The document discusses submarine internet cables. It explains that 99% of international internet data is transmitted through underwater cables. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. Data is transmitted over cables in packets using the TCP protocol and is rebuilt at its destination. Google's submarine cables connect continents and form the internet backbone. Undersea cables have advantages like low data loss but are difficult and costly to repair when breaks occur.

1. SUBMARINE
CABLES:

2. CONTENTS:
1. Internet
2. When and who invented internet.
3.How was internet connected across
the world.
4.How data is transmitted and received
over internet cables.
5. Google’s superfast submarine
cables.
6. Advantages of submarine cables.
7. Disadvantage of submarine cables.
8.Submarine cable repair.

3. The Internet is a global wide area network
that connects computer systems across the
world. It includes several high-bandwidth
data lines that comprise
the Internet "backbone." These lines are
connected to major Internet hubs that
distribute data to other locations, such as
web servers and ISPs

4. When and who
invented the
internet?
 Berners-Lee invented the World Wide
Web--and he did so at CERN, a
European government consortium.
 The World Wide Web is 25 years old
today and this year the Internet is 45
years old. Tim Berners-Lee, a British
scientist at CERN, invented the World
Wide Web (WWW) in 1989

5. HOW WAS INTERNET
CONNECTED ACROSS
THE WORLD?
 In fact, 99% of all international data is
transferred through a labyrinth of cables
stretching across the floor of the world's
oceans.
 Cable is preferred over satellite due to
the much lower latency and higher
bandwidth it achieves.

7. How data is transmitted and
received over the Internet?
 Data transmission over the internet is
transmitted by TTC protocol packets.
 The no. of packets depends upon the
capacity of data.(larger the file more
packets needed to transmit the data.
 The data in packets inside information
will be processed and rebuilds at the
destination .

8. GOOGLE’S SUPERFAST
SUBMARINE CABLE:
 Google’s ‘Faster’ cable is one of a number of
undersea cables that connect the world and form a
backbone for the internet.
“Every ~60km a repeater
re-energizes the light as
it travels over 9,000km
across the ocean floor”

9. ADVANTAGES:
 Optical fiber offers
low power loss, which allows for longer
transmission distances.
 It can also be run in electrically noisy
environments without concern as electrical
noise
 The lighter weight makes fiber easier to
install.ETC…

10. DISADVANTAGES:
 It would be difficult to repair
it for 12 months a year.
 Natural disasters such as
mudslides and typhoons are
also a threat to under-sea fiber.
 Very costly over $620 million.

11. SUBMARINE CABLE REPAIR.
 Unlike the cable itself, the biggest
challenge to a repeater is its handling