A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes.
A computer network allows devices to share resources and information. The first computer network, ARPANET, was developed in the 1960s for the US Department of Defense. Networks can be used to facilitate communications, share hardware/files, and preserve/secure information. Networking involves developing connections between people that may be helpful for one's career. Computer networks connect devices using a mix of hardware and software. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, and virtual private networks. Network topology refers to how devices are interconnected on a network, with common topologies including bus, ring
This document provides an overview of computer networks including:
- Defining a computer network as interconnected hardware and computers that allow sharing of resources and information.
- Describing the main types of transmission in networks as simplex (one-way), half duplex (one direction at a time), and full duplex (two-way simultaneous communication).
- Discussing common network transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless; outlining their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, covering the history of networks like ARPANET, goals of computer networking like resource sharing, applications like e-commerce, and network hardware and software components. It discusses the development of early networks in the 1960s-70s that led to the Internet, goals of high reliability and flexible access. The document also summarizes network hardware like network interface cards, servers, clients, and cables; software components like network operating systems and protocols; and defines common network devices like routers, bridges, hubs, and switches.
This document discusses the meaning and scope of networking in science learning. It defines a computer network as any set of computers connected to exchange data. There are three main types of networks: local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Networking provides benefits for learning science such as allowing collaborative work and information sharing. It also discusses advantages like resource sharing and communication abilities, as well as disadvantages including security issues and performance degradation. The document concludes that networks can play a crucial role in developing and spreading science.
A computer network allows devices to exchange data via physical connections like cables or wirelessly. The document defines different types of networks based on size and coverage area: personal area networks covering 10 meters; local area networks connecting devices within an office or home; metropolitan area networks spanning a city; and wide area networks covering large geographic areas like countries or continents using various transmission methods. The network architecture can be client-server, with one central server providing services, peer-to-peer with any node capable of requesting/providing services, or a hybrid of the two approaches. Network topology refers to how nodes interconnect, with examples given as bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid configurations.
1. This document covers topics related to computer networks including goals, applications, reference models, hardware, software, connection services, and switching techniques. It provides an overview of key concepts such as LAN, WAN, topologies, protocols, and the advantages and disadvantages of networks.
2. The document then discusses peer-to-peer and client-server networks as well as common topologies like bus, star, and ring. It also covers the TCP/IP model and layers, addressing, routing, and flow control in networks.
3. Examples of network types, applications, and switching techniques are given. Comparisons between top
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions of basic networking concepts and components. It defines what a computer network is and discusses reasons for networking. It also describes different types of networks including LANs, WANs, peer-to-peer and client-server networks. Additionally, it covers various networking transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. Finally, it discusses common network topologies like bus, star and ring configurations.
A network connects two or more computers through various methods to share resources, files, and communication. There are several types of networks including LAN, WAN, MAN, CAN, and PAN that differ in size and scope. A LAN connects computers and devices within a building through switches, routers and cables. LANs were initially developed for universities and research facilities in the 1960s. A WAN spans a larger geographic area than a LAN by connecting multiple LANs and MANs to allow communication between locations.
A computer network allows devices to share resources and information. The first computer network, ARPANET, was developed in the 1960s for the US Department of Defense. Networks can be used to facilitate communications, share hardware/files, and preserve/secure information. Networking involves developing connections between people that may be helpful for one's career. Computer networks connect devices using a mix of hardware and software. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, and virtual private networks. Network topology refers to how devices are interconnected on a network, with common topologies including bus, ring
This document provides an overview of computer networks including:
- Defining a computer network as interconnected hardware and computers that allow sharing of resources and information.
- Describing the main types of transmission in networks as simplex (one-way), half duplex (one direction at a time), and full duplex (two-way simultaneous communication).
- Discussing common network transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless; outlining their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, covering the history of networks like ARPANET, goals of computer networking like resource sharing, applications like e-commerce, and network hardware and software components. It discusses the development of early networks in the 1960s-70s that led to the Internet, goals of high reliability and flexible access. The document also summarizes network hardware like network interface cards, servers, clients, and cables; software components like network operating systems and protocols; and defines common network devices like routers, bridges, hubs, and switches.
This document discusses the meaning and scope of networking in science learning. It defines a computer network as any set of computers connected to exchange data. There are three main types of networks: local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Networking provides benefits for learning science such as allowing collaborative work and information sharing. It also discusses advantages like resource sharing and communication abilities, as well as disadvantages including security issues and performance degradation. The document concludes that networks can play a crucial role in developing and spreading science.
A computer network allows devices to exchange data via physical connections like cables or wirelessly. The document defines different types of networks based on size and coverage area: personal area networks covering 10 meters; local area networks connecting devices within an office or home; metropolitan area networks spanning a city; and wide area networks covering large geographic areas like countries or continents using various transmission methods. The network architecture can be client-server, with one central server providing services, peer-to-peer with any node capable of requesting/providing services, or a hybrid of the two approaches. Network topology refers to how nodes interconnect, with examples given as bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid configurations.
1. This document covers topics related to computer networks including goals, applications, reference models, hardware, software, connection services, and switching techniques. It provides an overview of key concepts such as LAN, WAN, topologies, protocols, and the advantages and disadvantages of networks.
2. The document then discusses peer-to-peer and client-server networks as well as common topologies like bus, star, and ring. It also covers the TCP/IP model and layers, addressing, routing, and flow control in networks.
3. Examples of network types, applications, and switching techniques are given. Comparisons between top
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions of basic networking concepts and components. It defines what a computer network is and discusses reasons for networking. It also describes different types of networks including LANs, WANs, peer-to-peer and client-server networks. Additionally, it covers various networking transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. Finally, it discusses common network topologies like bus, star and ring configurations.
A network connects two or more computers through various methods to share resources, files, and communication. There are several types of networks including LAN, WAN, MAN, CAN, and PAN that differ in size and scope. A LAN connects computers and devices within a building through switches, routers and cables. LANs were initially developed for universities and research facilities in the 1960s. A WAN spans a larger geographic area than a LAN by connecting multiple LANs and MANs to allow communication between locations.
This networking course document discusses the key topics covered in a networking course including why networking is important, common network types, the OSI model, and networking devices. The document provides details on local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus area networks (CANs), and storage area networks (SANs). It also summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions.
Networking
topic covered in this
Introduction to Networking. Types of Networking. Basic Hardware Requirements for Networking. Additional Components Required for Networking. Transmission Media. Protocols. Switching Techniques Multiplexing
Networks allow devices to be interconnected using common protocols to exchange data. They connect endpoints, where data transmission originates or terminates, through nodes, which route data without stopping, using channels like wires or wireless connections. Early cellular networks divided space into cells using frequency division. Wireless generations progressed from analog 1G to 2G introducing TDMA and CDMA, and 3G combining voice and data. Network topologies like star, tree and bus determine how nodes connect and affect function and quality. Protocols establish communication rules to ensure reliable data exchange between layers like application, transport and network in models like OSI and TCP/IP. Data is transmitted using analog or digital signals over media like wired, wireless or fiber optic cables.
This Presentation covers:
Basics of data communications
Network Elements
Introduction to Protocols
Bridges, Routers, HUB, switch, gateway
Packet Switching Concepts
Introduction of Computer Networking TechnoloyAmmar Rahman
The document provides an introduction to computer network technology and data communications. It discusses the concepts of communication and data communication, and defines data communication as a subset of telecommunication focused on transmitting data between computers. The history of telecommunications and data communication is also outlined. The key components of a communication data system including the sender, receiver, message, transmission medium, and protocols are defined. Common applications of computer networks like email, websites, e-commerce, newsgroups, internet telephony, video conferencing, chat groups, and internet radio are described. Finally, some important data communication protocols like TCP and UDP are introduced.
Introduction to Computer Networking - School level Matthew Bulat
What is computer networking? Why is networking important for yourself and business? How is networking achieved in a school environment? How can satellite networking help in remote location? How can I learn more on networking for free?
A computer network connects two or more computers together allowing them to share resources and exchange information. It allows for file sharing, printing, collaboration and more. The document discusses the different types of computer networks including local area networks and wide area networks. It describes the basic components of a network including routers, switches, cables and transmission media. The OSI model and its seven layers for network communication are also explained.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including definitions, applications, characteristics, and standards. It defines a network as a connected system that allows sharing of hardware, software, and data between computers. The chapter describes common network applications like the Internet, phones, GPS, and videoconferencing. It also covers network topologies, architectures, sizes, data transmission methods, and both wired and wireless networking media. Finally, it discusses important communications protocols and standards used in modern networks.
A computer network allows computers to share information and resources. Key developments include the launch of Sputnik, the creation of ARPA to develop early networks, and the establishment of ARPANET. Computer networks facilitate communication, sharing of hardware/files, and access to software. Networks can be classified based on medium, topology, and organization structure. Topologies include ring, star, mesh, bus, and mixed. Organization structures range from local area networks (LANs) within an office to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries and the global Internet. Future networks will connect more devices like appliances and support advanced applications while becoming more adaptive and secure as data volumes increase dramatically.
There are four main types of networks: personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). PAN connects devices in close proximity to an individual. LAN spans a small area like a single building. MAN interconnects users over a larger region than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. WAN covers the largest geographical area and includes public and corporate networks across long distances.
(Emerald Communication is a leading provider of telecom network transport, connectivity, TV transmission services, and data services to the wholesale communications & Internet communities. Emerald Communication provides consultancy services by having the skills and a wealth of experience to understand and to develop people and organizations.)
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It defines key terms like data communication, networks, links, nodes, gateways/routers, and topologies. It discusses factors that affect network security. It also covers the OSI model layers and their functions, as well as network performance metrics like bandwidth and latency. Additional topics include routing, protocols, standards, error detection/correction methods, and LAN architectures/standards.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how computer networks and protocols like TCP/IP were developed in the 1960s and 1970s, allowing computers to connect and share information. It then explains how the commercialization of the Internet in the 1990s led to rapid growth in users and traffic.
This document provides an overview of the OSI and TCP/IP network models. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and defines the functions of each layer. It also discusses the layers of the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. While TCP/IP does not strictly adhere to the seven-layer model, it incorporates similar functions. The document outlines the layers of both models and their similarities and differences, such as how TCP/IP combines some of the upper layers of OSI.
A computer network allows sharing of information and resources between connected computers. There are three main types of networks: local area networks (LANs) which connect computers in a limited area like a home or office; wide area networks (WANs) which span large geographical areas like countries; and metropolitan area networks (MANs) which interconnect users in a region larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. Other network types include personal area networks (PANs) around an individual, home networks, enterprise private networks, storage area networks (SANs), campus area networks (CANs), and global area networks (GANs).
Vehicular Delay Tolerant Network (VDTN):Routing PerspectivesSyed Hassan Ahmed
This document discusses routing perspectives in vehicular delay tolerant networks (VDTNs). It proposes a hybrid naming scheme that uniquely identifies and aggregates content to help with routing. The scheme uses a hierarchical name structure with location and vehicle identifiers. It also describes a name lookup solution called NLAPB that uses an adaptive prefix bloom filter to process name lookups and updates efficiently. The document concludes that the proposed naming scheme supports content aggregation and routing in a vehicular information centric network.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including network topologies (star, ring, bus, peer-to-peer, client-server), physical and wireless transmission media (twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, infrared, radio waves, satellite), common network devices (NIC, hub, router, modem, access point), server types (file server, print server, email server, web server), network architectures (client-server, peer-to-peer), network operating systems, and advantages of computer networks such as sharing resources.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks and describes different types of networks. It discusses wired networks, which use cables to connect devices, and wireless networks, which connect devices using radio waves. It also describes mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which are wireless networks that can be formed between mobile nodes without any infrastructure. MANETs allow nodes to self-configure and connect dynamically, making them suitable for environments where wired networks are not feasible.
The OSI model defines 7 layers of network communication:
1. The physical layer is responsible for the movement of individual bits from one node to the next.
2. The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop to the next.
3. The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
This document provides information on networking concepts including network protocols, networking media, network topologies, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It defines protocols like IP and TCP and discusses physical network media like coaxial cable, twisted pair, and fiber optics. It also describes common network topologies such as star, ring, bus, tree, and mesh. Finally, it provides overviews of LANs, WANs, and MANs including their purposes, components, and key differences.
A computer network allows computing devices to exchange data through connections between nodes. Data is transferred in packets through cable or wireless links. The best known computer network is the Internet, which supports applications like web access, file/resource sharing, email and messaging. Computer networks differ based on the transmission medium, protocols, size, topology and purpose.
The document discusses various network models including peer-to-peer networks where computers operate as equals, client-server networks where some computers provide services to others, and hybrid networks that combine aspects of different models. It also describes two-tier and three-tier client-server architectures, with three-tier adding an application server layer to improve efficiency and security over the two-tier approach. Finally, it introduces network reference models like OSI and TCP/IP that define standards for network communication.
This networking course document discusses the key topics covered in a networking course including why networking is important, common network types, the OSI model, and networking devices. The document provides details on local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus area networks (CANs), and storage area networks (SANs). It also summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions.
Networking
topic covered in this
Introduction to Networking. Types of Networking. Basic Hardware Requirements for Networking. Additional Components Required for Networking. Transmission Media. Protocols. Switching Techniques Multiplexing
Networks allow devices to be interconnected using common protocols to exchange data. They connect endpoints, where data transmission originates or terminates, through nodes, which route data without stopping, using channels like wires or wireless connections. Early cellular networks divided space into cells using frequency division. Wireless generations progressed from analog 1G to 2G introducing TDMA and CDMA, and 3G combining voice and data. Network topologies like star, tree and bus determine how nodes connect and affect function and quality. Protocols establish communication rules to ensure reliable data exchange between layers like application, transport and network in models like OSI and TCP/IP. Data is transmitted using analog or digital signals over media like wired, wireless or fiber optic cables.
This Presentation covers:
Basics of data communications
Network Elements
Introduction to Protocols
Bridges, Routers, HUB, switch, gateway
Packet Switching Concepts
Introduction of Computer Networking TechnoloyAmmar Rahman
The document provides an introduction to computer network technology and data communications. It discusses the concepts of communication and data communication, and defines data communication as a subset of telecommunication focused on transmitting data between computers. The history of telecommunications and data communication is also outlined. The key components of a communication data system including the sender, receiver, message, transmission medium, and protocols are defined. Common applications of computer networks like email, websites, e-commerce, newsgroups, internet telephony, video conferencing, chat groups, and internet radio are described. Finally, some important data communication protocols like TCP and UDP are introduced.
Introduction to Computer Networking - School level Matthew Bulat
What is computer networking? Why is networking important for yourself and business? How is networking achieved in a school environment? How can satellite networking help in remote location? How can I learn more on networking for free?
A computer network connects two or more computers together allowing them to share resources and exchange information. It allows for file sharing, printing, collaboration and more. The document discusses the different types of computer networks including local area networks and wide area networks. It describes the basic components of a network including routers, switches, cables and transmission media. The OSI model and its seven layers for network communication are also explained.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including definitions, applications, characteristics, and standards. It defines a network as a connected system that allows sharing of hardware, software, and data between computers. The chapter describes common network applications like the Internet, phones, GPS, and videoconferencing. It also covers network topologies, architectures, sizes, data transmission methods, and both wired and wireless networking media. Finally, it discusses important communications protocols and standards used in modern networks.
A computer network allows computers to share information and resources. Key developments include the launch of Sputnik, the creation of ARPA to develop early networks, and the establishment of ARPANET. Computer networks facilitate communication, sharing of hardware/files, and access to software. Networks can be classified based on medium, topology, and organization structure. Topologies include ring, star, mesh, bus, and mixed. Organization structures range from local area networks (LANs) within an office to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries and the global Internet. Future networks will connect more devices like appliances and support advanced applications while becoming more adaptive and secure as data volumes increase dramatically.
There are four main types of networks: personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). PAN connects devices in close proximity to an individual. LAN spans a small area like a single building. MAN interconnects users over a larger region than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. WAN covers the largest geographical area and includes public and corporate networks across long distances.
(Emerald Communication is a leading provider of telecom network transport, connectivity, TV transmission services, and data services to the wholesale communications & Internet communities. Emerald Communication provides consultancy services by having the skills and a wealth of experience to understand and to develop people and organizations.)
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It defines key terms like data communication, networks, links, nodes, gateways/routers, and topologies. It discusses factors that affect network security. It also covers the OSI model layers and their functions, as well as network performance metrics like bandwidth and latency. Additional topics include routing, protocols, standards, error detection/correction methods, and LAN architectures/standards.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how computer networks and protocols like TCP/IP were developed in the 1960s and 1970s, allowing computers to connect and share information. It then explains how the commercialization of the Internet in the 1990s led to rapid growth in users and traffic.
This document provides an overview of the OSI and TCP/IP network models. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and defines the functions of each layer. It also discusses the layers of the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. While TCP/IP does not strictly adhere to the seven-layer model, it incorporates similar functions. The document outlines the layers of both models and their similarities and differences, such as how TCP/IP combines some of the upper layers of OSI.
A computer network allows sharing of information and resources between connected computers. There are three main types of networks: local area networks (LANs) which connect computers in a limited area like a home or office; wide area networks (WANs) which span large geographical areas like countries; and metropolitan area networks (MANs) which interconnect users in a region larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. Other network types include personal area networks (PANs) around an individual, home networks, enterprise private networks, storage area networks (SANs), campus area networks (CANs), and global area networks (GANs).
Vehicular Delay Tolerant Network (VDTN):Routing PerspectivesSyed Hassan Ahmed
This document discusses routing perspectives in vehicular delay tolerant networks (VDTNs). It proposes a hybrid naming scheme that uniquely identifies and aggregates content to help with routing. The scheme uses a hierarchical name structure with location and vehicle identifiers. It also describes a name lookup solution called NLAPB that uses an adaptive prefix bloom filter to process name lookups and updates efficiently. The document concludes that the proposed naming scheme supports content aggregation and routing in a vehicular information centric network.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including network topologies (star, ring, bus, peer-to-peer, client-server), physical and wireless transmission media (twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, infrared, radio waves, satellite), common network devices (NIC, hub, router, modem, access point), server types (file server, print server, email server, web server), network architectures (client-server, peer-to-peer), network operating systems, and advantages of computer networks such as sharing resources.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks and describes different types of networks. It discusses wired networks, which use cables to connect devices, and wireless networks, which connect devices using radio waves. It also describes mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which are wireless networks that can be formed between mobile nodes without any infrastructure. MANETs allow nodes to self-configure and connect dynamically, making them suitable for environments where wired networks are not feasible.
The OSI model defines 7 layers of network communication:
1. The physical layer is responsible for the movement of individual bits from one node to the next.
2. The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop to the next.
3. The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
This document provides information on networking concepts including network protocols, networking media, network topologies, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It defines protocols like IP and TCP and discusses physical network media like coaxial cable, twisted pair, and fiber optics. It also describes common network topologies such as star, ring, bus, tree, and mesh. Finally, it provides overviews of LANs, WANs, and MANs including their purposes, components, and key differences.
A computer network allows computing devices to exchange data through connections between nodes. Data is transferred in packets through cable or wireless links. The best known computer network is the Internet, which supports applications like web access, file/resource sharing, email and messaging. Computer networks differ based on the transmission medium, protocols, size, topology and purpose.
The document discusses various network models including peer-to-peer networks where computers operate as equals, client-server networks where some computers provide services to others, and hybrid networks that combine aspects of different models. It also describes two-tier and three-tier client-server architectures, with three-tier adding an application server layer to improve efficiency and security over the two-tier approach. Finally, it introduces network reference models like OSI and TCP/IP that define standards for network communication.
Computer networks allow devices to exchange data by connecting them through wired or wireless links. They support applications like web access, file/printer sharing, email and messaging. Networks differ in the physical media used for transmission, communication protocols, size, topology and purpose. The history of computer networks dates back to the 1950s with early military and commercial systems. Significant developments include the ARPANET in the 1960s, Ethernet in the 1970s, and internet infrastructure in the 1990s which increased transmission speeds and expanded use of networks globally.
This document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses the history of ARPANET, the first packet switching network and predecessor to the Internet. It then defines what a computer network is and lists common goals of computer networks like sharing resources, performance, reliability, and scalability. The document also outlines some common applications of computer networks and provides details on typical network hardware, software, and cabling technologies.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It began in 1969 as the ARPANET, a network created by the US government to connect universities and research labs. No single organization owns the Internet, which uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching to connect networks worldwide. Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within the same building, while wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs across greater distances. The document also covers network topologies, types, layers of the OSI model, and common Internet services like email and search engines.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
Computer Networking-The past, present and future.pptxChideraAnichebe
A slide on the past, present and future of Computer Networking presented during the IEEE Tech Brush-Up event at the FUTO Student Branch on January, 2022
An Introduction To Computer Networking A SurveyCheryl Brown
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer networking. It discusses the history of computer networking beginning in the 1960s and the components that make up a computer network including cables, network interface cards, switches, and software. It also describes different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and campus area networks (CANs). The document concludes by discussing how computer networks have changed communication and will continue to evolve and enhance our lives through new protocols, applications, and technologies.
A computer network allows interconnected devices to share resources and exchange information. It connects two or more computers or devices together using cables or wireless technology and follows a set of rules called protocols. Devices on a network can share data, software, printers and other resources regardless of their physical location. This reduces costs while improving communication and reliability of data storage.
Computer networks allow for resource and information sharing between connected computers. There are three main types of networks based on geographical reach: local area networks (LANs) within a building or campus, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) spanning long distances globally. Devices can connect to these networks via various technologies like Ethernet cables, WiFi, or satellites.
This document discusses computer networking and network topologies. It defines a network as a set of interconnected computer systems that allow sharing of resources and communication using common protocols. Networks use packets to transmit data over digital connections. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, fully connected, and tree networks. Overlay networks are virtual networks built over an existing underlying network. The document also discusses different types of network links that can be used to connect devices, such as electrical cable, optical fiber, wireless, and power lines.
"This presentation was created through wide-ranged research and is intended specially for everyone interested in network technology".
-BRIAN S. CUNAL
KALINGA-APAYAO STATE COLLEGE
IT Instructor.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It begins by discussing how computer networks have changed daily life through services like watching cable TV, using ATMs, emailing, and more. A network is defined as two or more connected autonomous computers. The goals of networking are sharing resources, improved communication, and reduced communication costs. Networks have senders, receivers, messages, transmission mediums, and protocols. Early networks included ARPANET and NSFNET. The internet evolved from these and allows globally connected services. Network topologies like star, bus, and types of devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also summarized.
Networking connects computing devices together to share data. It allows devices to communicate through a mix of hardware like cables and wireless equipment, and software like communication protocols. Networks can be categorized based on their geographic reach - local area networks (LANs) span a small area like a home or office, while wide area networks (WANs) connect across cities, states or globally. The largest public WAN is the Internet. Networks also use common protocols like TCP/IP to define the language devices use to communicate. While wired networks were traditionally used, wireless networking has become more popular for new installations.
The document discusses computer networks and the data link layer. It provides classifications of computer networks including PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN. It discusses the goals of computer networks which include resource sharing, reliability, cost savings, performance and communication. It then discusses point-to-point subnets and their possible topologies. Finally, it discusses the services provided by the data link layer, including encapsulation, frame synchronization, error control and logical link control.
This document provides an overview of advanced networking concepts. It begins with learning objectives around data communication, network devices, protocols, topologies and network types. It then defines key networking components like switches, routers, and firewalls. It discusses different network topologies, media like Ethernet and wireless, and various network types including LAN, WAN, SAN and more. The document is intended to help readers understand fundamental networking concepts.
Illustrate this Basic concept of Computer networks and
distributed systems, Goals of networking, General approaches of communication within a network, Network classification, Uses & Network Software
Computer Networking – CSE290 is a course that covers basic concepts of networks including LANs, WANs, the internet, and common network devices. It discusses how networks allow sharing of resources and backups. The document defines what a computer network is and its basic components. It provides details on network media like wired and wireless technologies. Common networking devices like switches, routers, and firewalls are explained. Finally, it discusses different types of networks including LANs, WANs, SANs, and others.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals including network history, topologies, protocols, and devices. It discusses the evolution of networks from standalone computers connecting via modems to today's large networks. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, and ring. The document outlines the OSI and TCP/IP models and explains the functions of common networking devices like hubs, bridges, routers, and gateways. It also covers wired media like coaxial cable and fiber optic cable as well as wireless networking standards.
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback.
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
An uninterruptible power supply or uninterruptible power source (UPS) is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails.
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom that impacts adversely on human activities. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done, and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy.
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom that impacts adversely on human activities. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done, and will range from tolerance
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom that impacts adversely on human activities. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done, and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest.
The ceramics industry is a growing manufacturing sector in Bangladesh. The industry started during the late 1950s when the first ceramic industrial plants were established. The industry mainly produces tableware, sanitaryware and tiles.
Building material is material used for construction. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic.
A brick is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the term brick denotes a block composed of dried clay, but is now also used informally to denote other chemically cured construction blocks.
Web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design; interface design; authoring, including standardised code and proprietary software; user experience design; and search engine optimization.
Software maintenance in software engineering is the modification of a software product after delivery to correct faults, to improve performance or other attributes.
Software development is the process of creating and maintaining software applications and components. It involves conceiving ideas, specifying requirements, designing, programming, testing, and fixing bugs. The software can be developed for a variety of purposes like custom software for clients, commercial software, or personal use. Different methodologies take structured or incremental approaches to the stages of software development which typically include analyzing problems, gathering requirements, designing, implementing, testing, deploying, and maintaining the software. The best approach depends on how well understood the problem is and whether the solution can be planned out in advance or needs to evolve incrementally.
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services to access and use the Internet. ISPs provide Internet access, hosting, email services, and connect other networks to transmit data. There are different types of ISPs including access providers that connect users, hosting ISPs that provide email and web hosting, transit ISPs that provide bandwidth between other networks, and wireless ISPs that provide connectivity over wireless networks. ISPs must comply with laws in many countries that require assisting law enforcement with monitoring certain user information and traffic as needed for investigations.
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.
Graphic design is the process of visual communication and problem-solving through the use of typography, photography, iconography and illustration. The field is considered a subset of visual communication and communication design, but sometimes the term "graphic design" is used synonymously.
E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling of products on online services or over the Internet. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.
A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming. Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs.
A water filter removes impurities by lowering contamination of water using a fine physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to different extents for purposes such as providing agricultural irrigation, accessible drinking water, public and private aquariums, and the safe use of ponds and swimming pools.
Drug rehabilitation aims to treat dependence on substances like alcohol, prescription drugs, and illegal drugs. It involves medical and psychological treatment to help patients stop substance abuse and address the psychological and physical consequences of addiction. Treatment methods include medication for co-occurring conditions, counseling, and peer support groups. Effective rehabilitation addresses all of a patient's needs and involves both medication and behavioral therapy along with long-term relapse prevention support.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
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Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
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The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
Garments ERP Software in Bangladesh _ Pridesys IT Ltd.pdfPridesys IT Ltd.
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Starting a business is like embarking on an unpredictable adventure. It’s a journey filled with highs and lows, victories and defeats. But what if I told you that those setbacks and failures could be the very stepping stones that lead you to fortune? Let’s explore how resilience, adaptability, and strategic thinking can transform adversity into opportunity.
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Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
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Computer networking
1. Computer networking
A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common
communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose
of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes. The
interconnections between nodes are formed from a broad spectrum of
telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired,
optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in
a variety of network topologies.
The nodes of a computer network may be classified by many means as
personal computers, servers, networking hardware, or general purpose
2. hosts. They are identified by hostnames and network addresses.
Hostnames serve as memorable labels for the nodes, rarely changed
after initial assignment. Network addresses serve for locating and
identifying the nodes by communication protocols such as the Internet
Protocol.
AddressBazar.com is an Bangladeshi Online Yellow Page. From here you
will find important and necessary information of various Computer
networking related organizations in Bangladesh.
Computer networks may be classified by many criteria, for example, the
transmission medium used to carry signals, bandwidth,
communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network
size, the topology, traffic control mechanism, and organizational intent.
Computer networks support many applications and services, such as
access to the World Wide Web, digital video, digital audio, shared use of
application and storage servers, printers, and fax machines, and use of
email and instant messaging applications.
History
Computer networking may be considered a branch of computer
science, computer engineering, and telecommunications, since it relies
on the theoretical and practical application of the related disciplines.
Computer networking was influenced by a wide array of technology
developments and historical milestones.
3. ● In the late 1950s, early networks of computers included the
U.S. military radar system Semi-Automatic Ground
Environment (SAGE).
● In 1959, Christopher Strachey filed a patent application for
time-sharing and John McCarthy initiated the first project to
implement time-sharing of user programs at MIT. Stratchey
passed the concept on to J. C. R. Licklider at the inaugural
UNESCO Information Processing Conference in Paris that year.
McCarthy was instrumental in the creation of three of the
earliest time-sharing systems (Compatible Time-Sharing
System in 1961, BBN Time-Sharing System in 1962, and
Dartmouth Time Sharing System in 1963).
● In 1959, Anatolii Ivanovich Kitov proposed to the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a
detailed plan for the re-organisation of the control of the
4. Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of
a network of computing centres, the OGAS.
● In 1959, the MOS transistor was invented by Mohamed Atalla
and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. It later became one of the basic
building blocks and "work horses" of virtually any element of
communications infrastructure.
● In 1960, the commercial airline reservation system
semi-automatic business research environment (SABRE) went
online with two connected mainframes.
● In 1963, J. C. R. Licklider sent a memorandum to office
colleagues discussing the concept of the "Intergalactic
Computer Network", a computer network intended to allow
general communications among computer users.
● Throughout the 1960s, Paul Baran and Donald Davies
independently developed the concept of packet switching to
transfer information between computers over a network.
Davies pioneered the implementation of the concept with the
NPL network, a local area network at the National Physical
Laboratory (United Kingdom) using a line speed of 768 kbit/s.
● In 1965, Western Electric introduced the first widely used
telephone switch that implemented computer control in the
switching fabric.
● In 1969, the first four nodes of the ARPANET were connected
using 50 kbit/s circuits between the University of California at
Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of
California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. In the
1970s, Leonard Kleinrock carried out mathematical work to
model the performance of packet-switched networks, which
underpinned the development of the ARPANET. His theoretical
work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student
Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the
Internet today.
5. ● In 1972, commercial services using X.25 were deployed, and
later used as an underlying infrastructure for expanding
TCP/IP networks.
● In 1973, the French CYCLADES network was the first to make
the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather
than this being a centralized service of the network itself.
● In 1973, Robert Metcalfe wrote a formal memo at Xerox PARC
describing Ethernet, a networking system that was based on
the Aloha network, developed in the 1960s by Norman
Abramson and colleagues at the University of Hawaii. In July
1976, Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs published their paper
"Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer
Networks” and collaborated on several patents received in 1977
and 1978.
● In 1974, Vint Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine published the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) specification, RFC 675,
coining the term Internet as a shorthand for internetworking.
● In 1976, John Murphy of Datapoint Corporation created
ARCNET, a token-passing network first used to share storage
devices.
● In 1977, the first long-distance fiber network was deployed by
GTE in Long Beach, California.
● In 1977, Xerox Network Systems (XNS) was developed by Robert
Metcalfe and Yogen Dalal at Xerox.
● In 1979, Robert Metcalfe pursued making Ethernet an open
standard.
● In 1980, Ethernet was upgraded from the original 2.94 Mbit/s
protocol to the 10 Mbit/s protocol, which was developed by
Ron Crane, Bob Garner, Roy Ogus, and Yogen Dalal.
● In 1995, the transmission speed capacity for Ethernet increased
from 10 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s. By 1998, Ethernet supported
transmission speeds of a Gigabit. Subsequently, higher speeds
6. of up to 400 Gbit/s were added (as of 2018). The scaling of
Ethernet has been a contributing factor to its continued use.
Use
A computer network extends interpersonal communications by
electronic means with various technologies, such as email, instant
messaging, online chat, voice and video telephone calls, and video
conferencing. A network allows sharing of network and computing
resources. Users may access and use resources provided by devices on
the network, such as printing a document on a shared network printer
or use of a shared storage device. A network allows sharing of files,
data, and other types of information giving authorized users the ability
7. to access information stored on other computers on the network.
Distributed computing uses computing resources across a network to
accomplish tasks.
Network packet
Most modern computer networks use protocols based on packet-mode
transmission. A network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a
packet-switched network. The physical link technologies of packet
networks typically limit the size of packets to a certain maximum
transmission unit (MTU). A longer message is fragmented before it is
transferred and once the packets arrive, they are reassembled to
construct the original message.
Packets consist of two types of data: control information and user data
(payload). The control information provides data the network needs to
deliver the user data, for example, source and destination network
addresses, error detection codes, and sequencing information.
Typically, control information is found in packet headers and trailers,
with payload data in between.
With packets, the bandwidth of the transmission medium can be better
shared among users than if the network were circuit switched. When
one user is not sending packets, the link can be filled with packets from
other users, and so the cost can be shared, with relatively little
interference, provided the link isn't overused. Often the route a packet
8. needs to take through a network is not immediately available. In that
case, the packet is queued and waits until a link is free.
Network topology
Network topology is the layout, pattern, or organizational hierarchy of
the interconnection of network hosts, in contrast to their physical or
geographic location. Typically, most diagrams describing networks are
arranged by their topology. The network topology can affect
throughput, but reliability is often more critical. With many
technologies, such as bus networks, a single failure can cause the
network to fail entirely. In general, the more interconnections there
9. are, the more robust the network is; but the more expensive it is to
install.
Common layouts are:
● Bus network: all nodes are connected to a common medium
along this medium. This was the layout used in the original
Ethernet, called 10BASE5 and 10BASE2. This is still a common
topology on the data link layer, although modern physical layer
variants use point-to-point links instead.
● Star network: all nodes are connected to a special central node.
This is the typical layout found in a Wireless LAN, where each
wireless client connects to the central Wireless access point.
● Ring network: each node is connected to its left and right
neighbour node, such that all nodes are connected and that
each node can reach each other node by traversing nodes left-
or rightwards. The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
made use of such a topology.
● Mesh network: each node is connected to an arbitrary number
of neighbours in such a way that there is at least one traversal
from any node to any other.
● Fully connected network: each node is connected to every
other node in the network.
● Tree network: nodes are arranged hierarchically.
The physical layout of the nodes in a network may not necessarily
reflect the network topology. As an example, with FDDI, the network
topology is a ring, but the physical topology is often a star, because all
neighboring connections can be routed via a central physical location.
Physical layout is not completely irrelevant, however, as common
10. ducting and equipment locations can represent single points of failure
due to issues like fires, power failures and flooding.