of energy.
4) Low changes in volume during phase change and low vapor pressure to avoid
containment problems.
5) Non-flammable and non-toxic.
6) Chemically stable.
7) Low cost and low containment cost.
8) Low vapor pressure (<1 bar) at the operational temperature.
6. Phase Change Material
Inorganic Material[3]
1) Salt Hydrate:
It may be regarded as alloy of inorganic salt and water forming a typical crystalline solid of general formula
AB.nH2O
AB.nH2O=AB.mH2O + (n-m)H2O
Example: Water of Crystallization
CuO + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + H2O
(CuSo4.5H2o) Hydrated salt
5.H2O= Water of Crystallization
A salt hydrate usually melts to either to a salt hydrate with fewer moles of water.
7. Phase Change Material
Properties of Salt Hydrate:
1) High latent heat of fusion per unit volume
2) Relatively high thermal conductivity
3) Small volume changes on melting
Three types of behavior of melted salt can be identified:
1) Congruent
2) Incongruent
3) Semi congruent
8. Phase Change Material
2) Metallic
This category of PCM includes the low melting metals and metal
eutectics.
Properties :
1) Low heat of fusion per unit weight
2) High heat of fusion per unit volume
3) High thermal conductivity
4) Low specific heat
5) Relatively low vapor pressure
9. Overview about Organic Materials
Organic Materials
• possess the ability to absorb and release the large quantity of latent
heat during phase change process over a certain temperature range
• are naturally existing petroleum bi-products such as naphtha,
gasoline, fuel oil, bitumen, and hexane [3].
• have their unique phase change temperature
• generally have the temperature range between -70 C to 250 C
• undergo solid-liquid, solid-solid phase transition during heating and
cooling processes [3]
Phase Change Material
11. Classification of Organic Materials [18]
(a) Paraffin Materials (b) Non-paraffin Materials
Paraffin wax Rubi-therm Dry granules
Phase Change Material
12. Paraffin Materials
• It consists of a mixture of mostly straight chain n- alkanes CH3–
(CH2)–CH3.
• The crystallization of a CH3 chain release a large amount of latent
heat.
• However, under cost consideration, only technical grade paraffin may
be used in latent heat storage systems.
Paraffin Freezing range(C) Heat of Fusion (KJ/KG)[3]
6106 42 – 44 189
5838 48 – 50 189
6035 58 – 60 189
6499 66 – 68 189
Phase Change Material
13. • The materials have phase change temperature below 15 C are used in
cooling cycles while the materials who have above 90 C phase change
temperature are used in absorption refrigeration cycles.
• Moreover, PCMs having in between 15 C to 90 C are used in heating
cycles.
• Paraffin is safe, reliable, non corrosive, and less expensive material.
• Some undesirable properties are [3] :
(i) Low thermal conductivity
(ii) Non compatible with plastic container
(iii) Flammable
• Above three effects can be partially eliminated by modifying the wax
and the storage system.
Phase Change Material
14. Non-Paraffin Materials
• They are different from the paraffin materials because all the
materials have unique properties.
• They should not be exposed to excessively high temperature.
• Properties [3] :-
(i) high heat of fusion
(ii) varying level of toxicity
(iii) instability at high temperature
(iv) mild corrosive
Phase Change Material
21. Phase Change Material
Phase diagram of Galactitol and Mannitol [4]
Eutectic composition 30:70 G/M
Melting Temperature:153◦ C
Heat of fusion: 292 J.g-1
22. Advantages of eutectic material in latent heat
storage
• It has high latent heat of fusion at lower melting point.
• It has lowest melting temperature than the mixed material
• Its operating temperature is in the range of 25 to 180 C which is most
preferable for solar water heater, solar air heater and agriculture
heating.
Phase Change Material
23. Applications of PCM[7]
• Latent heat battery
• Heating in buildings
• Solar water heater
• Cold storage and sports ware
Phase Change Material
24. Latent heat battery[7]
• Stores the heat from radiator of car.
• The stored heat is utilized to warm up the engine during cold start.
• It can store energy for 2 days.
Phase Change Material
25. Heating in building[8]
• Heating:
• PCM mats are used on the roof and walls of
the building.
• It absorbs the heat during sunshine hours and
melts.
• The liquid PCM freezes during night and
releases the heat in the building.
Phase Change Material
(Source:phasechangeenergy.com) [4.2]
26. Solar water heater[9]
• Water is heated during sunshine hours.
• Hot water transfers heat to the PCM.
• Hot water is replaced by cold water during
night which gets heat from the liquid PCM.
Phase Change Material
Solar water heater[4.5]
27. • Sports ware:[10]
• PCM maintains balance between heat generated from body
and heat released to the environment.
• It reduces thermal stress.
• Cold storage:[10]
• PCM can be used in refrigerator as a backup in case of power
failure.
Phase Change Material
28. Advantages of PCM:[12]
• Wide melting point range from -40 C to 151 C.
• Stable for more cycles.
• Service life is high.
• High latent heat.
• Non-toxic
• Cost depends on the purity of material( From 1.5$/lb to 24$/lb)
Phase Change Material
32. PCM Encapsulation Morphology
Phase Change Material
• Core ( PCM )
• Shell (Polymer or inorganic shell)
Shapes: Spherical, tubular, oval or can be made in irregular shapes
Micro Encapsulated PCM come in two different forms
Powders and Slurries. PCM with melting point from -10 to 80 C can
be microencapsulated.
34. Different application of PCM
• Thermal Comfort (in building, Apparel and etc.)
• Thermal Protection
• Cooling
• Air Conditioning
• Solar Heating Systems
PCM Encapsulation
37. PCM Encapsulation
• Particle size;
• Uniformity of particle size;
• Stability to mechanical stress and chemicals;
• Core-to-shell ratio, with PCM content as high as possible;
Phase Change Material
38. PCM Encapsulation Manufacturing [17]
Pan coating
Air-Suspension
Centrifugal Extrusion
Vibrational Nozzle
Spray Dying
Solvent Evaporation
Physical
Methods
Ionic Gelation
Coacervation
Sol-GEl
Physic-
Chemical
methods
Ionic Polymerization
Suspension
Polymerization
Emulsion
Polymerization
Chemical
Methods
Phase Change Material
39. Physical Methods
Phase Change Material
• Pan Coating (Shell melting temperature is lower than core)
• Air-Suspention (Volatile organic solvent; pharmaceutical, food ind.)
• Centrifugal Extrusion (No report of PCM Encapsulation but feasible)
• Vibrational Nozzel (Not used for MPCM but used for form-stable)
• Solvent Evaporation (pharmaceutical ind., dissolved or disperse)
40. Physical Method, Spray Drying
Phase Change Material
• Spray Drying (Low cost commercial process); Agglomerated and uncoated
Flow diagram of spray drying Schematic representation of spray drying equipment
41. Phase Change Material
Encapsulated Parrafin
Rubitherm RT27 with or
without CNF; average
particle size 3.9 micro
meter and encapsulation
yield of 49 %
SEM photo of prepared microcapsules
43. Physical-Chemical Methods
Phase Change Material
• Ionic Gelation; This method is based on ability of polyelectrolytes to
crosslink in presence of multivalent counter ions Ca2+, Ba2+ and
AL3+ to form hrdrogel
• Coacervation: Simple and Complex coacervation
Simple Coacervation: Dissolved polymer with a low molecular
substance
Complex Coacervation: 12 micrometer paraffin wax mix; encapsulation
ration of 49%
45. Physical-Chemical Methods
Phase Change Material
• Ionic Gelation; This method is based on ability of polyelectrolytes to
crosslink in presence of multivalent counter ions Ca2+, Ba2+ and
AL3+ to form hrdrogel
• Sol-gel Method; polycondensation reaction of molecules
• Coacervation: Simple and Complex coacervation
Simple Coacervation: Dissolved polymer with a low molecular
substance
Complex Coacervation: Outlast and ComforTemp companies;
encapsulation ratio of 49%
47. Chemical Methods
Phase Change Material
• Interfacial Polymerization: Rapid polymerization of hydrophilic and
lipophilic monomers
• Suspension Polymerization: suspension of water immiscible
reaction mixture as droplets are formed in an aqueous continuous
phase;
Vigorous agitation
Diameter various with stirring speed, volume fraction of monomer,
stabilizer concentration, viscosity of droplet, and viscosity of
suspension medium.
48. Chemical Methods
Phase Change Material
Flow diagram of a typical complex coacervation encapsulation process
• Interfacial Polymerzation
51. Supercooling phenomenon [17]
• Supercooling is a state where liquids solidify below their normal
freezing point
Phase Change Material
52. Crystallization process
A. Induction phase (nuclei formation to stabilize size)
B. Crystal growth phase (nucleus absorbed)
C. Crystal regrowth phase
Phase Change Material
53. Supercooling
Inorganic PCMs (such as salt hydrates) subcool more significantly
than organic PCM (such as paraffin);
Encapsulated PCM tend to supercool severely due to the absence of
nuclei
Supercooling increase with decrease in encapsulation size
Phase Change Material
54. Control Supercooling Effect
• Size of MEPCM
• Adding nucleating agent or metal additives to the PCM prior to
encapsulation
• Optimizing the composition and structure of the capsule shells
Phase Change Material
55. PCM Encapsulation
• Melamine-formaldehyde (MF)/n-dodecane microcapsules and gelatin/n-
tetradecane microcapsules were investigated;
2 wt. % of 1-tetradecanol (nucleating agent) was used
Supercooling was prevented by adding about 6 wt. % of sodium chloride
to the emulsion or 9 wt. % of 1-octadecanol in the core material. Changes
the morphology and makes Surface rough.
Adding 20 wt.% paraffin eliminates supercooling but reduces latent heat
5 wt. % of Rubitherm®RT58 is found to be completely prevented
supercooling of RT21 microcapsules by shifting the onset crystallization
temperature from 10.9 to 19.8 C.
Phase Change Material
57. References
[1] Gupta, E. & Reinhart, N. (n.d.). RGEES LLC innovating sustainable thermal
comfort. Retrieved from http://www.rgees.com/about.php
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Editor's Notes
As shown in diagram, at line L1 shows L1 composition at ta1 temperature a and b is in liquid phase. Further cooling increase the granual form of a material in the mixture as the temperature decreases a and b turns into solid phase .
Now looking at the cooling curve, Here phase change region doesn’t have the constant temeperature.from a1 to b1 point only A material starts the phase changing process. After point B1 material A and B changes its phase at constant temperature. So here the phase change process is not only the constant temperature.
Now for L2 composition, liquid mixture changes its phase at constant temperature
You can see from the graph phase change at constant temperature.
Here are the different eutectic materials. Whose temperature ranges 29.8c to 125 c and latent heat ranges 25 to 80 KJ/Kg
Now I am going to give the review of newly found eutectic material. Abhijit paual li shi found the mix ture of Galactitol and mannintol for solar water heating purpose.here are the temperatures and heat of fusion diffierents types of Galactitol and manintol
They tested every composition of Galactitol and mannitol . And found eutectic composition of 30:70 g and m which has lowest temperature about 153 C and heat of fusion is 292 J/G. now look at the previous slide and find the melting temperature 153 of any type of Galactitol and manintol.in gallactitol there is no possibility of 153 melting temperature and in manintol at 157 melting point you can get only243 J/G energy capacity
Eutectic mixture is the mixture of two material which has lowest temperature than mixed material.