Seminar Report - Phase Change Material (PCM).pdfShahidTavar
A Seminar Report On “Phase Change Material (PCM)” submitted By Shahid Tavar.
Phase Change Material (PCMs) is a material which absorbs or releases the maximum heat during its state change due to change in temperature. It uses chemical bonds to store and releases the heat. The thermal energy transfer occurs when a material changes from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid. This is called a change in state or phase. Ice changes phase when heated at 0°C and is converted to water. Ice is an excellent phase change material.
This seminar contains the introduction of Phase Change Material, it’s need, properties, working, types, various applications in energy saving, selection criterion of phase change material, its advantages and effect of operating temperature on selection of PCM.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are theoretically able to change state at constant temperature and therefore store large quantities of energy. Seminar also focuses the Energy Conservation by using Solar Energy with Phase Change Material.
Introduction to Phase Change Materials #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
PCMs are materials that store and release large amounts of heat as they change phase from solid to liquid, allowing them to regulate temperature without itself changing in temperature. They effectively store latent heat of phase change within a narrow temperature range. Microencapsulation provides effective packaging of PCMs by creating a huge surface area for heat transfer when incorporated into building materials. This allows PCMs to function as thermal mass to buffer temperature in the comfort range, absorbing and releasing heat more quickly than conventional building materials but over a narrower temperature band. PCMs should be used in conjunction with insulation, shading, orientation and ventilation strategies to effectively control interior temperatures.
Phase-change materials (PCMs) can be used for thermal energy storage. PCMs absorb and release large amounts of energy as they change phase from solid to liquid and back. This latent heat storage allows PCMs to store more energy per unit volume compared to sensible heat storage methods. Effective PCMs for thermal energy storage applications should have suitable melting temperatures, heat of fusion, thermal and mechanical stability over repeated phase changes, and acceptable costs. However, challenges remain regarding material compatibility, conditioning, safety, and cost-effectiveness compared to other thermal energy storage options.
phase change materials by dhandabani,anna university,CEG,chennai.Dhanda Bani
The document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) and their use in thermal energy storage. PCMs can store and release large amounts of energy in the form of latent heat during phase transitions between solid and liquid states, providing higher storage density than sensible heat methods. Common PCMs include water, salt hydrates, paraffins, and bio-based materials. PCMs can be incorporated directly into materials or encapsulated before use. Potential applications include construction materials, textiles, food/medical packaging, vehicles, and more. Benefits include compact energy storage, while challenges include costs and maintaining thermal conductivity during phase changes.
This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) for energy storage applications. It begins with an introduction to PCMs and their characteristics like high energy storage density and ability to store/release energy at a constant temperature. It then covers classifications of organic and inorganic PCMs and compares their properties. Challenges like low thermal conductivity of organic PCMs are discussed along with solutions like adding thermal conductivity enhancers. The document concludes that PCMs are promising for energy storage due to their high storage density and ability to store/release energy at constant temperatures.
This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) which can store and release large amounts of thermal energy during phase transitions between solid and liquid states. PCMs provide high energy storage density with small temperature changes. Thermal energy storage methods include sensible heat storage based on temperature change and latent heat storage using phase change. PCMs are classified as organic, inorganic, or eutectic and are selected based on properties like melting temperature and thermal stability. Applications of PCMs include construction materials, textiles, food/medical packaging, and automobiles.
This document discusses thermal energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs can effectively store thermal energy during phase transitions from solid to liquid or vice versa, providing high energy storage density. Some commonly used PCMs are salt hydrates and hydrocarbons. Thermal energy stored as latent heat during phase changes can be 5-10 times more dense than thermal energy stored sensibly through temperature changes alone. The document outlines applications of PCM thermal storage in building insulation and solar energy systems.
Seminar Report - Phase Change Material (PCM).pdfShahidTavar
A Seminar Report On “Phase Change Material (PCM)” submitted By Shahid Tavar.
Phase Change Material (PCMs) is a material which absorbs or releases the maximum heat during its state change due to change in temperature. It uses chemical bonds to store and releases the heat. The thermal energy transfer occurs when a material changes from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid. This is called a change in state or phase. Ice changes phase when heated at 0°C and is converted to water. Ice is an excellent phase change material.
This seminar contains the introduction of Phase Change Material, it’s need, properties, working, types, various applications in energy saving, selection criterion of phase change material, its advantages and effect of operating temperature on selection of PCM.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are theoretically able to change state at constant temperature and therefore store large quantities of energy. Seminar also focuses the Energy Conservation by using Solar Energy with Phase Change Material.
Introduction to Phase Change Materials #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
PCMs are materials that store and release large amounts of heat as they change phase from solid to liquid, allowing them to regulate temperature without itself changing in temperature. They effectively store latent heat of phase change within a narrow temperature range. Microencapsulation provides effective packaging of PCMs by creating a huge surface area for heat transfer when incorporated into building materials. This allows PCMs to function as thermal mass to buffer temperature in the comfort range, absorbing and releasing heat more quickly than conventional building materials but over a narrower temperature band. PCMs should be used in conjunction with insulation, shading, orientation and ventilation strategies to effectively control interior temperatures.
Phase-change materials (PCMs) can be used for thermal energy storage. PCMs absorb and release large amounts of energy as they change phase from solid to liquid and back. This latent heat storage allows PCMs to store more energy per unit volume compared to sensible heat storage methods. Effective PCMs for thermal energy storage applications should have suitable melting temperatures, heat of fusion, thermal and mechanical stability over repeated phase changes, and acceptable costs. However, challenges remain regarding material compatibility, conditioning, safety, and cost-effectiveness compared to other thermal energy storage options.
phase change materials by dhandabani,anna university,CEG,chennai.Dhanda Bani
The document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) and their use in thermal energy storage. PCMs can store and release large amounts of energy in the form of latent heat during phase transitions between solid and liquid states, providing higher storage density than sensible heat methods. Common PCMs include water, salt hydrates, paraffins, and bio-based materials. PCMs can be incorporated directly into materials or encapsulated before use. Potential applications include construction materials, textiles, food/medical packaging, vehicles, and more. Benefits include compact energy storage, while challenges include costs and maintaining thermal conductivity during phase changes.
This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) for energy storage applications. It begins with an introduction to PCMs and their characteristics like high energy storage density and ability to store/release energy at a constant temperature. It then covers classifications of organic and inorganic PCMs and compares their properties. Challenges like low thermal conductivity of organic PCMs are discussed along with solutions like adding thermal conductivity enhancers. The document concludes that PCMs are promising for energy storage due to their high storage density and ability to store/release energy at constant temperatures.
This document discusses phase change materials (PCMs) which can store and release large amounts of thermal energy during phase transitions between solid and liquid states. PCMs provide high energy storage density with small temperature changes. Thermal energy storage methods include sensible heat storage based on temperature change and latent heat storage using phase change. PCMs are classified as organic, inorganic, or eutectic and are selected based on properties like melting temperature and thermal stability. Applications of PCMs include construction materials, textiles, food/medical packaging, and automobiles.
This document discusses thermal energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs can effectively store thermal energy during phase transitions from solid to liquid or vice versa, providing high energy storage density. Some commonly used PCMs are salt hydrates and hydrocarbons. Thermal energy stored as latent heat during phase changes can be 5-10 times more dense than thermal energy stored sensibly through temperature changes alone. The document outlines applications of PCM thermal storage in building insulation and solar energy systems.
Phase Change Material (PCM) - Seminar.pptxShahidTavar
This is a Slides presentation prepared for Seminar on the topic - Overview of Phase Change Material.
Phase Change Material (PCMs) is a material which absorbs or releases the maximum heat
during its state change due to change in temperature. It uses chemical bonds to store and
releases the heat.
What is PCM ?
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are theoretically able to change state at constant temperature
and therefore store large quantities of energy.
Table of content -
- Thermal Energy Storage
- Latent Heat Storage
- What is PCM ?
- Mechanism of Heat Transfer
- Classification of PCM
-Applications
Thank you.
Phase change materials (PCMs) can store and release large amounts of heat energy as they change phase between solid and liquid states. There are three main types of thermal energy storage: sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical heat. Latent heat storage uses PCMs, which absorb or release heat during phase changes without changing temperature. Common PCMs include salt hydrates, paraffin waxes, and fatty acids. PCMs can be encapsulated in small spheres or other shapes to improve heat transfer properties and prevent leakage. Encapsulated PCMs have applications in building insulation, solar energy storage, textiles, and more.
Thermal energy storage systems store thermal energy and make it available at a later time for uses such as balancing energy supply and demand or shifting energy use from peak to off-peak hours. The document discusses several types of thermal energy storage including latent heat storage using phase change materials, sensible heat storage using temperature changes in materials, and thermo-chemical storage using chemical reactions. Case studies of thermal energy storage applications in solar plants, buildings, and cold chain transportation are also presented.
How is Phase Change Material used for storing thermal energy. Thermal battery, store energy from ambient and use in air-conditioning, differential power tariffs. Reduce global warming, save energy, green technology
A phase change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are promising contender as the next generation energy source because of their striking features including high energy density, low operating temperature, easy scale up and zero environmental pollution.
This document discusses various types of polymer matrix composites, their processing techniques, and applications. It begins by defining polymer matrix composites and describing different types of matrices, including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Several processing methods for thermoset composites are then outlined, such as hand layup, filament winding, and resin transfer molding. Common thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and film stacking are also mentioned. The document concludes by noting some applications of polymer matrix composites.
Phase change materials (PCMs) store and release heat as they change between solid and liquid states. PCMs were researched by NASA in the 1970s-1980s for thermal regulation applications. Some PCMs like lithium chloride are used to manage electronics temperatures, while paraffinic hydrocarbons and plastic crystals have been incorporated into textile fibers and fabrics. When microencapsulated PCMs in fabrics melt upon heating or freeze upon cooling, they absorb or release latent heat to buffer the wearer's temperature changes.
The document discusses proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). It provides an overview of fuel cells in general and describes the history and basic components of PEMFCs specifically. PEMFCs use a solid polymer electrolyte that allows protons to pass through but blocks electrons and gases. They operate at a low temperature of 50-100°C and have advantages like rapid load following, compact design, and high power density. Applications include transportation, portable power, and stationary power generation. The current PEM market is dominated by portable devices, with transportation and stationary power making up smaller shares.
The document discusses the discovery of semisolid metal processing at MIT in 1970 during research on hot tears in lead-tin alloys molded in an annular space between two concentric cylinders. When the outer cylinder was rotated, the semisolid alloy exhibited low shear strength even at high fractions of solidification, resulting in a novel nondendritic microstructure. Semisolid alloys were found to display thixotropic properties, with viscosity dependent on shear rate ranging from hundreds to thousands of poise at rest to less than 50 poise during agitation, allowing control of alloy viscosity.
Thermoforming is a manufacturing process where sheets of thermoplastic are heated until soft, formed into shapes using molds, and trimmed. There are three main types - vacuum forming uses suction to draw the plastic against molds, pressure forming uses compressed air, and mechanical forming uses movable molds. Common materials are ABS, polyethylene, and PVC. Applications include food packaging, automotive parts, aircraft windows, and more.
This document discusses heat pipes, including their working principle and key components. A heat pipe transfers heat from one location to another using an evaporation-condensation cycle. It consists of a container, working fluid, and wick/capillary structure. Heat is absorbed at the evaporator section where the fluid evaporates, then the vapor travels along the container to the condenser section where it condenses, releasing heat. The condensed fluid returns to the evaporator via capillary action in the wick. Heat pipes provide fast, efficient heat transfer with minimal temperature difference and no external power. They have various applications including electronics cooling, aerospace, and heat exchangers.
Nucleate Boiling is a topic of interest for various industrial
applications, such as heat exchangers, fluid management in
micro-gravity for space applications or spray cooling. Whereas
some macroscopic models or semi-empirical correlations can provide realistic results in different configurations, the capabilities of such models are often limited by a lack of understanding about the microscopic details involved in the whole process. The case study gives a sample process of using ansys fluent to a reasonable level for investigating the phenomenon of departure from nucleate boiling in heat exchanger .
The document discusses the design of a thermoelectric generator project to convert waste heat from a car engine into electricity. It aims to develop a system that is economical, easy to implement, and does not reduce engine efficiency. The document covers the basic principles of thermoelectric generation using the Seebeck and Peltier effects. It describes thermoelectric generator components like heat exchangers and materials like bismuth telluride. The document discusses performance metrics and advantages like utilizing wasted heat and having no moving parts. It also notes disadvantages like low conversion efficiency and outlines automotive and other applications of thermoelectric generators.
This document provides an overview of heat pipes, including their history, components, working principles, applications, and limitations. Some key points:
- Heat pipes transfer heat through a process of evaporation and condensation of a working fluid inside a sealed container.
- Components include a container, wicking structure, and working fluid like water or liquid metals. Heat is absorbed by evaporating the fluid and released by condensing it.
- They have a wide range of applications in electronics cooling, aerospace, and heat exchangers due to their high heat transfer efficiency.
- Limitations include dry-out if capillary pressure cannot return enough liquid to the evaporator section or if vapor velocities become too
This document is a project report on the thermodynamic analysis of a vapor cascade refrigeration system using R-12 and R-404A as alternative refrigerants. It was submitted by six students and guided by their professor Santanu Banerjee at Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology. The report includes an introduction to refrigeration systems, literature review on vapor cascade systems, mathematical formulation of the proposed model, results and discussion of simulations, and conclusions and scope for future work.
What Is Magnetic refrigeration
he magnetocaloric effect (MCE, from magnet and calorie) is a magneto-thermodynamic phenomenon in which a temperature change of a suitable material is caused by exposing the material to a changing magnetic field. This is also known by low temperature physicists as adiabatic demagnetization. In that part of the refrigeration process, a decrease in the strength of an externally applied magnetic field allows the magnetic domains of a magnetocaloric material to become disoriented from the magnetic field by the agitating action of the thermal energy (phonons) present in the material. If the material is isolated so that no energy is allowed to (re)migrate into the material during this time, (i.e., an adiabatic process) the temperature drops as the domains absorb the thermal energy to perform their reorientation. The randomization of the domains occurs in a similar fashion to the randomization at the curie temperature of a ferromagnetic material, except that magnetic dipoles overcome a decreasing external magnetic field while energy remains constant, instead of magnetic domains being disrupted from internal ferromagnetism as energy is added.
One of the most notable examples of the magnetocaloric effect is in the chemical element gadolinium and some of its alloys. Gadolinium's temperature increases when it enters certain magnetic fields. When it leaves the magnetic field, the temperature drops. The effect is considerably stronger for the gadolinium alloy (Gd
5Si
2Ge
2).[8] Praseodymium alloyed with nickel (PrNi
5) has such a strong magnetocaloric effect that it has allowed scientists to approach to within one milliKelvin, one thousandth of a degree of absolute zero.[9]
This document discusses thermoelectric power generation using waste heat as an alternative green technology. It begins with an introduction and overview of contents. It then covers the principles of the Seebeck and Peltier effects that enable thermoelectric generation. The document discusses semiconductors as the preferred material and shows simulations of a thermoelectric generator module. It outlines advantages like using wasted heat and disadvantages like material costs. Finally, it covers applications like car seats and concludes that simulations show efficient systems can be developed to generate electricity from waste heat.
The document discusses thermoelectric generators and their working principles. Thermoelectric generators can directly convert temperature differences into electricity through the Seebeck effect and vice versa through the Peltier effect. They have applications in waste heat recovery from vehicles, industry, and solar power generation due to their solid-state operation without moving parts. However, their efficiency is still relatively low. The document also discusses thermoelectric materials and provides examples of applications of thermoelectric generators in Egypt.
This document discusses thermoelectric materials. It provides background on thermoelectricity, which uses temperature differences to generate electricity or provide cooling. Thermoelectric efficiency is determined by a material's thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT), which depends on properties like the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. The document notes challenges in developing organic thermoelectric materials and achieving high ZT values in both n-type and p-type materials. It proposes plans to create hybrid and composite thermoelectric materials for applications like refrigeration.
Cryopreservation involves freezing cells and tissues at very low temperatures to preserve them. It allows for the generation of safety stocks, preservation of cells, and standardization of experiments. Key principles include using cryoprotectants like DMSO or glycerol during a controlled slow cooling rate of 1-3°C/min to minimize ice formation and cell damage. Proper cryopreservation procedures include checking for contamination, preparing appropriate freezing media, freezing cells in a controlled-rate freezer, thawing cells quickly, and considering post-thaw viability. Long-term storage is in liquid nitrogen below -140°C with inventory management and safety protocols.
Phase Change Material (PCM) - Seminar.pptxShahidTavar
This is a Slides presentation prepared for Seminar on the topic - Overview of Phase Change Material.
Phase Change Material (PCMs) is a material which absorbs or releases the maximum heat
during its state change due to change in temperature. It uses chemical bonds to store and
releases the heat.
What is PCM ?
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are theoretically able to change state at constant temperature
and therefore store large quantities of energy.
Table of content -
- Thermal Energy Storage
- Latent Heat Storage
- What is PCM ?
- Mechanism of Heat Transfer
- Classification of PCM
-Applications
Thank you.
Phase change materials (PCMs) can store and release large amounts of heat energy as they change phase between solid and liquid states. There are three main types of thermal energy storage: sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical heat. Latent heat storage uses PCMs, which absorb or release heat during phase changes without changing temperature. Common PCMs include salt hydrates, paraffin waxes, and fatty acids. PCMs can be encapsulated in small spheres or other shapes to improve heat transfer properties and prevent leakage. Encapsulated PCMs have applications in building insulation, solar energy storage, textiles, and more.
Thermal energy storage systems store thermal energy and make it available at a later time for uses such as balancing energy supply and demand or shifting energy use from peak to off-peak hours. The document discusses several types of thermal energy storage including latent heat storage using phase change materials, sensible heat storage using temperature changes in materials, and thermo-chemical storage using chemical reactions. Case studies of thermal energy storage applications in solar plants, buildings, and cold chain transportation are also presented.
How is Phase Change Material used for storing thermal energy. Thermal battery, store energy from ambient and use in air-conditioning, differential power tariffs. Reduce global warming, save energy, green technology
A phase change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are promising contender as the next generation energy source because of their striking features including high energy density, low operating temperature, easy scale up and zero environmental pollution.
This document discusses various types of polymer matrix composites, their processing techniques, and applications. It begins by defining polymer matrix composites and describing different types of matrices, including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Several processing methods for thermoset composites are then outlined, such as hand layup, filament winding, and resin transfer molding. Common thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and film stacking are also mentioned. The document concludes by noting some applications of polymer matrix composites.
Phase change materials (PCMs) store and release heat as they change between solid and liquid states. PCMs were researched by NASA in the 1970s-1980s for thermal regulation applications. Some PCMs like lithium chloride are used to manage electronics temperatures, while paraffinic hydrocarbons and plastic crystals have been incorporated into textile fibers and fabrics. When microencapsulated PCMs in fabrics melt upon heating or freeze upon cooling, they absorb or release latent heat to buffer the wearer's temperature changes.
The document discusses proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). It provides an overview of fuel cells in general and describes the history and basic components of PEMFCs specifically. PEMFCs use a solid polymer electrolyte that allows protons to pass through but blocks electrons and gases. They operate at a low temperature of 50-100°C and have advantages like rapid load following, compact design, and high power density. Applications include transportation, portable power, and stationary power generation. The current PEM market is dominated by portable devices, with transportation and stationary power making up smaller shares.
The document discusses the discovery of semisolid metal processing at MIT in 1970 during research on hot tears in lead-tin alloys molded in an annular space between two concentric cylinders. When the outer cylinder was rotated, the semisolid alloy exhibited low shear strength even at high fractions of solidification, resulting in a novel nondendritic microstructure. Semisolid alloys were found to display thixotropic properties, with viscosity dependent on shear rate ranging from hundreds to thousands of poise at rest to less than 50 poise during agitation, allowing control of alloy viscosity.
Thermoforming is a manufacturing process where sheets of thermoplastic are heated until soft, formed into shapes using molds, and trimmed. There are three main types - vacuum forming uses suction to draw the plastic against molds, pressure forming uses compressed air, and mechanical forming uses movable molds. Common materials are ABS, polyethylene, and PVC. Applications include food packaging, automotive parts, aircraft windows, and more.
This document discusses heat pipes, including their working principle and key components. A heat pipe transfers heat from one location to another using an evaporation-condensation cycle. It consists of a container, working fluid, and wick/capillary structure. Heat is absorbed at the evaporator section where the fluid evaporates, then the vapor travels along the container to the condenser section where it condenses, releasing heat. The condensed fluid returns to the evaporator via capillary action in the wick. Heat pipes provide fast, efficient heat transfer with minimal temperature difference and no external power. They have various applications including electronics cooling, aerospace, and heat exchangers.
Nucleate Boiling is a topic of interest for various industrial
applications, such as heat exchangers, fluid management in
micro-gravity for space applications or spray cooling. Whereas
some macroscopic models or semi-empirical correlations can provide realistic results in different configurations, the capabilities of such models are often limited by a lack of understanding about the microscopic details involved in the whole process. The case study gives a sample process of using ansys fluent to a reasonable level for investigating the phenomenon of departure from nucleate boiling in heat exchanger .
The document discusses the design of a thermoelectric generator project to convert waste heat from a car engine into electricity. It aims to develop a system that is economical, easy to implement, and does not reduce engine efficiency. The document covers the basic principles of thermoelectric generation using the Seebeck and Peltier effects. It describes thermoelectric generator components like heat exchangers and materials like bismuth telluride. The document discusses performance metrics and advantages like utilizing wasted heat and having no moving parts. It also notes disadvantages like low conversion efficiency and outlines automotive and other applications of thermoelectric generators.
This document provides an overview of heat pipes, including their history, components, working principles, applications, and limitations. Some key points:
- Heat pipes transfer heat through a process of evaporation and condensation of a working fluid inside a sealed container.
- Components include a container, wicking structure, and working fluid like water or liquid metals. Heat is absorbed by evaporating the fluid and released by condensing it.
- They have a wide range of applications in electronics cooling, aerospace, and heat exchangers due to their high heat transfer efficiency.
- Limitations include dry-out if capillary pressure cannot return enough liquid to the evaporator section or if vapor velocities become too
This document is a project report on the thermodynamic analysis of a vapor cascade refrigeration system using R-12 and R-404A as alternative refrigerants. It was submitted by six students and guided by their professor Santanu Banerjee at Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology. The report includes an introduction to refrigeration systems, literature review on vapor cascade systems, mathematical formulation of the proposed model, results and discussion of simulations, and conclusions and scope for future work.
What Is Magnetic refrigeration
he magnetocaloric effect (MCE, from magnet and calorie) is a magneto-thermodynamic phenomenon in which a temperature change of a suitable material is caused by exposing the material to a changing magnetic field. This is also known by low temperature physicists as adiabatic demagnetization. In that part of the refrigeration process, a decrease in the strength of an externally applied magnetic field allows the magnetic domains of a magnetocaloric material to become disoriented from the magnetic field by the agitating action of the thermal energy (phonons) present in the material. If the material is isolated so that no energy is allowed to (re)migrate into the material during this time, (i.e., an adiabatic process) the temperature drops as the domains absorb the thermal energy to perform their reorientation. The randomization of the domains occurs in a similar fashion to the randomization at the curie temperature of a ferromagnetic material, except that magnetic dipoles overcome a decreasing external magnetic field while energy remains constant, instead of magnetic domains being disrupted from internal ferromagnetism as energy is added.
One of the most notable examples of the magnetocaloric effect is in the chemical element gadolinium and some of its alloys. Gadolinium's temperature increases when it enters certain magnetic fields. When it leaves the magnetic field, the temperature drops. The effect is considerably stronger for the gadolinium alloy (Gd
5Si
2Ge
2).[8] Praseodymium alloyed with nickel (PrNi
5) has such a strong magnetocaloric effect that it has allowed scientists to approach to within one milliKelvin, one thousandth of a degree of absolute zero.[9]
This document discusses thermoelectric power generation using waste heat as an alternative green technology. It begins with an introduction and overview of contents. It then covers the principles of the Seebeck and Peltier effects that enable thermoelectric generation. The document discusses semiconductors as the preferred material and shows simulations of a thermoelectric generator module. It outlines advantages like using wasted heat and disadvantages like material costs. Finally, it covers applications like car seats and concludes that simulations show efficient systems can be developed to generate electricity from waste heat.
The document discusses thermoelectric generators and their working principles. Thermoelectric generators can directly convert temperature differences into electricity through the Seebeck effect and vice versa through the Peltier effect. They have applications in waste heat recovery from vehicles, industry, and solar power generation due to their solid-state operation without moving parts. However, their efficiency is still relatively low. The document also discusses thermoelectric materials and provides examples of applications of thermoelectric generators in Egypt.
This document discusses thermoelectric materials. It provides background on thermoelectricity, which uses temperature differences to generate electricity or provide cooling. Thermoelectric efficiency is determined by a material's thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT), which depends on properties like the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. The document notes challenges in developing organic thermoelectric materials and achieving high ZT values in both n-type and p-type materials. It proposes plans to create hybrid and composite thermoelectric materials for applications like refrigeration.
Cryopreservation involves freezing cells and tissues at very low temperatures to preserve them. It allows for the generation of safety stocks, preservation of cells, and standardization of experiments. Key principles include using cryoprotectants like DMSO or glycerol during a controlled slow cooling rate of 1-3°C/min to minimize ice formation and cell damage. Proper cryopreservation procedures include checking for contamination, preparing appropriate freezing media, freezing cells in a controlled-rate freezer, thawing cells quickly, and considering post-thaw viability. Long-term storage is in liquid nitrogen below -140°C with inventory management and safety protocols.
Cryopreservation is a process that preserves biological material such as cells, tissues, organs, and embryos at very low temperatures. It allows for long-term storage. Key aspects covered in the document include:
- A brief history of cryopreservation including early pioneers and discoveries.
- Cryoprotectants like glycerol and DMSO are used to prevent ice crystal formation and reduce cell damage during freezing and thawing.
- Different cryopreservation techniques exist like slow freezing, rapid freezing, and stepwise freezing which control ice formation.
- Cryopreserved materials can be stored long-term in liquid nitrogen at -196°C or other cryogenic temperatures where biological activity is effectively stopped
This document discusses sperm cryopreservation, including the aims, techniques, factors affecting results, and future issues. The key points are:
- Sperm cryopreservation preserves sperm cells at sub-zero temperatures for future use, such as for fertility treatments. Slow freezing and rapid freezing are two common techniques.
- Factors like cryoprotectants, cooling/thawing rates, and semen quality can impact sperm survival after thawing. Semen preparation before freezing may improve outcomes.
- While some studies found cryopreservation does not affect reproductive success rates with ICSI, its effects on sperm DNA integrity are still unclear and require more research. Proper cryopreservation protocols aim to minimize DNA damage
IRJET- A Review on Utilization of Phase Change Material in Solar Water Heatin...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of phase change materials (PCMs) in solar water heating systems. It discusses how PCMs can provide thermal energy storage to improve system efficiency by storing solar energy for use when sunlight is unavailable. The document examines different types of PCMs used, including paraffin and sodium acetate trihydrate. It also explores applications of PCMs in building walls, roofs, and windows to stabilize indoor temperatures. The review finds that solar water heaters equipped with PCMs can provide hot water at night, improving on conventional systems only able to heat water during the day.
Food processing transforms raw ingredients into marketable products through physical or chemical means. Key processing methods include drying, freezing, addition of preservatives, and canning. Emerging non-thermal technologies include pulsed electric fields, high pressure processing, ultrasound, and supercritical fluid extraction. These methods inactivate pathogens and extend shelf life while better retaining nutrients, flavors, and colors compared to thermal processing. Non-thermal processing is gaining popularity for commercial food production due to these advantages.
1) Cryopreservation of therapeutic cells is important for maintaining their functionality but poses challenges due to variability in cell types and biological characteristics. Standardizing cryopreservation processes can improve consistency and patient outcomes.
2) Optimizing cryopreservation involves controlling factors like freezing and thawing rates and using cryoprotectants to minimize cell damage from ice formation and dehydration. Emerging technologies aim to standardize and improve these processes for translating cellular therapies from development to manufacturing and clinical use.
3) Proper temperature control and monitoring during freezing, storage, transport and thawing of cells is critical but challenging given natural variations in cells and current limitations in cold chain management technologies. New solutions are needed to strictly maintain optimal temperatures
Freezing has been successfully employed for the long-term preservation of many foods, providing a significantly extended shelf life.
The process involves lowering the product temperature generally to -18 °C or below.The extreme cold simply retards the growth of microorganisms and slows
down the chemical changes that affect quality or cause food to spoil.
During freezing the cellular solution present in the food matrix is cooled to its initial freezing point, and further cooling causes the water molecule to
separate, forming ice crystal.
The migration of water molecules during crystallization led to an increase in osmotic pressure, further enhancing the water permeability of the cell membranes. This transport of water molecules, if not controlled, can eventually affect the microstructure of the frozen produce.
The freezing process occurs in two successive steps, i.e,
” NUCLEATION” and “CRYSTAL GROWTH”.
Cold plasma technology uses plasma generated at ambient temperature to sterilize food products and improve shelf life without degrading heat-liable nutrients. It works by using energized gases to inactivate microbes via UV light and reactive chemical byproducts. Different methods like dielectric barrier discharge can be used to generate cold plasma, which has applications in food processing. The technology offers advantages like minimal effects on sensory and nutritional properties of food while reducing risks from thermal and chemical processing. However, limitations include difficulty treating bulky or irregular foods and limited penetration into products.
This document summarizes a study comparing two methods for shipping living cells while maintaining their viability. The study found that cells shipped in CryoStor CS5 media and transported in a CRYO evo smart shipper, which monitors temperature in real-time, maintained higher viability and function compared to cells shipped in traditional media and an EPS container without temperature monitoring. Specifically, cells transported with CryoStor CS5 and the smart shipper did not experience any decline in viability or delayed functional recovery after shipping, unlike cells transported with traditional media and an EPS container. The study demonstrates the importance of optimized cryopreservation media and temperature-controlled shipping containers with real-time monitoring to maintain cell health during transportation.
This presentation discusses cryopreservation of gametes. Cryopreservation is a process that uses very low temperatures, typically with liquid nitrogen at -196°C, to preserve living cells and tissues. Cryoprotective agents are used to protect cells from freezing damage. Techniques discussed include slow freezing, rapid freezing and vitrification. Applications include sperm banking, embryo freezing and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Both benefits and limitations of cryopreservation are mentioned such as the ability to preserve biological materials long-term but also the risk of cell damage from ice formation or toxic effects of cryoprotectants.
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2. • Introduction
• What is a PCM
• PCM physical principle and behavior
• Water as a PCM
• PCM classification
• PCM general applications
• PCM application in medical field
• Birth asphyxia (detailed study)
• Conclusion
2
3. • The demand for comfort cooling is expanding much.
• Thermal energy storage is renewable source of energy to
develop cooling system.
• Minimize ozone depletion and global warming.
Cold thermal
storage systems
imbalance between production
and demand.
INTRODUCTION
3
4. A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance presenting a high
heat of fusion, and capable of storing and releasing large
amounts of energy. Heat energy is absorbed or released when
the material changes from solid to liquid phase and vice versa,
thus, being classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.
4
5. HOW IS PCM MANUFACTURED?
PCMs are manufactured by mixing various chemicals in
particular proportions under appropriate environment
conditions.
5
WHAT ARE THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES?
Material Latent Heat, Density, Specific Heat in liquid and solid
state, thermal conductivity in liquid and solid state, toxicity,
flammability, operating temperature range and maximum
operating temperature would be the specifications.
6. 6
HOW DO YOU MANIPULATE THE PHASE CHANGE
TEMPERATURE?
By adding different chemicals or altering the
proportions of it
IS THE PCM TOXIC OR CORROSIVE? (TO STEEL?)
savEnrg PCM use non toxic base materials - some
inorganic PCMs may be corrosive to some metals
WHAT IS THE PCM MADE OUT OF?
PCMs are made from either inorganic chemicals or
organic chemicals
12. Heat
(energy) is
transferre
d into the
ice.
The heat is
used to break
the bonds
between
molecules, not
to increase the
average kinetic
energy of the
molecules.
Since the bonds
among the ice
molecules have been
broken, water is
formed. The water
molecules, at this
moment, have the
same average kinetic
energy as they did
when they were ice.
Since the ice
and water
molecules both
have the same
average kinetic
energy, they
are at the same
Kelvin
temperature.
• Changing levels
12
14. 14
ORGANIC MATERIALS melt and freeze frequently without phase separation
that help to retain their latent heat of fusion.
Paraffin Non-paraffin
mostly straight chain
n-alkanes and with the
increase in chain length
of paraffin wax, melting
point and latent heat of
fusion increase
Non-paraffin have the
advantage of higher heat
of fusion but comes at
the expense of higher
cost
15. 15
• Inorganic PCMs, on the other hand, store about twice
as much energy per volume as organic PCMs, use
cheaper raw materials, tolerate impurities, and are
flame-retardant. http://www.coolcomposites.com
Inorganic PCMs
• Inorganic PCMs are salt hydrates. The advantages
of these materials are: high latent heat values, non-
flammable, low-cost and readily available
16. 16
• These are combination of two or more
components and shows minimum melting
temperature. Eutectic almost melts and freezes
without phase separation
• Eutectics tend to be solutions of salts in water
that have a phase change temperature below 0°C
(32°F).
Eutectics
17. B. Zalba et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 2 (2003) 251–283
Inorganic PCMs
17
21. Study about PCM application in
Medical Field
Birth Asphyxia Or
Neonatal Asphyxia Or
Perinatal Asphyxia
21
22. Asphyxia means LACK OF OXYGEN. Birth asphyxia happens when a baby's
brain and other organs do not get enough oxygen before, during or right after
birth. Without oxygen, cells cannot work properly. Waste products (acids)
build up in the cells and cause temporary or permanent damage
Some causes of birth asphyxia may include:
•Too little oxygen in the mother's blood before or during birth
•Problems with the placenta separating from the uterus too soon
•Very long or difficult delivery
What Is Birth Asphyxia?
This causes hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
22
23. What is hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?
asphyxia is a leading cause of death or
severe impairment among infants.
Source Michigan Cerebral Palsy Attorneys
23
24. THE IMPACT OF ASPHYXIA
2/3 of
infant
mortality
in India
Second
largest cause
of death
among
infants in
first month
WHO says
683,000
babies
died in
2012
Source ; ISHRAE JOURNAL -JULY AUGUST 2015
4times of
Chepauk
Stadium
seating is
150000
24
25. • Research shows that cooling the baby's internal body temperature
to 33.5 degrees C (about 91 degrees F) for up to 72 hours can help
protect the baby's brain from damage during the second stage of
asphyxia.
• Normal blood flow and oxygen are restored to the brain.
• The baby must be at least 36 weeks' gestation (not more than four
weeks early) to qualify for this treatment.
• Using ice packs to cool the baby (sadly a failure one )
Only treatment is Hypothermia
Source from www.seattlechildrens.org
25
26. The Problem in conventional
• Very expensive 15-20lakh
• Require very high manual supervision
• Possibility for Tissue damage (fat necrosis)
• Uninterrupted power needed to run
26
27. PCM based Neonatal cooling device
For precise
temperature control
cascaded system of
PCMs is used.
’Quasi-automated’
cooling system is
created
Source MiraCradle™ - Neonate Cooler
27
28. • Passive heating and cooling substances , usually made of a
salt hydride , fatty acid and ester or paraffin such as
Octadene
• PCMs are solid at room temperature , but when in contact
with warmer objects they liquefy and absorb and store
heat
• Liquid PCMs can solidify and give off heat
• Once its is stored in refrigerator for 6 to 8 hours it can been
used up to for 72hours without uninterrupted power
August 2, 2015
28
29. • Plastic structure-framework for placing
all the other components
• provides insulation to the PCM
Insulated
Cradle
savE®FS-29
• In solid state passively extracts heat from
the neonate’s body which is at 37°C
• Inducing and sustaining hypothermia.
savE®FS-21
Bottom Layer
Middle Layer • It is used in conjunction with savE®FS - 29
to quickly bring the temperature of the
neonate down to 33°C.
Conduction
Mattress
• It is a gel bed which provides a smooth
surface for the baby to lie on
• Improves heat transfer between the baby and
the PCM
29
31. Advantages
• Cost is 1/10th
of existing equipment
• All PCMs are reusable so no maintenance cost
• Does not require electricity when in use
• No intimidating wires and circuits for nurses and doctors
31