this power point discuses about pcm material s and recently applications on green house
and introduce kind of pcm system
this power point priority created by some other authors
This presentation describes how use of judiciously selected Phase Change Materials can be used effectively to store energy and make it available when needed.
In a solar thermal application, typically sunlight is available in a 6-8 hour window from 8am to 4pm. However, the usage extends much beyond that. Phase Change Materials can be used to store energy for usage as required.
Challenges implementing Green Initiatives in Tall BuildingsTejwant Navalkar
We take a look at challenges in implementing Renewable Energy to meet Green Building Requirements in Tall buildings. This paper also suggests possible solutions to meet these challenges through a case study and makes a case to review the existing Green Building guidelines with respect to Renewable Energy to make to effective and socially relevant.
This document discusses advancements in solar thermal walls, including zigzag Trombe walls, fluidized Trombe walls, Trombe walls with phase-change materials, composite Trombe walls, and photovoltaic Trombe walls. Zigzag Trombe walls reduce heat gain and glare using an inward V-shape. Fluidized Trombe walls improve heat transfer through a fluidized bed. Trombe walls with phase-change materials store more latent heat in a smaller space. Composite Trombe walls control heating rates and provide high insulation. Photovoltaic Trombe walls increase electrical efficiency by removing heat from photovoltaic panels.
This document discusses the basic principles of passive design, including passive heating, cooling, and daylighting. It explains that passive design uses climate considerations, building orientation, shape, materials, and natural ventilation/solar energy to control indoor comfort without consuming fuels. The key principles covered include solar geometry, passive heating strategies like direct gain and thermal storage, passive cooling strategies like ventilation and shading, and daylighting. It emphasizes that passive buildings require active users to effectively manage windows, shades, and interior environments.
This document provides an overview of thermal insulation in buildings. It discusses heat transfer mechanisms like conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines key terms like U-value and R-value and describes different types of thermal insulation materials. Benefits of insulation like reduced energy consumption and increased comfort are outlined. The significance of insulation for Saudi Arabian buildings given the hot climate is also reviewed. Finally, efforts by the Saudi government to promote energy efficiency and green building practices are briefly mentioned.
Energy efficient buildings (EEB) aim to reduce climate impact and energy costs by encouraging efficient energy and resource use in construction. As infrastructure grows with a looming energy crisis, EEB promotes good practices like reducing heating/cooling demands through insulation, shading, and efficient systems. Key energy efficiency measures for buildings include limiting exposed areas, improving insulation, using natural ventilation, maximizing daylighting, installing efficient lighting and water heating controls, and recovering heat from hot water pipes.
This presentation describes how use of judiciously selected Phase Change Materials can be used effectively to store energy and make it available when needed.
In a solar thermal application, typically sunlight is available in a 6-8 hour window from 8am to 4pm. However, the usage extends much beyond that. Phase Change Materials can be used to store energy for usage as required.
Challenges implementing Green Initiatives in Tall BuildingsTejwant Navalkar
We take a look at challenges in implementing Renewable Energy to meet Green Building Requirements in Tall buildings. This paper also suggests possible solutions to meet these challenges through a case study and makes a case to review the existing Green Building guidelines with respect to Renewable Energy to make to effective and socially relevant.
This document discusses advancements in solar thermal walls, including zigzag Trombe walls, fluidized Trombe walls, Trombe walls with phase-change materials, composite Trombe walls, and photovoltaic Trombe walls. Zigzag Trombe walls reduce heat gain and glare using an inward V-shape. Fluidized Trombe walls improve heat transfer through a fluidized bed. Trombe walls with phase-change materials store more latent heat in a smaller space. Composite Trombe walls control heating rates and provide high insulation. Photovoltaic Trombe walls increase electrical efficiency by removing heat from photovoltaic panels.
This document discusses the basic principles of passive design, including passive heating, cooling, and daylighting. It explains that passive design uses climate considerations, building orientation, shape, materials, and natural ventilation/solar energy to control indoor comfort without consuming fuels. The key principles covered include solar geometry, passive heating strategies like direct gain and thermal storage, passive cooling strategies like ventilation and shading, and daylighting. It emphasizes that passive buildings require active users to effectively manage windows, shades, and interior environments.
This document provides an overview of thermal insulation in buildings. It discusses heat transfer mechanisms like conduction, convection, and radiation. It defines key terms like U-value and R-value and describes different types of thermal insulation materials. Benefits of insulation like reduced energy consumption and increased comfort are outlined. The significance of insulation for Saudi Arabian buildings given the hot climate is also reviewed. Finally, efforts by the Saudi government to promote energy efficiency and green building practices are briefly mentioned.
Energy efficient buildings (EEB) aim to reduce climate impact and energy costs by encouraging efficient energy and resource use in construction. As infrastructure grows with a looming energy crisis, EEB promotes good practices like reducing heating/cooling demands through insulation, shading, and efficient systems. Key energy efficiency measures for buildings include limiting exposed areas, improving insulation, using natural ventilation, maximizing daylighting, installing efficient lighting and water heating controls, and recovering heat from hot water pipes.
1. Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies like phase change materials (PCMs), sorption, and thermochemical materials can store solar and renewable heat for use when needed.
2. PCMs use the heat of phase change during melting and freezing to efficiently store and release thermal energy. Organic PCMs like paraffin wax are promising due to their high storage density and melting temperatures around human comfort levels.
3. Sorption technologies use physical or chemical bonding to store heat in materials like silica gels, zeolites, or chemical reactions. A demonstration used zeolite to store nighttime heat from district heating for use during the day.
This document discusses different types of energy storage systems including superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), thermal energy storage (TES), and their applications. SMES stores energy in a superconducting coil's magnetic field and can quickly discharge stored energy back to the electric grid. TES temporarily stores thermal energy and can balance energy supply and demand. TES includes sensible heat storage using liquids, solids, or both, and latent heat storage using phase change materials. These storage systems provide benefits like clean power generation and mitigating renewable energy fluctuations.
Solar thermal walls (Trombe ,water and trans walls)srikanth reddy
Thermal storage walls like Trombe walls, water walls, and trans walls can passively heat buildings using solar energy. Trombe walls consist of a south-facing glass wall separated from a thick concrete wall by an air gap. During the day, solar radiation passes through the glass and heats the concrete wall. This stored heat is then radiated into the building. Trans walls use a semi-transparent absorber sandwiched between two water columns for rapid heat transfer and direct gain, while reducing heat loss. Different wall designs provide heating benefits like load leveling or daytime heating, depending on the application. Components like wall thickness, vent size, and overhangs influence heat transfer and storage. Advancements
The document discusses materials for passive solar heating. It defines passive solar heating as using solar energy through windows, skylights, etc. to provide heating without pumps or fans. It then discusses two models to determine the best materials. Model 1 aims to maximize heat transfer over 12 hours, favoring materials with high conductivity and specific heat. Model 2 adds cost as a factor, minimizing cost per unit thickness. Considering both models, the best materials are concluded to be cement, brick and concrete.
passive heating system with trombe wall GrkemDiken
This document discusses passive heating systems for buildings. It describes how 35-40% of energy is used for building heating and 85% of that is for space heating alone. Passive heating technologies are introduced that can heat buildings without energy usage through building design. Direct solar gain and Trombe walls are passive solar systems explained in detail. Trombe walls consist of a dark wall with glazing in front to capture solar heat. Design plans, elevations, sections and details of a sample building project using a Trombe wall system are presented, showing how passive heating is integrated into the design. The conclusion states that passive heating can significantly reduce heating bills and improve comfort through simple techniques.
IRJET- Efficiency Improvement of Flat Plate Solar Collector using PCM, Reflec...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on improving the efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using various methods. A prototype solar collector was fabricated with a copper tube, twisted tape insert, wire coil turbulator, reflectors on both sides, and phase changing material (paraffin wax). Experiments were conducted with and without reflectors on two days to compare collector efficiency. The results showed that using reflectors increased the maximum outlet temperature from 59.3°C to 68.1°C and improved collector efficiency from 71% to 84%. In general, the solar collector with reflectors performed better by concentrating solar radiation and increasing heat absorption. The collector efficiency was also found to decrease with increasing water flow rate due to less time for heat transfer
This document discusses various passive architecture designs that utilize wind and solar energy. It describes the working of a Trombe wall, which uses a hollow wall to circulate air and heat it with solar energy. Overhang walls and winged walls are designed to prevent solar radiation from entering rooms in the summer and allow it to enter in the winter. The document also discusses wind energy conversion systems, including the basic components and working of a wind turbine. It notes some disadvantages of wind energy and explains that the theoretical maximum efficiency of a wind turbine is 59.3% according to Betz's law.
GeoKOAX provides a geothermal energy system using innovative coaxial heat exchanger technology that allows for heating and cooling using shallow geothermal probes. Their system offers several advantages over conventional geothermal systems including lower installation costs due to reduced drilling depths of as little as 5 meters, higher energy absorption rates, and up to 70% lower operating costs. GeoKOAX works with clients to provide complete geothermal solutions tailored to the specific needs of projects. They have installed over 1,000 systems across Europe and are partnering with Clemson University to further research and develop their coaxial geothermal technology.
Space heating involves raising interior temperatures through centralized or localized heating systems. Central heating uses a single heat source and distribution system to efficiently heat an entire building. Proper insulation, ventilation, and heat loss calculations are required to control heat flow and minimize energy needs. Common central heating systems use boilers to heat water or air that is circulated through pipes and ducts to radiators, convectors, or underfloor heating for interior warmth.
Bruni & Campisi offers services for different types of heating systems in Westchester and Connecticut. This slide explains the different heating system services available at Bruni & Campisi. To know more, call 914-574-2066 (NY) / 203-302-9118 (CT) or fax at 914-835-5783 or email at stephens@brucaminc.com. Visit us http://www.bruniandcampisi.com/
The document discusses the Skytherm roof pond system invented by Harold Hay in 1973. The system uses water and solar energy to heat and cool a building without electricity. It consists of water stored in plastic bags or tanks on the roof, covered with insulation panels. In hot climates, the system maintains indoor temperatures below 30°C with outdoor temperatures over 40°C. It works by collecting solar heat in the water during the day which is then radiated inside at night for heating in winter. In summer, the water cools at night by radiating heat and stays cool under insulation during the day. Studies show it can effectively heat and cool with no auxiliary systems.
Sean Keegan's presentation discusses ground source heat pumps (GSHP) as a sustainable building and design solution. GSHPs utilize the stable underground temperature of 11-13°C to provide heating through pipes buried horizontally in trenches or vertically in boreholes. The system transfers heat from the ground to a water tank via an electric pump and can provide both heating and hot water at lower costs than traditional systems. While initial installation costs are high, GSHPs reduce utility bills by 15-50% and provide efficient, environmentally-friendly heating well-suited for new, well-insulated homes with features like underfloor heating.
General principles – Direct gain systems - Glazed walls, Bay windows,
Attached sun spaces etc. Indirect gain systems – Trombe wall, Water wall, Solar Chimney, Transwall, Roof
pond, etc - Isolated gain systems – Natural convective loop etc. Active Heating Systems : Solar water
heating systems
Presented by Dr. Jein Yoo, Korean Association for Energy Service Companies, KAESCO, Korea at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Seoul, Korea on 18 April 2007.
This document discusses passive cooling techniques in buildings that do not require electricity. It describes passive cooling as using natural processes like convection, conduction and radiation to achieve balanced interior conditions. Some key passive cooling techniques mentioned are air movement, evaporative cooling, wind catchers, and earth tubes. Wind catchers in particular are highlighted as an ancient passive cooling method used in Hyderabad that brings in cool breezes. The document stresses the importance of passive cooling given the current electricity shortages and its environmental benefits over energy-intensive active cooling systems.
Passive Home Training Module for Architects and PlannersLeonardo ENERGY
The document discusses passive house standards and strategies for achieving thermal comfort in buildings. It provides an overview of building energy consumption in Europe and passive systems used in traditional architecture. It then discusses the Passivhaus standard, which aims to limit space heating energy use and ensure indoor comfort. The standard has been successfully applied to over 8,000 buildings in central Europe. The document considers how the Passivhaus principles and quality requirements could be adapted for warmer climates in southern Europe through strategies like passive cooling.
IRJET - Advance Hybrid Solar Energy Saver Heater with Electrical BackupIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses an advance hybrid solar energy saver heater that uses both solar and electrical power sources to heat water.
2) It provides hot water using solar energy captured by a collector and stored in an insulated tank, with an electric heating element as backup for rainy or cloudy days.
3) The system uses a thermostat to automatically turn the electric heating element on when water temperature drops below 50°C, heating it to 75-85°C and then turning off to save energy.
The largest stocks of straight length heating elements in the UK. Stocked ready for forming to customers' requirements. Small orders and fast turnaround our speciality. For more details you can visit at http://www.tpfay.co.uk/
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Twisted Tape Absorber Tube of Solar Parabolic Tr...IRJET Journal
This document numerically analyzes the fluid flow in a twisted tape absorber tube of a parabolic trough solar collector to improve efficiency. It studies the effect of heat transfer in absorber tubes with different velocity profiles. The analysis finds that a twisted tape insert increases the outlet temperature compared to a plain tube. At low velocity of 0.1 m/s, the outlet temperature is 322K for the twisted tape tube, while it is lower at 309K for the higher velocity of 1.2 m/s. The absorber tube with twisted tape insert provides better performance at lower minimum velocities.
Passive solar building design utilizes the sun's energy for heating and cooling living spaces without mechanical systems. It takes advantage of natural characteristics in materials and air exposed to sunlight. Key elements include south-facing windows to admit sunlight, thermal mass materials like masonry floors and walls to absorb and store heat, and shading to prevent overheating. There are three main passive solar heating methods - direct gain where the living space is directly heated, indirect gain using a thermal mass like a Trombe wall between glass and living space, and isolated gain with separate collection and storage areas. Passive cooling relies on natural ventilation, shading, and heat sinks to remove heat without mechanical devices.
This document discusses using phase changing materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage. PCMs absorb heat when melting from solid to liquid at a certain temperature range, and release heat when solidifying from liquid to solid. The author proposes storing PCMs in building walls and HVAC systems to help maintain comfortable indoor temperatures and reduce energy usage. Various PCM options are described, along with encapsulation methods to control volume changes and prevent reactivity. Techniques for increasing PCM thermal conductivity, like adding metallic fillers or fins, are also summarized. The conclusion reiterates that further PCM research and system design optimization could improve energy storage efficiency.
Phase change materials (PCMs) store and release heat as they change between solid and liquid states. PCMs were researched by NASA in the 1970s-1980s for thermal regulation applications. Some PCMs like lithium chloride are used to manage electronics temperatures, while paraffinic hydrocarbons and plastic crystals have been incorporated into textile fibers and fabrics. When microencapsulated PCMs in fabrics melt upon heating or freeze upon cooling, they absorb or release latent heat to buffer the wearer's temperature changes.
1. Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies like phase change materials (PCMs), sorption, and thermochemical materials can store solar and renewable heat for use when needed.
2. PCMs use the heat of phase change during melting and freezing to efficiently store and release thermal energy. Organic PCMs like paraffin wax are promising due to their high storage density and melting temperatures around human comfort levels.
3. Sorption technologies use physical or chemical bonding to store heat in materials like silica gels, zeolites, or chemical reactions. A demonstration used zeolite to store nighttime heat from district heating for use during the day.
This document discusses different types of energy storage systems including superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), thermal energy storage (TES), and their applications. SMES stores energy in a superconducting coil's magnetic field and can quickly discharge stored energy back to the electric grid. TES temporarily stores thermal energy and can balance energy supply and demand. TES includes sensible heat storage using liquids, solids, or both, and latent heat storage using phase change materials. These storage systems provide benefits like clean power generation and mitigating renewable energy fluctuations.
Solar thermal walls (Trombe ,water and trans walls)srikanth reddy
Thermal storage walls like Trombe walls, water walls, and trans walls can passively heat buildings using solar energy. Trombe walls consist of a south-facing glass wall separated from a thick concrete wall by an air gap. During the day, solar radiation passes through the glass and heats the concrete wall. This stored heat is then radiated into the building. Trans walls use a semi-transparent absorber sandwiched between two water columns for rapid heat transfer and direct gain, while reducing heat loss. Different wall designs provide heating benefits like load leveling or daytime heating, depending on the application. Components like wall thickness, vent size, and overhangs influence heat transfer and storage. Advancements
The document discusses materials for passive solar heating. It defines passive solar heating as using solar energy through windows, skylights, etc. to provide heating without pumps or fans. It then discusses two models to determine the best materials. Model 1 aims to maximize heat transfer over 12 hours, favoring materials with high conductivity and specific heat. Model 2 adds cost as a factor, minimizing cost per unit thickness. Considering both models, the best materials are concluded to be cement, brick and concrete.
passive heating system with trombe wall GrkemDiken
This document discusses passive heating systems for buildings. It describes how 35-40% of energy is used for building heating and 85% of that is for space heating alone. Passive heating technologies are introduced that can heat buildings without energy usage through building design. Direct solar gain and Trombe walls are passive solar systems explained in detail. Trombe walls consist of a dark wall with glazing in front to capture solar heat. Design plans, elevations, sections and details of a sample building project using a Trombe wall system are presented, showing how passive heating is integrated into the design. The conclusion states that passive heating can significantly reduce heating bills and improve comfort through simple techniques.
IRJET- Efficiency Improvement of Flat Plate Solar Collector using PCM, Reflec...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on improving the efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using various methods. A prototype solar collector was fabricated with a copper tube, twisted tape insert, wire coil turbulator, reflectors on both sides, and phase changing material (paraffin wax). Experiments were conducted with and without reflectors on two days to compare collector efficiency. The results showed that using reflectors increased the maximum outlet temperature from 59.3°C to 68.1°C and improved collector efficiency from 71% to 84%. In general, the solar collector with reflectors performed better by concentrating solar radiation and increasing heat absorption. The collector efficiency was also found to decrease with increasing water flow rate due to less time for heat transfer
This document discusses various passive architecture designs that utilize wind and solar energy. It describes the working of a Trombe wall, which uses a hollow wall to circulate air and heat it with solar energy. Overhang walls and winged walls are designed to prevent solar radiation from entering rooms in the summer and allow it to enter in the winter. The document also discusses wind energy conversion systems, including the basic components and working of a wind turbine. It notes some disadvantages of wind energy and explains that the theoretical maximum efficiency of a wind turbine is 59.3% according to Betz's law.
GeoKOAX provides a geothermal energy system using innovative coaxial heat exchanger technology that allows for heating and cooling using shallow geothermal probes. Their system offers several advantages over conventional geothermal systems including lower installation costs due to reduced drilling depths of as little as 5 meters, higher energy absorption rates, and up to 70% lower operating costs. GeoKOAX works with clients to provide complete geothermal solutions tailored to the specific needs of projects. They have installed over 1,000 systems across Europe and are partnering with Clemson University to further research and develop their coaxial geothermal technology.
Space heating involves raising interior temperatures through centralized or localized heating systems. Central heating uses a single heat source and distribution system to efficiently heat an entire building. Proper insulation, ventilation, and heat loss calculations are required to control heat flow and minimize energy needs. Common central heating systems use boilers to heat water or air that is circulated through pipes and ducts to radiators, convectors, or underfloor heating for interior warmth.
Bruni & Campisi offers services for different types of heating systems in Westchester and Connecticut. This slide explains the different heating system services available at Bruni & Campisi. To know more, call 914-574-2066 (NY) / 203-302-9118 (CT) or fax at 914-835-5783 or email at stephens@brucaminc.com. Visit us http://www.bruniandcampisi.com/
The document discusses the Skytherm roof pond system invented by Harold Hay in 1973. The system uses water and solar energy to heat and cool a building without electricity. It consists of water stored in plastic bags or tanks on the roof, covered with insulation panels. In hot climates, the system maintains indoor temperatures below 30°C with outdoor temperatures over 40°C. It works by collecting solar heat in the water during the day which is then radiated inside at night for heating in winter. In summer, the water cools at night by radiating heat and stays cool under insulation during the day. Studies show it can effectively heat and cool with no auxiliary systems.
Sean Keegan's presentation discusses ground source heat pumps (GSHP) as a sustainable building and design solution. GSHPs utilize the stable underground temperature of 11-13°C to provide heating through pipes buried horizontally in trenches or vertically in boreholes. The system transfers heat from the ground to a water tank via an electric pump and can provide both heating and hot water at lower costs than traditional systems. While initial installation costs are high, GSHPs reduce utility bills by 15-50% and provide efficient, environmentally-friendly heating well-suited for new, well-insulated homes with features like underfloor heating.
General principles – Direct gain systems - Glazed walls, Bay windows,
Attached sun spaces etc. Indirect gain systems – Trombe wall, Water wall, Solar Chimney, Transwall, Roof
pond, etc - Isolated gain systems – Natural convective loop etc. Active Heating Systems : Solar water
heating systems
Presented by Dr. Jein Yoo, Korean Association for Energy Service Companies, KAESCO, Korea at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Seoul, Korea on 18 April 2007.
This document discusses passive cooling techniques in buildings that do not require electricity. It describes passive cooling as using natural processes like convection, conduction and radiation to achieve balanced interior conditions. Some key passive cooling techniques mentioned are air movement, evaporative cooling, wind catchers, and earth tubes. Wind catchers in particular are highlighted as an ancient passive cooling method used in Hyderabad that brings in cool breezes. The document stresses the importance of passive cooling given the current electricity shortages and its environmental benefits over energy-intensive active cooling systems.
Passive Home Training Module for Architects and PlannersLeonardo ENERGY
The document discusses passive house standards and strategies for achieving thermal comfort in buildings. It provides an overview of building energy consumption in Europe and passive systems used in traditional architecture. It then discusses the Passivhaus standard, which aims to limit space heating energy use and ensure indoor comfort. The standard has been successfully applied to over 8,000 buildings in central Europe. The document considers how the Passivhaus principles and quality requirements could be adapted for warmer climates in southern Europe through strategies like passive cooling.
IRJET - Advance Hybrid Solar Energy Saver Heater with Electrical BackupIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses an advance hybrid solar energy saver heater that uses both solar and electrical power sources to heat water.
2) It provides hot water using solar energy captured by a collector and stored in an insulated tank, with an electric heating element as backup for rainy or cloudy days.
3) The system uses a thermostat to automatically turn the electric heating element on when water temperature drops below 50°C, heating it to 75-85°C and then turning off to save energy.
The largest stocks of straight length heating elements in the UK. Stocked ready for forming to customers' requirements. Small orders and fast turnaround our speciality. For more details you can visit at http://www.tpfay.co.uk/
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Twisted Tape Absorber Tube of Solar Parabolic Tr...IRJET Journal
This document numerically analyzes the fluid flow in a twisted tape absorber tube of a parabolic trough solar collector to improve efficiency. It studies the effect of heat transfer in absorber tubes with different velocity profiles. The analysis finds that a twisted tape insert increases the outlet temperature compared to a plain tube. At low velocity of 0.1 m/s, the outlet temperature is 322K for the twisted tape tube, while it is lower at 309K for the higher velocity of 1.2 m/s. The absorber tube with twisted tape insert provides better performance at lower minimum velocities.
Passive solar building design utilizes the sun's energy for heating and cooling living spaces without mechanical systems. It takes advantage of natural characteristics in materials and air exposed to sunlight. Key elements include south-facing windows to admit sunlight, thermal mass materials like masonry floors and walls to absorb and store heat, and shading to prevent overheating. There are three main passive solar heating methods - direct gain where the living space is directly heated, indirect gain using a thermal mass like a Trombe wall between glass and living space, and isolated gain with separate collection and storage areas. Passive cooling relies on natural ventilation, shading, and heat sinks to remove heat without mechanical devices.
This document discusses using phase changing materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage. PCMs absorb heat when melting from solid to liquid at a certain temperature range, and release heat when solidifying from liquid to solid. The author proposes storing PCMs in building walls and HVAC systems to help maintain comfortable indoor temperatures and reduce energy usage. Various PCM options are described, along with encapsulation methods to control volume changes and prevent reactivity. Techniques for increasing PCM thermal conductivity, like adding metallic fillers or fins, are also summarized. The conclusion reiterates that further PCM research and system design optimization could improve energy storage efficiency.
Phase change materials (PCMs) store and release heat as they change between solid and liquid states. PCMs were researched by NASA in the 1970s-1980s for thermal regulation applications. Some PCMs like lithium chloride are used to manage electronics temperatures, while paraffinic hydrocarbons and plastic crystals have been incorporated into textile fibers and fabrics. When microencapsulated PCMs in fabrics melt upon heating or freeze upon cooling, they absorb or release latent heat to buffer the wearer's temperature changes.
phase change materials by dhandabani,anna university,CEG,chennai.Dhanda Bani
The document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) and their use in thermal energy storage. PCMs can store and release large amounts of energy in the form of latent heat during phase transitions between solid and liquid states, providing higher storage density than sensible heat methods. Common PCMs include water, salt hydrates, paraffins, and bio-based materials. PCMs can be incorporated directly into materials or encapsulated before use. Potential applications include construction materials, textiles, food/medical packaging, vehicles, and more. Benefits include compact energy storage, while challenges include costs and maintaining thermal conductivity during phase changes.
This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) and their incorporation into textiles. PCMs can absorb, store, and release large amounts of heat as they change phase between solid and liquid. The document defines PCMs and how they work in textiles, describing methods of incorporating PCMs such as filling, impregnating fibers, coatings, and foam dispersion. It also discusses testing of PCM-incorporated textiles and their properties, as well as applications, challenges, opportunities, and limitations.
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL ASSISTED SOLAR STILLIAEME Publication
A Solar still is a simple device, which is used to produce drinking water using energy of sun. Its low productivity is of great concern. Lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still to produce drinking water in the off sunshine hours. To examine the effects of use of PCM in the solar still for same total daily solar intensity on energy and exergy efficiency, experiments were carried out on two similar double slope solar still at Allahabad (250 28ꞌN, 810 54ꞌE) U.P. India. PCM is used in one of the still for the purpose of comparison with conventional still. It is observed that the exergy efficiency increases by 40% when lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still.
This document discusses thermal energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs can effectively store thermal energy during phase transitions from solid to liquid or vice versa, providing high energy storage density. Some commonly used PCMs are salt hydrates and hydrocarbons. Thermal energy stored as latent heat during phase changes can be 5-10 times more dense than thermal energy stored sensibly through temperature changes alone. The document outlines applications of PCM thermal storage in building insulation and solar energy systems.
This document summarizes research on integrating phase change materials (PCMs) into solar water heating systems for thermal energy storage. It reviews five studies that examined using PCMs like paraffin wax, calcium chloride hexahydrate, and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate. The performance enhancements of PCMs include storing up to 3.45 times more energy and maintaining hot water temperatures during off-sunshine hours through latent heat release. However, flow rate affects efficiency, with lower rates providing hot water longer. Increased PCM mass also lengthens storage time but lowers charging temperatures. Overall, PCMs improve solar water heating by enabling isothermal energy storage and release.
Thermal energy storage systems store thermal energy and make it available at a later time for uses such as balancing energy supply and demand or shifting energy use from peak to off-peak hours. The document discusses several types of thermal energy storage including latent heat storage using phase change materials, sensible heat storage using temperature changes in materials, and thermo-chemical storage using chemical reactions. Case studies of thermal energy storage applications in solar plants, buildings, and cold chain transportation are also presented.
This document reviews using phase change materials to maintain human comfort inside a car. It discusses how the temperature inside cars increases significantly on sunny days, affecting human comfort and safety. Using air conditioning increases fuel consumption and causes environmental issues. The document proposes using phase change materials, which absorb and release heat at a constant temperature, as a renewable alternative to air conditioning. It examines properties and types of phase change materials, selecting polyethylene glycol 600 for its suitable melting point and properties. An experiment is described using pouches of this material installed in a car's roof to absorb excess heat and calculate the necessary mass to maintain a comfortable temperature. The summary concludes this phase change material approach can comfortably maintain temperature inside cars in an eco-friendly manner.
PCM Thermal Energy Storage Systems; Ashrae 2004 Conference PaperZafer Ure
The document discusses positive temperature eutectic (PCM) thermal energy storage systems. It begins by explaining the disadvantages of conventional water-ice storage systems, which require low-temperature chillers. The document then introduces positive temperature eutectic solutions, which can freeze and melt above 0°C, overcoming these disadvantages. Various PCM mixtures are presented, along with encapsulation techniques to contain them. The document argues that PCM storage enables higher evaporator temperatures and lower condenser pressures, improving energy efficiency. A variety of applications are proposed, including utilizing chilled water and refrigeration temperature ranges for charging.
Integating i pad into the project controls for large construction projects pptp6academy
This document discusses integrating iPad technology into project controls for large construction projects. It describes using an iPad application for offline data collection and updating Primavera Contract Management and P6 scheduling software. The document demonstrates a daily reports mobile application that allows two-way communication with Contract Manager when offline in the field. It also shows visualizing project controls cost information using OneTouchPM.
205470 integrating i pad technology into the project controls for large const...p6academy
This document discusses integrating iPad technology into project controls for large construction projects. It will demonstrate using mobile applications for offline data collection, and how collected data can be updated in Contract Manager and P6 scheduling software. It will also visually display project controls cost information using OneTouchPM® and techniques for integrating data into GIS/OneTouchPM® systems.
PSBP and thermal comfort - Conclusion Belvoir School #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
This document contains data from a study comparing classroom temperatures with and without PCM CoolZone ceiling tiles. The classroom with the PCM tiles showed consistently lower peak temperatures over the summer of 2013. Thermal modeling also showed that a classroom failed to pass thermal comfort standards without PCM tiles but passed when fitted with 20sqm of PCM tiles. Data from other schools demonstrated energy savings of up to 160 kWh/m2/yr from using PCM materials.
This document provides an overview of Section 460 of the Internal Revenue Code, which regulates the tax treatment of long-term contracts. It discusses the small contractor exception for contractors with average annual gross receipts under $10 million. It also covers available accounting methods for long-term contracts, including percentage-of-completion for large contractors. The document concludes with a discussion of look-back provisions that recalculate taxes owed based on final contract costs.
This document discusses using phase change materials (PCMs) in building construction to create a more sustainable and energy efficient built environment. PCMs absorb and release heat energy at certain temperatures to provide a thermal mass effect and help stabilize indoor temperatures. Microencapsulated PCMs can be incorporated into ceiling tiles and plasterboards. Installing PCM ceiling tiles can reduce temperature variations and air conditioning energy usage by 25-50% while improving thermal comfort. Case studies show PCM tiles delay the need for mechanical cooling by hours in test rooms under cooling loads. PCMs provide a passive and maintenance-free solution to help regulate temperatures.
The document discusses IDE's Vacuum Ice Maker (VIM) technology for thermal energy storage. The VIM is an efficient ice maker that uses less than 1 kW/ton of energy to produce ice slurry for storage in a thermal energy storage tank. This allows for reduction in tank size and enables flexibility through rapid discharge. The VIM can produce up to 1,000 ton of cooling capacity and has been operating worldwide for over 20 years. It provides benefits like low energy use, simple storage, utilization of ice's latent heat, and rapid discharge capabilities.
This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) and their applications for thermal control. It begins by defining PCMs as materials that can store and release large amounts of heat during phase transitions at constant temperatures. Common organic, inorganic, and eutectic PCM compounds are then described. The document outlines typical problems with PCMs like phase separation and identifies solutions. Applications developed at CRM for PCMs in buildings, satellites, satellite launchers, and wood stoves are presented to improve thermal comfort and efficiency through increased thermal mass without large weight increases. In conclusion, the document shows how PCMs can provide thermal control for systems.
APPLICATION OF PCM IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGSSwapnil Shahade
This document presents research on using phase change materials (PCM) in concrete construction to improve thermal energy efficiency of buildings. Specifically, it examines incorporating paraffin wax and bee wax PCM into concrete blocks. Test blocks were produced with cavities containing each PCM and a control without PCM. Temperature readings found that blocks with paraffin wax maintained the largest temperature difference over time, indicating it provided the best thermal regulation. In conclusion, incorporating paraffin wax PCM into concrete construction materials can help reduce energy demands for heating and cooling buildings.
Asu December 2010 Application For Bio Pcmenergy4you
This thesis examines the application of phase change material (PCM) in buildings for energy conservation. Experimental testing was conducted on a shed incorporating an organic-based PCM called BioPCM into the envelope. EnergyPlus simulations were performed to validate the experimental results. The simulation yielded comparable energy consumption trends to the experimental data but did not capture the peak load time shifts observed. Parametric studies in the simulation examined factors like PCM thermal conductivity, temperature range, location, insulation, and combinations of multiple PCMs. It was found that a PCM with a melting point of 23-27°C led to maximum energy savings and peak load shift for the building in Phoenix, Arizona.
Investigation of solar cooker with pcm heat storageiaemedu
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a solar cooker with phase change material (PCM) heat storage for use in high altitude places like Taif City, Saudi Arabia. The solar cooker system consists of evacuated tube solar collectors connected to a hot water storage tank. The base of the solar cooker box is connected to a copper tube heat exchanger inside a cylindrical pot filled with paraffin PCM. Hot water from the solar collectors is circulated through the heat exchanger to store thermal energy in the PCM and heat the cooking pot. Parameters like solar radiation, humidity, cooker orientation, and ambient temperature were evaluated. The study shows this system can effectively cook and heat food under high altitude conditions with partial cloud cover and moderate
A REVIEW ON ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS - USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS, GREEN ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of various strategies to create more energy efficient buildings, including phase change materials (PCMs), green roofs, and heat reflective coatings. It summarizes several studies that have found incorporating PCMs into building materials like walls and roofs can significantly reduce temperature fluctuations and energy consumption for heating and cooling by absorbing and releasing thermal energy during phase changes. Green roofs are also highlighted as providing thermal benefits by keeping roof and indoor temperatures lower compared to bare roofs. Coatings that reflect infrared and sunlight are discussed as another method to decrease energy usage. The document then examines two specific studies in more depth, one analyzing the effects of different PCM variants installed in walls and roofs in Kuwait
This document outlines a seminar on energy saving in green buildings presented by Mr. Akshay B. Kathalkar and guided by Prof. R.M. Phuke in the Department of Civil Engineering at Akola College of Engineering and Technology. The seminar discusses green building concepts, comparisons to conventional buildings, energy consumption in buildings, and approaches to reducing energy usage through proper orientation, envelope measures, equipment and systems, and use of renewable energy. The conclusion emphasizes that green buildings have financial, health, and environmental benefits and can help reduce the minimal impact on the environment.
This document summarizes a seminar on energy saving in green buildings. It discusses key concepts of green buildings such as reducing energy and resource consumption. It compares green buildings to conventional buildings and outlines tangible benefits like reduced operating costs and intangible benefits like environmental and health improvements. It also examines aspects of green building design like building orientation, envelope measures, lighting and renewable energy to reduce energy consumption. The presentation concludes that adopting green building practices can help reduce environmental impacts while providing human comfort in an eco-friendly way.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document discusses a study that assessed the performance of window films in reducing solar heat gain in buildings in Kurdistan, Iraq. A test wooden cabinet was constructed and measurements were taken over 9 hours both with and without a window film installed. Results showed that the window film reduced maximum indoor temperatures by 10°C and blocked 50-97% of solar radiation depending on weather conditions. Calculations estimated that applying the window film reduced the solar heat gain of the cabinet by 477.15 Watts, with the largest reduction due to decreased light transmission through the windows. The study demonstrates that window films can effectively support environmental protection by lowering energy use for cooling in hot climates like Kurdistan.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
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Fig.21 Indoor temperature variation in RCC and
PCM rooms January 2009
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Fig.22 Indoor temperature variation in RCC and
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1) The document discusses the development of novel roof structures for thermal comfort and energy savings in buildings, with a focus on structures with and without phase change materials (PCMs).
2) It outlines the theoretical simulation and modeling analysis conducted
The document discusses a building panel called F.E.S-Board that contains phase change materials to provide passive thermal comfort. It absorbs and stores heat during temperature increases and releases it when temperatures drop to improve thermal comfort. It can be used in internal partitions and ceilings to enhance thermal comfort and indoor air quality while stabilizing moisture. Its phase change materials work by changing from solid to liquid and back in a narrow temperature range near human comfort levels, absorbing and releasing large amounts of heat. It provides benefits like thermal mass and moisture control in lightweight structures like wood or steel buildings.
drainage capabilities and heat loss of different inverted roof assembliesAmiran Bokhua
The document summarizes research conducted to evaluate the drainage capabilities and heat loss of different inverted roof assemblies. Tests were performed using a calibrated hot box to simulate winter temperature conditions. Various inverted roof assemblies were tested that included different drainage layer configurations, insulation orientations, and gaps between insulation boards. Test results showed that the majority of rainwater drained at the membrane level regardless of assembly configuration. Introducing gaps between insulation boards increased drainage rates. Assembly configuration was also found to impact the overall effective thermal performance, with increased heat loss observed when the drainage layer was removed and insulation was in direct contact with the roof membrane.
Heat discharge through forced cooling of phase change materials in concrete p...Kristin Kuckelkorn
This document discusses a study that aims to reduce energy consumption in buildings by optimizing the thermal mass capacity of concrete structures through the integration of phase change materials (PCMs). The study tests two concrete panel samples, a regular concrete mix and a PCM concrete mix containing microencapsulated paraffin, and measures their heat storage, natural drainage, and drainage with forced cooling via pipes. The results show that the PCM concrete achieved higher thermal storage but was slower to release heat, necessitating forced cooling through pipes to sufficiently cool the panel overnight and allow it to absorb heat the next day, improving indoor thermal comfort.
The document discusses several methods to reduce operational energy in buildings, including:
1. Using energy efficient building envelopes with high insulation to control air, water, and heat flow. This includes roofs, walls, foundations, and thermal barriers.
2. Considering the solar heat gain coefficient and U-values of facade materials like windows to reduce unwanted solar heat gain and heat loss.
3. Implementing efficient lighting technologies, energy efficient appliances, renewable energy sources, and energy monitoring systems to reduce overall energy usage.
The DOE Building Technologies (BT) Program has targeted the strategic goal of developing the next generation of
building envelope systems, with the ultimate objective of reducing the space conditioning requirements attributable
to attics by 50% compared to Building America (BA) regional baseline new construction. During 2005/06 computer
modeling and dynamic lab and field experiments lead to a new paradigm for designing thermally active building
envelopes. To meet BT’s goal, Oak Ridge National Lab’s Building Envelope Program (BEP) has worked with
several industries, universities, and collaborated with a sister national laboratory to merge key technologies into
prototype components for building envelopes.
Retrofitting of Academic Building by Energy Efficient TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document discusses retrofitting an academic building with energy efficient techniques to reduce energy consumption. It proposes modifying the building orientation, installing an earth air heat exchanger, solar chimney, and green roof. Retrofitting an institutional building with white glazed roof tiles, double pane windows, and energy efficient electrical equipment like LED lights and fans is estimated to cut energy usage by 25-30% over 50 years. Specific techniques are outlined to passively heat and cool indoor air using the earth's stable subsurface temperature and solar power without mechanical systems.
The document compares the thermal performance of Madras terrace roofing and concrete roofing (RCC) in the warm, humid climate of Coimbatore, India. An experiment was conducted on a residence with both roof types over 3 weeks in summer. Outdoor and indoor temperatures and humidity were recorded every 2 hours. Results showed RCC roofing gained more heat than Madras terrace roofing during the day. Peak indoor temperatures under RCC roofing were often 2-3°C higher. Therefore, Madras terrace roofing provided better thermal comfort for occupants in this climate compared to RCC roofing.
Solar thermal control of building integrated phase change materials an experi...eSAT Journals
The document summarizes an experimental study on using phase change materials (PCM) for thermal control in buildings. Two identical test rooms were constructed - one with PCM panels in the walls and roof, and one without PCM as a reference. Sensors measured temperature and heat flux data. Results showed the PCM room had less temperature variation and a delayed temperature response compared to the reference room. Specifically, minimum indoor temperatures in the PCM room were up to 3°C higher. Additionally, installing PCM on the roof reduced indoor temperatures by around 2°C and lowered heat flux through walls. Therefore, the study demonstrates PCM can effectively increase thermal comfort in buildings.
Asian architecture- Implementation of Sun Shading strategies in 8D HouseWmin fOO
1) The document discusses various sun shading strategies implemented in the 8D House in Bukit Damansara, Malaysia to achieve thermal comfort. These include a large insulated canopy roof, vertical metal sun screens, surrounding vegetation, and orientation.
2) The canopy roof provides shelter from sunlight with its overhanging design. It is constructed of lightweight and highly reflective metal materials.
3) Vertical sun screens made of metal louvres offset heat radiation while adding aesthetic appeal. Surrounding vegetation also provides shade.
Passive cooling is a design approach that focuses on controlling heat gain and dissipating heat without energy usage. It involves preventing heat entry, storing heat in thermal mass, and releasing heat at night. Key techniques include site design for climate/wind, solar shading, insulation, natural ventilation like cross/stack ventilation, night flushing to release stored heat, radiative cooling of roofs at night, evaporative cooling using water, and coupling buildings to cooler earth temperatures underground.
The present work shows the importance of using thermal insulation for new building walls. To decrease cooling and heating load, so the electric power consumption for air-conditioning equipment drop to more than 50% of that without insulation. The experimental work includes building of two models of (1X1X1) m width, length and height located at (32.5 latitude) kut city, Iraq. The model is set to be each wall faced south, east, north and west direction exactly. The models built from brick (24cm), thermo-stone (20cm) and sandwich panel (5cm). Another type of insulation material were tested and compared with normal brick wall is styropor. The heat gain was calculated for all the above insulations compared with brick model. The results showed that the best model in energy saving is the sandwich panel model with about 70% energy save, while the thermo-stone model gives 33% and outside styropor 54.28%.
ARTICLE 58 IJAET VOLII ISSUE III JULY SEPT 2011Nirav Soni
The document reports on an experimental investigation of a double pass solar air heater with a corrugated absorber plate and Amul Cool aluminum cans. The study found that using a corrugated plate and aluminum cans in the double pass design increased the absorber plate temperature and thermal efficiency compared to a conventional single pass solar air heater. Tests were conducted to analyze how factors like time of day, solar insolation, and mass flow rate affected the absorber temperature and thermal efficiency of the modified solar air heater design.
A Pitched Roof with Forced Ventilation to Limit
Solar Gains by Enrico Caffagni, Antonio Libbra, Alberto Muscio* and Luca Tarozzi in Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology
The document discusses passive solar building design. It begins by noting that population growth and urbanization have increased energy consumption. About 35-40% of energy is used by buildings, mostly for heating. The rest of the document discusses various passive solar design elements that can be used to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating buildings in winter and cooling in summer. These include south-facing windows, thermal mass materials, shading devices, and thermal storage walls like Trombe walls. The benefits of passive solar design are reducing energy consumption and heating/cooling costs.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
3. Zigzag Trombe Walls
Purpose: To reduce excessive heat gain and glare in sunny days.
Construction & working[1]:
It consists of three sections
– One facing south other two sections forms a inward “V” shaped wall
– One section of V shaped wall faces south east provides light and heat during
morning times through windows when immediate heating is required.
– The opposite is a classical Trombe wall which stores heat during afternoon
time and supply heat in night times.
4. Fluidized Trombe wall[2]
It is a classic Trombe wall but in which the gap between the Trombe wall and glazin
g is fill with a highly absorbent, low-density fluid[2].
Fan forces the air through the fluidized bed there by Facilitating effective heat
transfer.
Two filters, which are located at the top and bottom of the air channel, prevent the
fluidized particles from entering the room[7].
This system has effective heat transfer due to direct contact between air and fluid
particles [8] since the surface area is increased compared to wall in the conventional
Trombe wall.
5.
6. Phase Change Material Trombe wall
The PCM absorbs the solar energy and changes its phase there by storing heat(latent) energy
, which can be released by reversing phase change in night times.
Commonly used PCM’s are phase eutectic salts( NaCl , potassium nitrate) or salt hydrates
(Calcium chloride, Sodium sulphate) and paraffin wax[2].
Paraffin wax: Most widely used PCM
Cheap with moderate thermal storage densities (200 kJ/kg or 150 MJ/𝑚3) and
a wide range of melting temperatures.
However, they have low thermal conductivity (0.2 W/ 𝑚 𝑜C), which limits thei
r applications. Metallic fillers, metal matrix structures, finned tubes and alumi
num shavings were used to improve their thermal conductivity.
8. Trombe Wall with PCM (cndt.)
Advantages:
These PCM’s store more energy in a smaller volume and in materials those are lighter than n
ormal building materials there by reducing size and weight of storage medium.
A 15 cm concrete wall can be replaced by a 3.5 cm wall of PCM and perform similarly[3].
The time of energy release can be altered by altering the initiation given for phase change at
night times.
Disadvantages :
Performance of PCM is strongly dependent on thermal stability, repetitive cycling, corrosion
between PCM and container[4] (concrete wall).
Salts have high thermal stability but often suffers from high corrosion, Paraffin wax provides
a good option as paraffin's have excellent thermal stability as neither the cycles nor contact w
ith metals degrades their thermal behavior[5].
Reactivity of PCM can be decreased by encapsulating it by non reactive materials like high d
ensity polyethylene sheets or plastic pipes[6].
9. Composite Trombe Wall
Also called as Trombe-Michel wall, consists of: Semi transparent cover, a mass
heating wall, a closed cavity,
a ventilated air cavity and an insulating panel.
Composite Trombe walls are considered a remedy[11] for two deficiencies of
Trombe walls:
Heat loss during cloudy winter days and
Undesired heat inputs during hot weather
Both these effects were due to insulation on inner wall
surface.
Unlike the conventional Trombe walls percentage of heat
Transferred through conduction or radiation is very less due
To the presence of insulation on inner side of wall.
11. Composite Trombe Wall (cndt.)
Advantages:
Users can control the rate of heating by controlling the airflow through the
ventilated channel.
The composite Trombe wall’s thermal resistance is extremely high because the
wall is insulated on the inner side.
Disadvantages:
This type of wall requires a mechanism to prevent reverse thermo-circulation,
which occurs when the storage wall becomes colder than the ambient air of the
building’s internal space.
The reverse thermo-circulation can be avoided by using plastic film insertion in the
vents which allows the flow of air only in one direction[11].
13. BIPV Trombe Wall
Building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T) systems are either opaque or se
mi-transparent type PV on roof top or facade.
Principle:
The system removes the heat behind the PV panels and cools them.
The decrease in the PV surface temperature provides the increase in electrical effici
ency.
The air heated in the air duct/gap is heated up and taken into the building’s HVAC s
ystem.
The use of pre-heated air in the HVAC system provides the decrease in the heating
and the ventilation loads.
Application:
Production and availability of semi transparent PV modules makes it viable for Tra
ns wall systems also, while opaque PV modules are limited to trombe wall only.
14. BIPV Trombe Wall
CONCLUSIONS:
The experiments conducted using a-Si BIPV/T has given an Increase of 2% [9]
electrical efficiency and temperature difference out door and outlet air is 16.89 𝑜
C
thermal performance is reduced by 17%[10].
Double glazing thermal walls are also getting popular, This will have less heat
loss during night times due to increased Thermal resistance . but reduction of
transmittance is a problem.
In single glass system the solar gain during day time is more due to more transitivity
compared to double glass.
Thus single glass system with shutters in the night is better than double glass system.
15. References
1) NREL. Building a better Trombe wall, NREL researchers improve passive
solar technology. National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2005.
2) K. Sopian, C.H. Lim, Nilofar Asim, M.Y. Sulaiman , Trombe walls: A revi
ew of opportunities and challenges in research and development, Omidrez
a Saadatian n, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 634
0–6351
3) Bourdeau LE. Study of two passive solar systems containing phase chang
e materials for thermal storage. Fifth Natl passive solar conference. Amhe
rst, Mass: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; 1980.
4) Zalba B, Marin J, Cabeza L, Mehling H. Review on thermal energy storag
e with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications. Ap
pl Therm Eng 2003;23:251–83.
5) Gibbs B, Hasnain S. DSC study of technical grade phase change heat stor
age materials for solar heating applications. In: Proceedings of the 1995 A
SME/JSME/JSEJ International Solar Energy Conference, Part 2, 1995.
6) Hong Y, Xin-shi G. Preparation of polyethylene–paraffin compounds as a
form-stable solid–liquid phase change material. Solar Energy Mater Solar
Sells 2000;64:37–44.
16. References
7) Sadineni SB, Madala S, Boehm RF. Passive building energy savings: a r
eview of building envelope components. Renewable and Sustainable En
ergy Reviews 2011;15:3617–31.
8) Tunc M, Uysal M. Passive solar heating of buildings using a fluidized be
d plus Trombe wall system. Applied Energy 1991;38:199–213.
9) Panels , Basak Kundakci Koyunbaba Zerrin Yilmaz b, The comparison
of Trombe wall systems with single glass, double glass and PV
10) Sun W, Ji J, Luo C, He W. Performance of PV-Trombe wall in winter cor
related with south facade design. Applied Energy 2011;88:224–31.
11) Zalewski L, Chantant M, Lassue S, Duthoit B. Experimental thermal stu
dy of a solar wall of composite type. Energy and Buildings 1997