Phase change materials (PCMs) can absorb and release large amounts of heat during phase changes from solid to liquid and back. When incorporated into textiles, PCMs provide thermal regulation to improve comfort. There are over 500 natural and synthetic PCMs that differ in phase change temperatures and heat storage capacities. PCMs are added to textiles through microencapsulation, coating, or lamination methods. Research shows PCM textiles increase thermal comfort during exercise by regulating temperature and humidity levels. Current PCM sportswear on the market includes products from Outlast and Comfortemp that claim thermoregulation benefits. Further development needs standardized testing methods and improving durability of PCMs under washing and usage conditions
Phase change materials or PCMs are compounds which store and release latent heat by changing chemical bonds through a phase alteration. These materials absorb energy during the heating and release energy to the surroundings through a reverse cooling process. The integration of PCM in textiles by coating, encapsulation or any other means has grown concentration to the scientist. In this paper; characteristics, classification, working principle of PCMs and its versatile application in textiles are mainly discussed.
Shape memory alloys, propitiates, manufacturing, types, mechanisms and its use in textile
The different between shape memory alloys and shape memory polymers
Shape memory polymers yarns and fibers and its programming method
The applications of shape memory polymers in textile
Phase change materials or PCMs are compounds which store and release latent heat by changing chemical bonds through a phase alteration. These materials absorb energy during the heating and release energy to the surroundings through a reverse cooling process. The integration of PCM in textiles by coating, encapsulation or any other means has grown concentration to the scientist. In this paper; characteristics, classification, working principle of PCMs and its versatile application in textiles are mainly discussed.
Shape memory alloys, propitiates, manufacturing, types, mechanisms and its use in textile
The different between shape memory alloys and shape memory polymers
Shape memory polymers yarns and fibers and its programming method
The applications of shape memory polymers in textile
Moisture management and wicking behaviour of textilesBadanayak
A seminar entitled 'Moisture management and wicking behaviour of textiles', presented in department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, UAS, Dharawad, by Pratikhya Badanayak and Dr. Jyoti Vastrad.
Series of powerpoint slides showing 6 different composite forming techniques: Hand lay-up, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, filament winding, pultrusion and resin transfer moulding. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Composite Materials" lectures [MATS311] by Prof. W. Cantwell.
to overcome the problem of easily fire catching to fabrics
it will reduce the wealth loss and causing material saving as well as it will cause healthy environment without sudden damage due to fire
chemicals treated are chlorine bromine , and also the bad effects of flame retardants
An experimental sample about tear strength testing of a fabric by Elmendorf's Tear Tester. This will helpful for the Textile Engineering student to know the measuring process of tear strength of a fabric.
Aramid fiber are one of the high thermal high performance(HT-HP) modern fibers that are potentially of interest in civil, defence, automobile industries, and Technical textile fields. Being characterized by high strength, high stiffness, low creep and resistance to corrosion un-like carbon or glass fiber. However the aramid fiber are frequently used with out resin impregnation to resistance of fire.
Eg.- Kevlar, Nomex, Twaron, and Technora are commercial name of aramid fiber.
Introduction to Phase Change Materials #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
Presentation by Ian Biggin – Director, Phase Energy Limited
More information: https://storify.com/subutcher/cost-effective-thermal-comfortsolutions-for-the-p
Moisture management and wicking behaviour of textilesBadanayak
A seminar entitled 'Moisture management and wicking behaviour of textiles', presented in department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, UAS, Dharawad, by Pratikhya Badanayak and Dr. Jyoti Vastrad.
Series of powerpoint slides showing 6 different composite forming techniques: Hand lay-up, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, filament winding, pultrusion and resin transfer moulding. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Composite Materials" lectures [MATS311] by Prof. W. Cantwell.
to overcome the problem of easily fire catching to fabrics
it will reduce the wealth loss and causing material saving as well as it will cause healthy environment without sudden damage due to fire
chemicals treated are chlorine bromine , and also the bad effects of flame retardants
An experimental sample about tear strength testing of a fabric by Elmendorf's Tear Tester. This will helpful for the Textile Engineering student to know the measuring process of tear strength of a fabric.
Aramid fiber are one of the high thermal high performance(HT-HP) modern fibers that are potentially of interest in civil, defence, automobile industries, and Technical textile fields. Being characterized by high strength, high stiffness, low creep and resistance to corrosion un-like carbon or glass fiber. However the aramid fiber are frequently used with out resin impregnation to resistance of fire.
Eg.- Kevlar, Nomex, Twaron, and Technora are commercial name of aramid fiber.
Introduction to Phase Change Materials #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
Presentation by Ian Biggin – Director, Phase Energy Limited
More information: https://storify.com/subutcher/cost-effective-thermal-comfortsolutions-for-the-p
Phase Change Materials for Temperature Controlled Packaging & ShippingRGEES, LLC
savEnrg Phase Change Materials are inorganic salt hydrates that are non-toxic and non-flammable providing energy efficient, sustainable and zero carbon emission temperature control
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
How is Phase Change Material used for storing thermal energy. Thermal battery, store energy from ambient and use in air-conditioning, differential power tariffs. Reduce global warming, save energy, green technology
Performance Improvement of a Domestic Refrigerator Using Phase change Materia...IOSR Journals
The paper investigates the performance improvement provided by a phase change material (PCM) associated with the evaporator in a domestic refrigerator. The heat release and storage rate of a refrigerator is depends upon the characteristics of refrigerant and its properties. The usage of phase change material (PCM) enhances the heat transfer rate thus improve the COP (Coefficient of performance) of refrigeration. The analysis of the experiment exemplifies the improvement of a conventional refrigeration system’s COP (Coefficient of performance) considerably. Using water as PCM and for a certain thermal load it is found that the COP (Coefficient of performance) of the conventional refrigerator increased by 18-26% on average. Here the phase change material (PCM) used in a chamber built manually and which surrounds the Evaporator chamber of a conventional refrigerator. The whole heat transfer from load given to refrigerator cabinet to evaporator, evaporator to phase change material (PCM) by conduction. So the heat transfer rate of evaporator refrigerant increases remarkably which improves the COP (Coefficient of performance) the refrigeration system.
Seminar Report - Phase Change Material (PCM).pdfShahidTavar
A Seminar Report On “Phase Change Material (PCM)” submitted By Shahid Tavar.
Phase Change Material (PCMs) is a material which absorbs or releases the maximum heat during its state change due to change in temperature. It uses chemical bonds to store and releases the heat. The thermal energy transfer occurs when a material changes from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid. This is called a change in state or phase. Ice changes phase when heated at 0°C and is converted to water. Ice is an excellent phase change material.
This seminar contains the introduction of Phase Change Material, it’s need, properties, working, types, various applications in energy saving, selection criterion of phase change material, its advantages and effect of operating temperature on selection of PCM.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are theoretically able to change state at constant temperature and therefore store large quantities of energy. Seminar also focuses the Energy Conservation by using Solar Energy with Phase Change Material.
Preparation of Firefighting Hood for Cooling for Phase Change MaterialsIJERA Editor
There are two types of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) which have been developed and adopted in textiles: heat (energy released) and cool (energy absorbed). This paper discusses current PCM applications and explores future applications in firefighting gear. Phase change materials are considered latent heat storage units because as they change phase from solid to liquid, liquid to gas and vice versa, energy in the form of heat is absorbed or released. The goal of PCM textiles is to create reusable energy to maintain body temperature, as well as to optimize the performance of protective wear such as hoods. When the wearer’s body temperature increases or decreases, the PCMs applied to the fabric will change state helping to regulate the wearer’s body temperature by providing warmth or cooling. Maintaining a stable body temperature can improve working conditions and comfort.
Preparation of Firefighting Hood for Cooling For Phase Change MaterialsIJERA Editor
There are two types of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) which have been developed and adopted in textiles: heat (energy released) and cool (energy absorbed). This paper discusses current PCM applications and explores future applications in firefighting gear. Phase change materials are considered latent heat storage units because as they change phase from solid to liquid, liquid to gas and vice versa, energy in the form of heat is absorbed or released. The goal of PCM textiles is to create reusable energy to maintain body temperature, as well as to optimize the performance of protective wear such as hoods. When the wearer’s body temperature increases or decreases, the PCMs applied to the fabric will change state helping to regulate the wearer’s body temperature by providing warmth or cooling. Maintaining a stable body temperature can improve working conditions and comfort.
Industry thermal trends and an introduction to TIM, PCM technology and advantages. Features the strength of Honeywell Electronic Materials and our Thermal Interface Material. TIM in LED applications.
It is described about polymer/clay nanocomposites which can be abbreviated to PCNC, their preparation methods, properties and relevances, important types of polymers employed in the preparation of PCNC, montmorillonite crystal structures,
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Phase Change Materials in Sportswear
1. Phase Change Materials
in Active Sports Wear
TXA 394 Speciality Fibres
Shamini Rajaganesh
2. Table of Contents
• Introduction to PCM
• Types of PCM
• PCM manufacture
• Working of PCM in textiles
• Methods of application on textiles
• PCM in sportswear
• Current market scenario
• Conclusion
2
4. Introduction to PCM
• Phase Change Materials or PCMs are those
that can absorb, store and release large
amounts of energy, in the form of latent
heat, over a narrowly defined phase change
range, during which the material changes
state.
4
5. Introduction to PCM
• At melting temperature,
Absorbs
Heat
Solid Liquid
PCM PCM
Breaking down of
chemical structure
5
6. Introduction to PCM
• At crystallization temperature,
Releases
Heat
Solid Liquid
PCM PCM
Chemical bonds are
formed again
6
7. Introduction to PCM
Crystallization
Temperature
Constant Temperature
• PCM of PCM and substrate
Melting point
7
8. Introduction to PCM
• The most common example of PCM is water.
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/latent.GIF
8
12. Types of PCM
PCMs used in textiles
Linear chain
Eutectics of
hydrocarbons
Hydrated Polyethylene Fatty Acids organic and
or Paraffin
salts glycols non-organic
waxes (n-
compounds
alkanes)
12
14. Required properties of PCMs in Textiles
• Melting point between 15 and 35ºC;
• Large heat of fusion
• Small temperature difference between melting and
crystallization point
• Harmless to the environment
• Low toxicity
• Non-flammable
• Good stability for repeated phase change
• Large thermal conductivity
• Ease of availability
• Low Price
14
15. Working of PCM
• Transient thermal barrier
• Under hot environmental conditions,
HEAT HEAT
The cooling effect of PCM
15
16. Working of PCM
• Under cold environmental conditions,
HEAT HEAT
The heating effect of PCM
16
17. Working of PCM
• Active thermal insulation effect of PCM improves
thermo-physiological wearing comfort.
• Thermo-regulation
• PCM fabrics referred as "Active Smart Textile”.
• Capable of sensing and reacting to the conditions or
stimulus. (Onofrei, Rocha and Catarino, 2010)
17
19. Microencapsulation
• PCM is encapsulated in very small polymer
spheres to contain the liquid during phase
transition.
• The polymer spheres form a continuous
sealed matrix. (A.F Regin et al, 2008)
19
20. Microencapsulation
• PCM containment requirements:
– strength, flexibility and thermal stability
– Protect the PCM
– sufficient surface for heat transfer
– structural stability and easy handling
• Otherwise, the microencapsulation system will
suffer from low heat transfer rate. (A.F Regin et
al, 2008)
20
21. Microencapsulation
http://tectexntu.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/2.jpg
• The most successful method of microencapsulation was given by Sarier
and Onder ( N.Sarier, E.Onder, 2007) , based on in-situ polymerization.
Seventy-seven percentage of microcapsules were obtained in the required
diameter and thickness.
21
23. Incorporation of PCM in textiles
• Three main methods
Fiber
Coating Lamination
Technology
• PCM locked in • PCM dispersed • PCM added to a
fiber structure in a polymer thin polymeric
• Late injection binder film
technology • Applied over • Applied on the
• PCM added to fabric through fabric as a
polymer dope various laminate via
processes foam mix
23
24. Incorporation of PCM
Outlast Thermo-molecules as a Outlast Thermo-molecules
coating on textiles locked into the textile fiber
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/220752/530wm/H120 http://www.licensedelectrician.com/Store/O
0332-Phase_change_material,_SEM-SPL.jpg E/Images/Molecules.jpg
24
26. PCM in Sportwear
• Sportswear
• Thermal comfort contributes to human
performance.
• PCM interaction with the microclimate
between clothing and the body and respond
to temperature changes caused by activity
level and external environment.
26
27. PCM in Sportwear
• Quantity of PCM ≡ Level and duration of
activity for garment use
Thermal Balance
• Heat generated by body Heat released into
environment
27
28. Research findings so far
• Several authors have experimentally verified that PCM
fabrics provide increased thermal comfort.
• Shu-Xiao Wang et al (2008) experimentally showed that
PCM treated clothing had thermo-regulating effect and
improved temperatures and humidity of inner layers during
exercise in an cold environment.
• According to Fan and Cheng (2005), thermal performance of
PCM is also influenced by the structure of the textile.
• Ghali et al (2004) showed that PCMs introduced into
garments can temporarily improve the thermal comfort. This
effect increases as PCM concentration increases, but the
thermal properties can decrease after laundering.
28
29. Characterization of Thermal Properties of PCM
• Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
– Analyzes and quantifies material’s energy absorption and release.
• Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
– Identifying types of chemical bonds in molecule through IR
absorption spectrum
• Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
– Measures weight loss or weight gain as a function of temperature
• Infrared Thermography
– Produces ‘thermograms’ by detecting radiation in IR range
• Fabric Intelligent Hand Tester (FIHT)
– Measures, records and analyzes the thermal and mechanical
properties exhibited during hand evaluation process.
29
30. Research findings so far
• Bendkowska and Wrzosek (2008) studied the thermo-
regulating properties of nonwovens treated with PCM and
found that
– TRF (Temperature Regulating Factor) depends on
amount of latent heat per unit area of fabric
– Method of microPCM distribution
– Position of microPCM layer.
• Bo-an Ying et al (2004) proposed three indices to
characterize the thermal performance of PCM fabrics.
30
31. Current Market Scenario
• Outlast Technologies, Inc. manufactures exclusive
sportswear apparel using PCM fabrics.
http://www.outlast.com
• Comfortemp products with Thermasorb®
microcapsules are being manufactured by J&C
Microchem Inc.
http://www.microcapsule.com/come.htm
• Schoeller TextilAG http://www.schoeller-
textiles.com/
31
32. Challenges and Opportunities
• Lack of standards and testing methods
• Durability, functionality under various
conditions will take a long time
• Practicality in everyday life
• Expanding the duration of thermal insulation
property
32
33. References
• S. Mondal, Phase change materials for smart textiles – An overview, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 28, Issues
11-12, August 2008, Pages 1536-1550, ISSN 1359-4311, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.08.009.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431107002876) Keywords: Phase change materials; Clothing
comfort; Microencapsulation; Smart temperature adaptable fabrics
• Textiles integrating pcms – a review by elena onofrei, ana maria rocha and andré catarinobuletinul institutului politehnic
din iasi publicat de universitatea tehnică „gheorghe asachi” din iasi tomul LVI (LX), fasc. 2, 2010
• Bendkowska W., Kłonowska M., Kopias K., Bogdan A.; Thermal Manikin Evaluation of PCM Cooling Vests. FIBRES
& TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2010, Vol. 18, No. 1 (78) pp. 70-74
• S.X. Wang, Y. Li, J.Y. Hu, Hiromi Tokura, Q.W. Song, Effect of phase-change material on energy consumption of
intelligent thermal-protective clothing, Polymer Testing, Volume 25, Issue 5, August 2006, Pages 580-587, ISSN 0142-
9418, 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.01.018. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941806000894)
Keywords: PCM; Energy consumption; Thermal-protective clothing
• Nihal Sarier, Emel Onder, The manufacture of microencapsulated phase change materials suitable for the design of
thermally enhanced fabrics, Thermochimica Acta, Volume 452, Issue 2, 15 January 2007, Pages 149-160, ISSN 0040-
6031, 10.1016/j.tca.2006.08.002. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040603106004357) Keywords:
Microencapsulation; Phase change materials; Functional textiles; Thermal; Comfort; DSC
• Gordon Nelson, Application of microencapsulation in textiles, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume
242, Issues 1-2, 21 August 2002, Pages 55-62, ISSN 0378-5173, 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00141-2.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517302001412) Keywords: Microencapsulation; Yeast; Textiles;
Fragrance; Phase-change materials
• A. Felix Regin, S.C. Solanki, J.S. Saini, Heat transfer characteristics of thermal energy storage system using PCM
capsules: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 12, Issue 9, December 2008, Pages 2438-
2458, ISSN 1364-0321, 10.1016/j.rser.2007.06.009.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032107001001) Keywords: PCM capsules; Packed bed; Thermal
energy storage
33
Editor's Notes
The melting and crystallization temperature ranges are specific to particular types of PCM.During phase change, the temperature of the PCM and the surrounding substrate remain constant.
In addition to water, more than 500 natural and synthetic PCMs are known.These materials differ in their phase change temperature ranges and heat storage capacities.
Large Latent heat, good thermal and chemical stability , low vapour pressure.
PCM fabrics act as a “transient thermal barrier” against cold or hot environment
Active thermal insulation effect of PCM results in a substantial improvement in the garment’s thermo-physiological wearing comfort.In short, PCM fabrics provide “Thermo-regulation”.Thus, PCM fabrics can be referred to as an “Active Smart Textile” which is capable of sensing and reacting to the conditions or stimulus. (Onofrei, Rocha and Catarino, 2010)
PCM containment should,Meet the requirements of strength, flexibility and thermal stabilityProtect the PCM from harmful interactionProvide sufficient surface for heat transferProvide structural stability and easy handlingOtherwise, the microencapsulation system will suffer from low heat transfer rate. (A.F Regin et al, 2008)
Sportswear is one of the major areas of application of PCMs. Thermal comfort contributes to human performance.PCM fabrics interact with the microclimate between clothing and the body and respond to temperature changes caused by activitylevel and external environment.