This document summarizes a study that investigated using a phase change material (PCM) associated with the evaporator in a domestic refrigerator to improve its performance. Water was used as the PCM. Experimental results found that using PCM increased the refrigerator's coefficient of performance (COP) by an average of 18-26% compared to the conventional refrigerator without PCM. The PCM enhanced heat transfer from the evaporator to the refrigerant, improving the COP. Future work could explore different PCMs and their effects on refrigeration system performance.
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Storage of commodities at low temperature increases the shelf life. Proper understanding of storage system is necessary for desire cooling effect. Basic information regarding refrigeration is explained here. Design parameters are also give to be considered.
Effect of compressor suction pressure in Vapor Compression Refrigeration Syst...Sharath Kumar
here in this presentation we will be discussing about Effect of compressor suction pressure in Vapor Compression Refrigeration System under Suction Discharge and Evaporator
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Storage of commodities at low temperature increases the shelf life. Proper understanding of storage system is necessary for desire cooling effect. Basic information regarding refrigeration is explained here. Design parameters are also give to be considered.
Effect of compressor suction pressure in Vapor Compression Refrigeration Syst...Sharath Kumar
here in this presentation we will be discussing about Effect of compressor suction pressure in Vapor Compression Refrigeration System under Suction Discharge and Evaporator
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IN THE APPLICATION OF WA...Journal For Research
Heat is the energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters for the protection of global environment. Heat also radiated from our domestic refrigerator. This waste heat from refrigerator will affect the environmental because as heat in the environment will increases it will cause global warming. So it is necessary that a significant effort should be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. So An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for various of domestic and industrial purposes. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is very useful for domestic purpose. It is valuable alternative approach to increase overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economical. This system is a cabin that we are going to install over the head of the simple refrigerator, this cabin will be an arrangement of coils that will work as a heat exchanger for reuse of waste heat. These coils are hot coils of condenser of the refrigerator that will be modified and will put in the cabin. It can serve the purpose of cooking, geysers etc. Besides, the refrigerator may be used as conventional refrigerator. Further COP will also increase. Heat rejection may occur directly to the air in the case of a conventional household domestic refrigerator having air-cooled condenser. This system rejected less heat to the environment so it is safer in environmental aspects also.
refrigerator and Air Condition,application, unit and COP, COP, types of refrigeration system, ideal properties for a refrigerant , Refrigeration Cycle, Bell- Colman Cycle, Vapour Compression Cycle,
Reheating Refrigeration System to control and utilize the rejected heat from an air conditioner to reduce the input power of the compressor without affecting the cooling effect.
Definations related to refrigeration like refrigerating effect,TON of refrigeration,COP,vapour compression refrigeration system and vapour absorption refrigeration system,types of refrigerants and properties of refrigerants.
Heat Recovery System in Domestic RefrigeratorIjrdt Journal
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in last century from ice harvesting to temperature controlled rail cars. Most widely used current application of refrigeration is for air-conditioning of homes and public buildings. During refrigeration, heat from the refrigerant is dissipated for the successful completion of a refrigeration cycle. In normal household refrigerators, the heat from the refrigerant is removed using a condenser where the refrigerant cools and the air surrounding the condenser heats up. The strategy of how to recover the dissipated heat to develop a waste heat recovery system is relevant. The energy lost in waste heat cannot be fully recovered. However, much of the heat can be recovered and the loss can be minimized by adopting different measures. Hot air can be used for space heating, industrial drying, preheating aspirated air for oil burners, or any other application requiring warm air. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a heat recovery system to recover waste heat from the condenser in the refrigerator and to reuse it for heating application.
Coefficient of Performance Enhancement of Refrigeration CyclesIJERA Editor
Refrigerator is one of the home appliance utilizing mechanical vapor compression cycle in its process. Performance of the systems become the main issue and many researches are still ongoing to evaluate and improve the efficiency of any used system. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the performance of the refrigeration cycles. A small rrefrigerator is used as the test rig. The Coefficient of Performance (COP) is studied by using different condenser designs and under varying evaporator loads. Three condenser designs are used in present work. These condensers are regular condenser of domestic refrigerator, condenser with copper plain tubes (Cond.1) and condenser with copper tubes welded with stainless steel flat plate (Cond.2). pressures and temperatures measurements of each point in the refrigeration cycle are collected in order to evaluate the refrigerator performance. The results showed that the average COP of Cond.1 and Cond.2 are increased up to 20 % and 14% respectively more than regular condenser design under no load. The evaporator load effects on the machine performance, where the COP of the machine increases with the increase of the evaporator load.
Effectiveness analysis of a thermo siphon charged with norflurane as a runnin...eSAT Journals
Abstract This work presents an investigation of the thermal performance on Thermo-siphon charged with norflurane as a running fluid,
with electro chemical nano coating. This analysis was carried out to scrutinize the optimized fill ratio and angle of inclination for
better heat transfer enhancement. The fluctuation of heat transfer ability of the thermo-siphon was analyzed for the input heat
transfer rate varies from 0 to 350 W for various filling ratios and inclination of angle. The various fill ratio of the refrigerant used
in the analysis are 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% and 30% and angle of inclination for carrying out orientation analysis were taken as 0°,
45° and 90°. Experimental results showed that the fill ratio and orientation analysis showed a better heat transfer performance on
thermo-siphon while using Norflurane as a working fluid. Experimental investigations and calculations depicted that the thermal
resistance of 50% fill ratio was found to be lower than that of other fill ratios thereby leading to a better thermal performance for
thermo-siphon charged with Norflurane. Further, upon further investigation for orientation analysis it was found that the
horizontal inclination provided better heat transfer. Hence this present investigation indicates that the thermal performance of a
thermo-siphon can be enhanced using Norflurane at an optimal fill ratio of 50% and at an angle of inclination of 0°.
Keywords: Angle of Inclination, Filling Ratio, Heat Transfer, Norflurane, Thermal Resistance,Thermo-Siphon,
Electro Chemical Nano Coating.
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IN THE APPLICATION OF WA...Journal For Research
Heat is the energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters for the protection of global environment. Heat also radiated from our domestic refrigerator. This waste heat from refrigerator will affect the environmental because as heat in the environment will increases it will cause global warming. So it is necessary that a significant effort should be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. So An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for various of domestic and industrial purposes. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is very useful for domestic purpose. It is valuable alternative approach to increase overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economical. This system is a cabin that we are going to install over the head of the simple refrigerator, this cabin will be an arrangement of coils that will work as a heat exchanger for reuse of waste heat. These coils are hot coils of condenser of the refrigerator that will be modified and will put in the cabin. It can serve the purpose of cooking, geysers etc. Besides, the refrigerator may be used as conventional refrigerator. Further COP will also increase. Heat rejection may occur directly to the air in the case of a conventional household domestic refrigerator having air-cooled condenser. This system rejected less heat to the environment so it is safer in environmental aspects also.
refrigerator and Air Condition,application, unit and COP, COP, types of refrigeration system, ideal properties for a refrigerant , Refrigeration Cycle, Bell- Colman Cycle, Vapour Compression Cycle,
Reheating Refrigeration System to control and utilize the rejected heat from an air conditioner to reduce the input power of the compressor without affecting the cooling effect.
Definations related to refrigeration like refrigerating effect,TON of refrigeration,COP,vapour compression refrigeration system and vapour absorption refrigeration system,types of refrigerants and properties of refrigerants.
Heat Recovery System in Domestic RefrigeratorIjrdt Journal
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in last century from ice harvesting to temperature controlled rail cars. Most widely used current application of refrigeration is for air-conditioning of homes and public buildings. During refrigeration, heat from the refrigerant is dissipated for the successful completion of a refrigeration cycle. In normal household refrigerators, the heat from the refrigerant is removed using a condenser where the refrigerant cools and the air surrounding the condenser heats up. The strategy of how to recover the dissipated heat to develop a waste heat recovery system is relevant. The energy lost in waste heat cannot be fully recovered. However, much of the heat can be recovered and the loss can be minimized by adopting different measures. Hot air can be used for space heating, industrial drying, preheating aspirated air for oil burners, or any other application requiring warm air. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a heat recovery system to recover waste heat from the condenser in the refrigerator and to reuse it for heating application.
Coefficient of Performance Enhancement of Refrigeration CyclesIJERA Editor
Refrigerator is one of the home appliance utilizing mechanical vapor compression cycle in its process. Performance of the systems become the main issue and many researches are still ongoing to evaluate and improve the efficiency of any used system. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the performance of the refrigeration cycles. A small rrefrigerator is used as the test rig. The Coefficient of Performance (COP) is studied by using different condenser designs and under varying evaporator loads. Three condenser designs are used in present work. These condensers are regular condenser of domestic refrigerator, condenser with copper plain tubes (Cond.1) and condenser with copper tubes welded with stainless steel flat plate (Cond.2). pressures and temperatures measurements of each point in the refrigeration cycle are collected in order to evaluate the refrigerator performance. The results showed that the average COP of Cond.1 and Cond.2 are increased up to 20 % and 14% respectively more than regular condenser design under no load. The evaporator load effects on the machine performance, where the COP of the machine increases with the increase of the evaporator load.
Effectiveness analysis of a thermo siphon charged with norflurane as a runnin...eSAT Journals
Abstract This work presents an investigation of the thermal performance on Thermo-siphon charged with norflurane as a running fluid,
with electro chemical nano coating. This analysis was carried out to scrutinize the optimized fill ratio and angle of inclination for
better heat transfer enhancement. The fluctuation of heat transfer ability of the thermo-siphon was analyzed for the input heat
transfer rate varies from 0 to 350 W for various filling ratios and inclination of angle. The various fill ratio of the refrigerant used
in the analysis are 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% and 30% and angle of inclination for carrying out orientation analysis were taken as 0°,
45° and 90°. Experimental results showed that the fill ratio and orientation analysis showed a better heat transfer performance on
thermo-siphon while using Norflurane as a working fluid. Experimental investigations and calculations depicted that the thermal
resistance of 50% fill ratio was found to be lower than that of other fill ratios thereby leading to a better thermal performance for
thermo-siphon charged with Norflurane. Further, upon further investigation for orientation analysis it was found that the
horizontal inclination provided better heat transfer. Hence this present investigation indicates that the thermal performance of a
thermo-siphon can be enhanced using Norflurane at an optimal fill ratio of 50% and at an angle of inclination of 0°.
Keywords: Angle of Inclination, Filling Ratio, Heat Transfer, Norflurane, Thermal Resistance,Thermo-Siphon,
Electro Chemical Nano Coating.
How is Phase Change Material used for storing thermal energy. Thermal battery, store energy from ambient and use in air-conditioning, differential power tariffs. Reduce global warming, save energy, green technology
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL ASSISTED SOLAR STILLIAEME Publication
A Solar still is a simple device, which is used to produce drinking water using energy of sun. Its low productivity is of great concern. Lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still to produce drinking water in the off sunshine hours. To examine the effects of use of PCM in the solar still for same total daily solar intensity on energy and exergy efficiency, experiments were carried out on two similar double slope solar still at Allahabad (250 28ꞌN, 810 54ꞌE) U.P. India. PCM is used in one of the still for the purpose of comparison with conventional still. It is observed that the exergy efficiency increases by 40% when lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still.
Phase Change Materials as an Alternative to Thermal Grease for Networking Applications - a technical comparison of Thermal Interface Materials in networking applications. Presented jointly by Juniper Networks and Honeywell Electronic Materials.
Introduction to Phase Change Materials #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
Presentation by Ian Biggin – Director, Phase Energy Limited
More information: https://storify.com/subutcher/cost-effective-thermal-comfortsolutions-for-the-p
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ENERGY SAVINGS IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR USING TWO THERMOELECTRIC MODULES& WAT...ijiert bestjournal
The study deals with hybrid refrigerator that combi nes thermoelectric (TER) and vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) and also entail exp erimental details of combined VCR & TER system. Objective is to configure hybrid refrig erator by introducing two Peltier modules (TER) in domestic refrigerator and to analyze compr essor cycles of conventional refrigerator with TER to increase energy efficiency of vapor com pression cycle. For this comparison of standalone VCR and Hybrid VCR+TER system is carried out. A Peltier module of size 4cm � 4cm � .4cm is introduced in the refrigerator cabinet & t he effect on energy efficiency in terms of trip time of compressor is recorded. The e ffect of Air cooled & Water cooled condenser with TER in different structures is also investigated. It is observed that by introducing thermoelectric effect,energy consumpti on of VCR is reduced by almost 10.92% annually,which accounts for 80 units per year. Thu s ultimately improving COP of the hybrid system with better control on temperature over the total run time.
ENERGY AUDIT presentationin power system .pptxReshevSharma
An energy audit is a systematic process of evaluating and analyzing energy usage in a building, facility, or industrial process to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. The goal of an energy audit is to assess energy consumption patterns, identify areas of inefficiency or waste, and recommend measures to optimize energy usage and reduce overall energy consumption.
Here's an overview of the typical steps involved in conducting an energy audit:
1. **Pre-Audit Planning:**
Define the scope and objectives of the energy audit, including the areas or systems to be evaluated, the level of detail required, and the desired outcomes. Identify key stakeholders, establish audit goals, and gather relevant documentation, such as utility bills, building plans, and equipment specifications.
2. **Data Collection and Analysis:**
Collect comprehensive data on energy consumption, including utility bills, meter readings, and operational data
DIMINUTION OF TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION INSIDE THE CABIN OF A HOUSEHOLD REFRIGE...ijmech
This work shows the effect phase change material (PCM) on temperature fluctuation inside the evaporator cabinet of a household refrigerator. The experiment has been done at different thermal loads with two different PCMs (Water and Eutectic solution (90% H2O + 10% NaCl) of melting point 0°C and -5°C respectively). The PCM is placed around the five sides of the evaporator cabinet in which the evaporator coil is immersed. The experimental results with PCM confirm the notable reduction of the fluctuation of the cabin temperature at lower load but at higher load this effect is not so significant. Between two PCM, the reduction of temperature fluctuation for Eutectic solution is better than water PCM. This reduction of temperature fluctuation ultimately improves the food preservation quality of the refrigerator
Cold Storage Condenser Heat Recycling and Energy Saving System ResearchIJRES Journal
The principle of cold storage refrigeration system is refrigerant in the effect of the gasification
and heat in the refrigerator, However, after the refrigerant in the condenser liquefaction heat release, and the
heat emissions into the atmosphere directly. Therefore, this paper presents a condenser heat secondary recycling
using system, through the series between the compressor and condenser phase change thermal storage, and
Condenser external phase change thermal storage to realize to the condenser heat recycled using. Using the
phase transition process of phase change heat storage material condensing heat recovery and cooling system for
making hot water, not only realize the condensing heat recycling and reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases
and air pollution, at the same time solve the refrigeration system operation period and hot water use the amount
of time lag and living hot water and inconsistent problems between the condensing heat. Reasonable change
condensing unit operation and make full use of the exhaust heat of condensing unit to provide living hot water,
Can reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, improve the urban atmospheric environment, has more
significance of energy conservation and environmental protection.
This paper describes an experimental study of using the waste heat from a Panasonic Under-
Ceiling split room air - conditioner had a rated capacity of 3.51 kW (12,000 Btu/h). An under – ceiling
split type air conditioning for heating domestic water in private homes. Energy recovery improved the
performance, and the recovered energy could replace electricity completely for heating domestic water
use. An extra charge of refrigerant in the air-conditioner could prevent its compressor from over heating
during energy recovery. The experimental conducted on varies capacity of the range from 22.5 litres to
120 litres storage tank. Results show the water temperature increased lies in the range of 50 OC to 65
OC. It was found that, when the initial water temperature in the 22.5 litres storage tank 27 OC, the water
temperature reached 65 OC in 105 minutes. For 120 litres water, temperature increased from 27 OC to 62
OC,5 in 240 minutes.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
Ad hoc & sensor networks, Adaptive applications, Aeronautical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering
Agricultural Engineering, AI and Image Recognition, Allied engineering materials, Applied mechanics,
Architecture & Planning, Artificial intelligence, Audio Engineering, Automation and Mobile Robots
Automotive Engineering….
an experiment on a co2 air conditioning system with copper heat exchangersINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper presented an experiment on a CO2 air conditioning system with copper heat exchangers. In this study, the compressor and cooler were tested with hydraulic method to determine the deformed and torn temperatures. The results show that conventional compressor is not suitable for using high pressure, due to the COP of cycle is very low (0.5 only). With CO2 compressor, the cycle can be achieved COP of 3.07 at the evaporative temperature of 10C. This value equals with COP of commercial air conditioning system presently.
This study shows the experimental comparison
between a commercial vapor compression refrigerator and a
laboratory built thermoelectric beverage cooler. Tests were
carried out to determine the time taken for the temperature of
325 ml of water in a glass jar to be reduced from 32oC to below
6oC. The result shows that in the freezer compartment of the
commercial refrigerator, the temperature of the water decreased
linearly with increasing time. However, for the thermoelectric
refrigerator, the water temperature decreased exponentially with
increasing time. In other words, cooling rate for the refrigerator
was constant while for the thermoelectric it decreased
exponentially. The study also shows that that in the freezer
compartment of the commercial refrigerator the water took 61
min to cool to 6°C while the thermoelectric beverage cooler took
69 min. It can be seen that for the majority of the cooling time,
the thermoelectric refrigerator was cooling at a faster rate than
the commercial refrigerator.
REFRIGERATION- HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM BY USING WATER HEATER CHAMBER IN BETWEEN...Dhananjay Parmar
The heat from the condenser side is dissipated to the room air. If this heat is not utilized it simply becomes the waste heat.
The rejected heat could be used to operate any other low grade heat required refrigeration system.
Optimization of Skin Condenser Using Bundy Tube In Place Of Copper TubeIJMER
The condenser is an important device used in the high pressure side of a refrigeration
system. Its function is to remove heat of the hot vapour refrigerant discharged from the compressor. The
main objective of this work is to carryout experimental investigation on Bundy Condenser coil used in
Skin Condenser for a Deep Freezer of 425 liters capacity; it is proposed to optimize the length of the
condenser coil. R – 134A will be used as refrigerant for the proposed investigation.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC REFRIGE...IAEME Publication
The objective of this project was to determine the energy savings associated with improved utilization of waste heat from a domestic refrigerator. Domestic refrigerators maybe operate
continuously to maintain proper food storage condition. The continual operation of this equipment accounts more electrical energy consumption. Furthermore, a significant amount of waste heat is rejected by the condensers of refrigerator.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Performance Improvement of a Domestic Refrigerator Using Phase change Material (PCM)
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 10, Issue 4 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 08-16
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
Performance Improvement of a Domestic Refrigerator Using
Phase change Material (PCM)
Rezaur Rahman1
, Adnan hasan2
, Shubhra Kanti Das3
, Md. Arafat Hossain4
[1,2,3,4]
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &Technology (KUET),
Khulna-9203, BANGLADESH
Abstract : The paper investigates the performance improvement provided by a phase change material
(PCM) associated with the evaporator in a domestic refrigerator. The heat release and storage rate of a
refrigerator is depends upon the characteristics of refrigerant and its properties. The usage of phase
change material (PCM) enhances the heat transfer rate thus improve the COP (Coefficient of performance) of
refrigeration. The analysis of the experiment exemplifies the improvement of a conventional refrigeration
system’s COP (Coefficient of performance) considerably. Using water as PCM and for a certain thermal
load it is found that the COP (Coefficient of performance) of the conventional refrigerator increased by
18-26% on average. Here the phase change material (PCM) used in a chamber built manually and which
surrounds the Evaporator chamber of a conventional refrigerator. The whole heat transfer from load given to
refrigerator cabinet to evaporator, evaporator to phase change material (PCM) by conduction. So the heat
transfer rate of evaporator refrigerant increases remarkably which improves the COP (Coefficient of
performance) the refrigeration system.
Keywords: COP, Evaporator, Phase Change Material, Refrigerator
I. INTRODUCTION
The most alarming environmental disorder namely “Global Warming” refers to the rising temperature
of Earth’s atmosphere and ocean and its projected continuation. The heat from the Sun is entrapped in the
Earth and thus increases the temperature of the atmosphere by Greenhouse Effect. Refrigeration system is
directly and invisibly responsible for Global Warming problem. For the typical home of the early 1990s, a
frost-free refrigerator or freezer was the second most expensive home appliance to operate besides the water
heater. Appliance makers were required to include labels listing an estimate of the annual cost of running each
appliance so consumers could compare costs and energy usage.[1] A refrigerator (colloquially fridge) is a
common household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump
(mechanical, electronic, or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment
so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room. [2]
Domestic refrigerators are among the most energy demanding appliances in a household due to their
continuous operation. [3] The domestic refrigerator is one found in almost all the homes for storing food,
vegetables, fruits, beverages, and much more. [4] Materials that can store thermal energy reversible over a long
time period are often referred to as latent heat storage materials. It also helped in heat transfer via conduction.
[5]
II. Objectives
The objectives of the performance improvement of the domestic refrigerator by using the phase change
material (PCM) are given below,
1. To fabricate the experimental set up by modifying the domestic refrigerator with PCM based refrigerator.
2. To observe the effects of phase change material (PCM) in compressor effect on COP.
3. To observe the difference on the Coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigerator cycle with PCM
and without PCM.
III. Overview Of Phase Change Material (Pcm)
PCMs latent heat storage can be achieved through solid– solid, solid–liquid, solid–gas and liquid–gas
phase change. However, the only phase change used for PCMs is the solid–liquid change.
Thermal Energy Storage through Phase Change material has been used for wide applications in
the field of air conditioning and refrigeration especially at industrial scale. [6]
A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and
solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. [7]
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Even though the thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCM) is usually not high, it is sufficient to
enhance the global heat transfer conditions of an evaporator with air as external fluid and natural convection as
heat transfer mechanism. [8]
IV. Conventional Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle (Without Pcm)
The vapor-compression uses a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs and
removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere. The main heat transfer
part is done via convection method between evaporator coil and environment. Figure depicts a typical, single-
stage vapor- compression system. All such systems have four components: a compressor, a condenser, a
Thermal expansion valve (also called a throttle valve or Tx Valve), and an evaporator. Circulating refrigerant
enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated vapor and is compressed to a
higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. [9]
Fig 1: Conventional Vapor compression Refrigeration System
V. Using Phase Change Material (PCM) as environment to release heat from evaporator
In conventional system the heat releasing environment for evaporator is usually air but using a Phase
Change Material (PCM) surrounding the evaporator coil work as a liquid or solid medium to release the heat.
PCM is touched with the evaporator coil the stored heat energy of PCM will be extracted by the refrigerant
through conduction method during compressor on mode. The conduction transfer is faster than the natural
convection heat transfer. In the conventional refrigerator the cabinet heat is extracted by the refrigerant through
natural convection. So the PCM will improve the heat transfer performance of the evaporator. A mathematical
model of parallel plate’s field with a phase change material that absorbs heat from the flow of warm moist air
was developed and validated. In this study, effects of the design and the operating condition on the
performance of the system are discussed only for the melting process and the interaction with the
refrigeration system is not studied.[10]
Fig 2: Heat Exchange between evaporator and phase change material
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VI. Development of Refrigeration System with a PCM box
The liquid PCM passed through a coil or any path which surrounds the whole evaporator. The
evaporator chamber is covered with another box which has the passage or storage cavity for PCM. When the
compressor On-state is on action the liquid PCM releases the heat and become solid and the refrigerant takes the
heat.
Step 1 Conventional Evaporator Step 2 PCM box with PCM passage
Fig 3: Evaporator and PCM box (to cover the evaporator and food cabinet).
VII. Experimental Setup
A conventional household refrigerator is used in the modified form with PCM box located behind the
evaporator cabinet to carry out the necessary experiments. It shows that the details of the location of the PCM
box with the evaporator cabinet. The PCM box is made up by aluminum sheet, which is fourteen inch width, 12
inch height and one inch depth. The evaporator cabinet box of outer volume 0.025 m3
with cooling coil is
inserted into the empty PCM box of internal volume .001m3. The thickness of the annular space between PCM
box and evaporator cabinet is one inch. In the top of the PCM box there are four holes of half inch diameter
each to charge the PCM into the box. In the bottom of the PCM box there are four holes of half inch diameter
each to charge the PCM into the box. The experimental set up comprised with a refrigerator, pressure gauge,
thermocouple, phase change material box. The followings are the major technical specifications of the
refrigerator.
1. Cabinet:
-Internal volume= 0.015 cubic meter
2. Evaporator:
-Mode of heat transfer= Free convection and conduction.
-Linear length of coil or tube= 14.5 feet= 4.4 meter
-Internal and external diameter of the tube= 5mm and 6mm or 0.00525m and 0.00635m respectively.
-Material of coil or tube= copper tube.
3. Condenser:
- Mode of heat transfer= Free convection
- Linear length of the coil= 4.1m
-Internal and external diameter of the tube= 3.23 mm and 4.23 mm or 0.003m and 0.004m respectively.
- Material of the tube= steel and wire tube.
4. Compressor:
LG MA 42LFJG 1PH 220-240V, 50HZ
5. Expansion device = Capillary tube
6. On/Off control and self-defrost.
7. Refrigerant =1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a)
Table 1: Physical Properties of HCF- 134a refrigerant
Boiling point at 1 atm (101.3kpa or 1.013bar) -26.3 0
C
Freezing point -103.3 0
C
Critical temperature 101.1 0
C
Critical pressure 4060 kPa
Critical volume 1.94x10-3
m3
/kg
Critical density 515.3 kg/m3
Density(liquid at 25 0
C) 1206 kg/m3
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Density(Saturated vapor) at boiling point 5.25 kg/m3
Heat capacity(liquid) at 25 0
C 0.339 kcal/kg.K
Heat capacity at 25 0
C and 1 atm 0.204 kcal/kg.K
Table 2 Uncertainties of Measurement
Measured Parameter Measuring Device Uncertainty
Temperature Thermocouples ± 2.75%
Pressure Pressure Gauge ± 0.01 psi
Table 3 Experimental ranges and conditions
Types of PCM Quantity of PCM
(liter)
Test time (min) Ambient Temp. ˚C Cabinet setting Temp.
˚C
Without PCM ------------------- 150 30-31 -5
Water 4.5 150 30-31 -5
VIII. Data Collection And Calculation
The following data have been collected for each test run at the steady state condition of the system.
1. P1= Compressor suction/Evaporator outlet pressure(bar)
2. P3=Evaporator Inlet Pressure(bar)
3. T1= Compressor suction Temperature (˚C)
4. T2=Compressor discharge/condenser Inlet Temperature(˚C)
5. T3=Condenser Outlet Temperature(˚C)
6. T4=Evaporator Inlet Temperature(˚C)
7. t=Time
Table 4 Experimental Data without Phase Change Material (PCM)
Time
Reading
taken
Evaporator
inlet Pressure
P1 bar
Condenser
outlet Pressure
P3 bar
Compressor inlet
Temp
T1 ˚ C
Compressor
outlet Temp
T2 ˚ C
Condenser
inlet Temp
T3˚ C
Condenser outlet
Temp
T4˚ C
11.10
am
0.27 9 26 50 33 17
11.25
am
0.40 8.5 27 53 36 17
11.40
am
0.44 9 26 58 37 19
11.55
am
0.47 9.5 27 61 37 18
12.10
pm
0.51 10 27 65 39 21
12.25
pm
0.34 10.2 26 67 38 19
12.40
pm
0.44 10.2 22 72 41 18
12.55p
m
0.44 10.2 22 72 39 18
1.10 pm 0.57 10.4 20 72 41 19
1.25
pm
0.57 10.6 20 72 42 19
Table 5: COP found in each test run without Phase Change Material (PCM)
Number of observation COP found in Vapor compression Refrigerator Without PCM
1 6.12
2 5.55
3 6.12
4 5.50
5 5.13
6 6.78
7 5.10
8 5.11
9 5.02
10 5.02
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Table 6 Experimental Data with Phase Change Material (PCM)
Time
Reading
taken
Evaporator
inlet Pressure
P1 bar
Condenser
outlet Pressure
P3 bar
Compressor inlet
Temp
T1 ˚ C
Compressor
outlet Temp
T2 ˚ C
Condenser
inlet Temp
T3˚ C
Condenser outlet
Temp
T4˚ C
10.00 am 0.44 11 30 56 48 22
10.15 am 0.61 11.5 31 59 49 23
10.30 am 0.68 12.4 33 63 53 25
10.45 am 0.78 12.8 34 65 58 27
11.00 am 0.98 14 35 68 59 30
11.15 am 1.02 15.5 35 70 57 32
11.30 am 1.02 15.5 35 73 58 33
11.45 am 1.02 15.5 35 75 62 33
12.00 Pm 1.09 16 34 77 62 32
12.15 1.09 16 34 77 61 32
Table 7 COP found in each test run with Phase Change Material (PCM)
Number of observation COP found in Vapor compression Refrigerator With PCM
1 9.85
2 9.42
3 9.45
4 9.04
5 9.00
6 9.00
7 9.00
8 8.91
9 8.82
10 8.91
Below the calculation of COP is given with proper calculation the corresponding enthalpy for desire pressure
and temperature found using P-h diagram of refrigerant R-134a.
At step 1:
COPWITHOUT PCM = =
COPWITH PCM= = = 7.27
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
At step 2:
COPWITHOUT PCM = =
COPWITH PCM= =
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
At step 3:
COPWITHOUT PCM =
COPWITH PCM= =
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
At step 4:
COPWITHOUT PCM = =
6. Performance improvement of Domestic Refrigerator using Phase change Material (PCM)
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COPWITH PCM= = 6.70
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
At step 5:
COPWITHOUT PCM = =
COPWITH PCM= = 6.69
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
At step 6:
COPWITHOUT PCM = =
COPWITH PCM= = 8.102
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
At step 7:
COPWITHOUT PCM = =
COPWITH PCM= =
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
At step 8:
COPWITHOUT PCM =
COPWITH PCM= =
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
At step 9:
COPWITHOUT PCM = =
COPWITH PCM= =
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
At step 10:
COPWITHOUT PCM = =
COPWITH PCM= =
Percentage of COP improved for the use of Phase Change Material (PCM)
=
7. Performance improvement of Domestic Refrigerator using Phase change Material (PCM)
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IX. Few Photographs Of Actual Experimental Setup
Fig 4 High pressure gauge fitted in the outlet of the Compressor.
Fig 5 Filter fitted with an Expansion valve.
Fig 6 Digital Temperature display.
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Fig. 7 Low pressure gauge fitted in the inlet and outlet of Evaporator.
Fig 8 K-type thermocouple probe.
Fig 9 Refrigeration system during the experiment.
X. FUTURE PLAN
As we know for Phase Change Material heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from
solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units. If PCM is used in the
cabinet then it will take most of the heat by changing its phase from solid to liquid. The temperature is constant
until the melting process in finished. The heat stored during the phase change process (melting process) of the
9. Performance improvement of Domestic Refrigerator using Phase change Material (PCM)
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material is called latent heat as shown in Fig 10. Thus for a particular period of time (until the PCM melts
completely) the desired temperature of the product can be maintained during the off cycle of the compressor
which ultimately prolonged the off cycle. So it will decrease the per month energy consumption by a
refrigerator. So main plan will be to measure the power consumption per month using phase change material
and measure the power saved by it.
Fig 10 Phase change diagram with energy storage of a phase change material
XI. CONCLUSION
Use of water as PCM imposes a great impact on COP improvement at certain thermal loads. Using
water as PCM and certain thermal load it is found that the 18-26% COP improvement has been achieved by
the PCM in respect without PCM in conventional refrigerator. Experiment tests have been carried out to
investigate the performance improvement of a household refrigerator using two different phase change
materials of different quantities at different loads. Depending on the PCM and the thermal load around
18-26% COP improvement has been achieved by the PCM in respect to without PCM.
Acknowledgments
The completion of this thesis marks the end of a tough rugged, but very rewarding event in my life.
Fortunately I was embraced by a number of important and some instances pivotal people in this event.
First of all, I’d like to express my gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Md. Nawsher Ali Moral, Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna. It was my
privilege to work with him, who completely showed me what and extraordinary should be like. Without his
help, support and courage it’d be difficult for me to achieve this milestone. I’d also like to express my sincere
gratitude to Dr. Mohammad Mashud Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering. For his
persuasion, invaluable advice and proceeding the departmental facilities and financial support to carry out the
experiment. My special thanks to Associate Prof. Dr Mohammad Ariful Islam, of the same university for
making a helpful suggestion regarding the construction of whole experimental setup. During this experiment
special thanks to Mohammad Ilias Inam, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering in the
same university. Thanks a due to the faculty members and stuff of the department of Mechanical Engineering
for their constant support and help.
REFERENCES
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[4] Internet Source- http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/66729- domestic- refrigerator-parts-and-their-working/
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[7] Internet Source-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_change_material
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