Perovskite: introduction, classification, structure of perovskite, method to synthesis, characterization by XRD and UV- vis spectroscopy , lambert beer's law, material properties and advantage and application.
Spintronics is a NANO technology which deals with spin dependent properties of an electron instead of charge dependent properties.
One of the main advantage of spintronics over electronics is the magnets tend to stay magnetize which is sparking in the industry an interest for replacing computer’s semiconductor based components with magnetic ones, starting with the RAM.
With an all-magnetic RAM, it is now possible to have a computer that retains all the information put into it. Most importantly, there will be no ‘boot-up’ waiting period when power is turned on.
Another promising feature of spintronics is that it doesn’t require the use of unique and specialized semiconductor, there by allowing it to work with common metals like Cu, Al, Ag.
Spintronics will use less power than conventional electronics, because the energy needed to change spin is a minute fraction of what is needed to push charge around.
Conventional electronic devices ignore the spin property and rely strictly on the transport of the electrical charge of electrons.
Adding the spin degree of freedom provides new effects, new capabilities and new functionalities.
A solar cell is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity
The first practical photovoltaic cell was publicly demonstrated on April 25, 1954 at Bell Laboratories.
From 2002 we can see the modern solar cell.
Perovskite: introduction, classification, structure of perovskite, method to synthesis, characterization by XRD and UV- vis spectroscopy , lambert beer's law, material properties and advantage and application.
Spintronics is a NANO technology which deals with spin dependent properties of an electron instead of charge dependent properties.
One of the main advantage of spintronics over electronics is the magnets tend to stay magnetize which is sparking in the industry an interest for replacing computer’s semiconductor based components with magnetic ones, starting with the RAM.
With an all-magnetic RAM, it is now possible to have a computer that retains all the information put into it. Most importantly, there will be no ‘boot-up’ waiting period when power is turned on.
Another promising feature of spintronics is that it doesn’t require the use of unique and specialized semiconductor, there by allowing it to work with common metals like Cu, Al, Ag.
Spintronics will use less power than conventional electronics, because the energy needed to change spin is a minute fraction of what is needed to push charge around.
Conventional electronic devices ignore the spin property and rely strictly on the transport of the electrical charge of electrons.
Adding the spin degree of freedom provides new effects, new capabilities and new functionalities.
A solar cell is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity
The first practical photovoltaic cell was publicly demonstrated on April 25, 1954 at Bell Laboratories.
From 2002 we can see the modern solar cell.
The single electron transistor is made of an island/quantum dot connected through two tunneling junctions to a drain and a source electrode. When there is no bias on any electrode, electrons in the system do not have enough energy to tunnel through the junctions i.e. the transistor is in off state.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles via aqueous solution, sol...iosrjce
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by aqueous solution method, sol-gel method and hydrothermal
method.The synthesized particles were characterized by XRD ,SEM ,EDX and UV .The X-ray diffraction studies
reveals that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have wurtzite structure and the particle size varies from 13 to 18
nm. Scanning Electron Microscopic investigation reveals that the surface morphology of ZnO nanoparticle is
spherical in hydrothermal process and varies to flower like arrangement in aqueous solution and sol-gel
process. The UV-Visible spectrum of the nanoparticles shows a blue shift compared to that of the bulk sample.
Perovskite Solar Cells
a short general overview presentation
hadi maghsoudi
device structure
crystal structure
preparation synthesis method
review papers
This presentation summarizes history and recent development of perovskite solar cells. If you have any questions or comments, you can reach me at agassifeng@gmail.com
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
The single electron transistor is made of an island/quantum dot connected through two tunneling junctions to a drain and a source electrode. When there is no bias on any electrode, electrons in the system do not have enough energy to tunnel through the junctions i.e. the transistor is in off state.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles via aqueous solution, sol...iosrjce
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by aqueous solution method, sol-gel method and hydrothermal
method.The synthesized particles were characterized by XRD ,SEM ,EDX and UV .The X-ray diffraction studies
reveals that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have wurtzite structure and the particle size varies from 13 to 18
nm. Scanning Electron Microscopic investigation reveals that the surface morphology of ZnO nanoparticle is
spherical in hydrothermal process and varies to flower like arrangement in aqueous solution and sol-gel
process. The UV-Visible spectrum of the nanoparticles shows a blue shift compared to that of the bulk sample.
Perovskite Solar Cells
a short general overview presentation
hadi maghsoudi
device structure
crystal structure
preparation synthesis method
review papers
This presentation summarizes history and recent development of perovskite solar cells. If you have any questions or comments, you can reach me at agassifeng@gmail.com
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
Parametric Analysis of Single Element U Slot Microstrip AntennaIJSRD
In wireless communication system antennas are the most important element for creating communication link between source and destination. Microsrtip antennas are used for mobile and other satellite communication application because of their light weight, low power handling capacity and low profile. The modern mobile communication system requires high gain, wide bandwidth and minimal size antennas that are capable of providing better performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. This requirement leads to the design of microsrtip patch array antenna. This paper proposes the parametric analysis of single element U slot MSA. Low dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. Thus it prefers FR4 as a dielectric substrate. Desired patch antenna design is simulated by using high frequency simulation software and patch antenna is designed as per requirement. Antenna dimensions such as Length (L), Width (W), and substrate dielectric constant and parameters like Return Loss, Gain, impedance and current distribution are calculated using CAD-FEKO. The antenna has been design to be operated in the range of 8-12GHz. Hence this antenna is highly suitable for X-band applications.
Review: Dual Band Microstrip Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsIJAAS Team
In this manuscript, a review of dual band microstrip antennas for wireless communication is presented. This review manuscript discusses regarding the geometric structures, different methods of analysis for antenna characteristics, and different types of wireless applications.
Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The most researched and examined aspect of the communication system is the wireless connection. Without learning how to operate and use different types of antennas, your knowledge is incomplete. Microstrip patch antenna research has advanced significantly in recent years. When compared to standard antennas, microstrip patch antennas provide additional advantages and opportunities. It is of low volume, light weight, low cost, low appearance, compact and easy to manufacture. This study investigates the differences between rectangular and circular patch antennas. For Bluetooth applications, the center frequency of 2.4 GHz was chosen as the optimal resonant frequency. On a flame retardant (FR-4) epoxy substrate, the antenna dielectric constant is 4.4. Above the ground the base rises 3.6 mm. For the simulation process, high frequency simulation software (HFSS 15) is used as the program design. Antennas 1×1, 1×2, and 1×4 are designed for both circular and rectangular antennas. A comparison was made for both types of antennas and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return losses, gain, directivity and half power beam width (HPBW) were found, and the feature of the rectangular antenna was shown.
In this paper, ring microstrip patch antenna structures with 3 different DGS Structure. Antennas have been analyzed, investigated and optimized by CST MW studio tool. Proposed designs are based on the concept Defected Ground Structure while its overall dimensions are kept constant. The objective is to design UWB antenna within the range of 3-15GHz. The presented antennas are simulated on cheaper and lossy FR-4 substrate, and their parameters are measured and compared. In this, maximum VSWR value of less than 1.5 has been achieved. At the end a, good agreement has been obtained between simulated and measured parameters.
Miniaturised tri-band microstrip patch antenna design for radio and millimet...nooriasukmaningtyas
This research presents an extremely small, cheap and simple structure of multiple bands antenna, where is the proposed design comprise squareslotted a microstrip patch antenna with triple bands of RF and mm-wave for 5G. The conducting material is a perfect electrical conductor on both sides. The antenna is printed on FR-4 lossy with a 3.9 of epsilon. Our tiny antenna has a size of 1.5357x1.5357 mm2 . First, the design parameters were calculated using formulas and then these were simulated by the CST MWS. The simulation results show the antenna performance at the RF band from 0 to 3.4096 GHz with 3.29 gain, a value of return loss S11 and bandwidth of -13.229644 and 3.4096 GHz. The designed antenna works at the mm-wave band ranges 43.5-64 GHz with 3.49 gain, -42.419084 S11 and 20.252 GHz BW. Our antenna can also operate at the mm-wave from 81-95 GHz with -22.269547 S11, 4.52 gain, and 14.085 GHz BW. The small size and supported bandwidth of the designed antenna is suitable for thin and fast transmission devices.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design and Analysis of Broadband Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper presents the design and manufacture of a new broadband elliptical patch antenna
with a microstrip feed line and optimum antenna parameters. The antenna dimension of
(30 × 21 × 1.6) 푚푚3 and fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate having relative dielectric constant 휀푟=4.3,
loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and the feed line used has characteristic impedance of 50Ω.The designed
antenna has the capability of operating in the bandwidth (6.95-30.94) GHz and the gain (6.8) dBi. The
antenna performance was modified by inserting a slots in the ground plane to achieve impedance
bandwidth (when S11≤-10dB) and slots to patch to improve the gain. The modified antenna was designed
to be used for fifth generation (5G) mobile communication. The simulation results are obtained using CST
software.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Study on Substrate Dependency of Graphene-Based Patch Antennas for Gigahertz and Terahertz Applications
1. STUDY ON SUBSTRATE DEPENDENCY OF GRAPHENE BASED
PATCH ANTENNAS FOR GIGAHERTZ AND TERAHERTZ
APPLICATIONS
Presented By
Dilruba Khanam
1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMERGING GLOBAL TRENDS IN
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
06-07-2021
3. INTRODUCTION
With more and more people using wireless networks, the demand for the ultra-fast
wireless communications systems is increasing.
Recent advances in terahertz-wave (THz-wave) technologies have attracted attention
due to the huge bandwidth of THz waves and its potential for use in wireless
communications.
3
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4. THz band offers a much larger bandwidth ,which ranges from tens of
GHz up to several THz.
THz wave can detect specific substances, such as hidden explosives,
drugs, weapons etc., Hence used in security, medical , military
applications.
Exchange of information through a wireless communication greatly
depends on the antenna.
4
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5. 5
Antenna
Usually a metallic device used for
radiating or receiving radio waves.
A structure that captures and/or
transmits radio electromagnetic waves.
A good design of antenna can enhance
overall system performance.
It can be a piece of conducting wire,
an aperture, a patch, an assembly of
elements, a reflector and so on.
Fig: Microstrip patch antenna
06-07-2021
6. • Slot Antenna
A slot antenna consists of a metal surface, usually a flat plate, with one or
more holes or slots cut out.
• Metamaterial
Metamaterial absorber is a metamaterial used for absorption of
electromagnetic radiation.
Work in metamaterial is focussed on real parts of permittivity and
permeability.
Metamaterial exhibit
Left handed behaviour
Negative refractive index
Extraordinary transmission
Negative Doppler effect
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7. GRAPHENE
7
Graphene is a thin layer of
carbon
It is a single, tightly packed
layer of carbon atoms that are
bonded together in a hexagonal
honeycomb lattice
High electron mobility of graphene
and the ability to support SPP
waves makes it an excellent
candidate for ultra-high-frequency
applications
Fig: Bond structure of graphene
06-07-2021
8. • Some of the Researchers in the field of Graphene based antenna are
J. Miquel, A. Cabellos, Shakib Adnan, Osman Goni, Rajni Bala and
Anupma Marwaha
For Graphene patch antenna substrate materials act as a
performance regulator
It is reported that substrate material controls the properties of
graphene patch and choice of good dielectric material can improve
the quality.
Transport properties of graphene and resonant properties of antenna
are also influenced by substrate material
• A lot of research is undergoing reporting various new materials which
can be placed as substrates for the graphene patch antenna
8
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9. PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN
• Graphene based patch antenna is designed and comparative study for different
substrate material is done .
• The performance of the antenna is evaluated on the basis of return loss, voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency
• A linear scaling technique is used to design THz antenna from a GHz antenna by
reducing all dimension of the GHz antenna by a factor of 1000
Linear scaling is done following the method adopted by Kaustubh et al.
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10. Parameters Symbol Value
Operating frequency f (5-15)GHz
Patch length and width Lp x Wp 6.4899mm*9.1287mm
Dielectric substrate
length, width and
thickness
Lsx Ws x h 15.4899*18.1287mm*1.5mm
Microstrip line length L1 x L2 3mm*2.5mm
Microstrip line width W1xW2 0.5mm*1mm
Fig: Geometry of patch antenna at 10 GHz
Table 1 : Physical dimension of the patch antenna at 10 GHz
10
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11. RESULTS
Fig: Return loss, VSWR, Radiation pattern and Gain of graphene
patch antenna with Rogers RO4003 substrate at 10 GHz frequency 11
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13. Substrate S11(dB) VSWR Gain(dB) Directivity(dB) Bandwidth(MHz) Resonating
Frequency(GHz)
FR-4 epoxy -33.87 1.04 5.78 6.71 605 9.6
Bakelite -14 1.49 6.68 6.57 416 9.4
Rogers
R04003
-41.70 1.01 7.03 6.9 451.6 9.4
RT Duroid
6010
-17.73 1.63 8.43 8.07 880.5 12.4
Taconic
TLC
-25.62 1 7.28 7.22 482.4 9.6
13
Table 2: Comparative study of different substrate material at GHz
Comparative study of the simulated antennas for different
substrate material on Graphene patch antenna at 10 GHz
06-07-2021
14. Results of The Graphene patch antenna at THz Frequency
Fig: Return loss, Radiation pattern and Gain of
graphene patch antenna with Rogers RO4003
substrate at THz frequency
14
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15. 15
Fig.: Return loss of the patch antenna with different substrate
material at 10 THz
06-07-2021
Return loss
FR-4 =-24 dB
Bakelite= -18 dB
Rogers RO4003=-23 dB
RT Duroid=-24.75dB
Taconic TLC=-22.97dB
16. Substrate S11(dB) VSWR Gain(dB) Directivity(dB) Bandwidth(MHz) Resonating
Frequency(THz)
FR-4 epoxy -24 0.98 6.07 6.63 576.6 9.8
Bakelite -18 2.15 5.94 6.52 530 9.4
Rogers
R04003
-23 1.19 6.47 7.01 476.7 9.4
RT Duroid
6010
-24.75 1.005 8.04 8.12 952.9 12.4
Taconic
TLC
-22.97 1.23 6.56 7.07 500 9.6
Table 3: Comparative study of different substrate material at THz
Comparative study of the simulated antennas for different substrate material on
Graphene patch antenna at 10 THz
16
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17. Conclusion
• Graphene based Antenna achieved minimum return loss of -41.70 dB with a bandwidth of 451
MHz at 9.4 GHz with substrate Rogers RO4003, and after linear scaling, it shows a return loss of -
23.29 dB with bandwidth 476 GHz at 9. 4 THz.
• All the substrate materials attained gain more than 5 dB and return loss less than -10 dB and can be
used as a substrate material for graphene based patch antennas.
• Effect of substrate material is retained after scaling down by a factor of 1000 as graphene based
patch antenna attained good result with Rogers RO4003 at both GHz and THz without a shift in
frequency.
17
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18. References
• [1]Adnan Shakib, Goni Osman, “Graphene nanoribbon based antenna for terahertz band communication’’,
Proceedings of International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT
2015)
• [2]A. Sharma, G. Singh, “Rectangular microstrip patch antenna design at THz frequency for short distance
wireless communication systems”, J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 30 (2009) 1–7.
• [3]Llatser, K. Christian, C.-A. Albert, J.M. Jornet, E. Alarcon, D.N. Chigrin, “Graphene-based nano-patch
antenna for terahertz radiation”, Photon. Nanostruct.-Fundam. Appl. 10 (2012) 353–358.
• [4]S. Anand, D. Sriram Kumar, R.J. Wu, M. Chavali, “Analysis and design of optically transparent antenna on
photonic band gap structures”, Optik 125 (2014)2835–2839.
• [5] Llatser, K. Christian, D.N. Chigrin, J.M. Josep, M.C. Lemme, C.-A. Albert, Alarcon Eduard, “Characterization
of graphene-based nano-antennas in the terahertzband”, 6th European Conference on IEEE, 2012
• [6] Llatser, C. Kremers, A. Cabellos-Aparicio, J. Jornet, E. Alarcon, D. Chigrin, “Scattering of terahertz radiation
on a graphene-based nano-antenna”, AIP Conference Proceeding, 4th International Conference on
Theoretical and Nanophotonics, Germany. 1398 (2011) 144–147.
• [7] I. Llatser, C. Kremers, D. Chigrin, J. Jornet, M. Lemme, A. Cabellos-Aparicio, et al., “Characterization of
graphene-based nano-antennas in the terahertz band”, Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP) 6th European
Conference, 194–198, 2012.
18
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19. • [8] S. Anand, D. Sriram Kumar, R. Jang Wu, M. Chavali, “Graphene nanoribbon based
terahertz antenna on polyimide substrate”, Optik 125 (2014) 5546–5549.
• [9] B. Zhu1, Y. Chen2, K. Deng2, W. Hu2, and Z. S. Yao, “Terahertz Science and Technology
and Applications”, PIERS Proceedings, Beijing, China, March 23–27, 2009.
• [10] Zhou, B. Yakup, F. Du, L. Dai, J.L. Volakis, “Polymer–carbon nanotube sheets for
conformal load bearing antennas”, IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 58 (2010)2169–2175.
• [11] C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
• [12] Llatser, C. Kremers, A. Cabellos Aparicio, J. M. Jornet, E. Alarcon ,and D. N. Chigrin,
“Scattering of terahertz radiation on a graphene-based nano-antenna,” AIP Conference
Proceedings, vol. 1398, pp. 144–146,2011.
• [13] Sharma A, Singh G., “Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Design at THz Frequency
for Short Distance Wireless Communication Systems,” Journal of infrared, millimetre and
terahertz waves, Springer., vol. 30, no.1, pp. 1-7,2009.
• [14] S. Anand, D. Sriram Kumar, R. Jang Wu, M. Chavali, “Graphene nanoribbon based
terahertz antenna on polyimide substrate”, Optik 125 (2014) 5546–5549.
19
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22. INTRODUCTION
• Recent researches have extensively explored microstrip patch
antenna design for deriving better performance.
• Day by day new wireless devices are introducing which increases the
demands of compact antennas.
• In modern wireless communication devices, Microstrip patch
antennas are commonly used over conventional antennas.
• A lot of research is undergoing on design ,fabrication and
characteristics of Graphene for different applications.
22
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23. Substrate material
• FR-4 epoxy
Chemically composed of woven fiberglass cloth with a flame- retardant epoxy resin
binder
Dielectric constant = 4.4
• Bakelite
• RT Duroid
Ceramic composite designed for electronic and microwave circuit applications
• Rogers RO003
Dielectric constant = 3.4
Taconic TLC
23
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24. • Recent researches have extensively explored microstrip patch antenna design for
deriving better performance
• Day by day new wireless devices are introducing which increases the demands of
compact antennas.
• In modern wireless communication devices, Microstrip patch antennas are
commonly used over conventional antennas.
• Nanotechnology is providing new set of tools to design and manufacture
miniaturized components.
• One of the novel techniques in slotted microstrip patch antenna design is to cut
nano-sized slots over the substrate of the patch.
• A lot of research is undergoing on design ,fabrication and characteristics of
Graphene for different applications.
06-07-2021 24