Plasmonic1 new

Plasmonic1 new

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  Fundamentals of Plasmonics, SubwavelengthPlasmonic Waveguides and Metamaterials Besarta Hoxha İnci Umakoğlu Dolu 1/49
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  Outline Introduction A Brief Historyof Plasmonics Scientific Background of Plasmonics Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) Localized Surface Plasmon Excitation Methods of SPP Plasmonic Materials Metamaterials Plasmonic Waveguides Applications Research trends of recent years Economical Impact 2/49
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  Definitions 3 Subwavelength electromagnetics isa discipline that deals with light-matter interaction at subwavelength scale and innovative technologies that controls electromagnetic wave with subwavelength structures [1]. [1] X. Luo, ‘Subwavelength Electromagnetics’, Optoelectron., vol. 9, no.2, 2016.
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  ◎Plasma:The free electronsof a metal are treated as an electron liquid of high density of about 10^ 23 cm - 3, (ignoring the lattice). ◎ Plasma oscillations(longitudinal density fluctuations), will propagate through the volume of the metal. ◎The quanta of these "volume plasmons" are produced by electrons which are shot into the metal and have an energy hωp, where (n is the electron density, of the order of 10 eV). [2]H.Reather ;Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics)(1988) 4/49
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  ◎Surface plasmon polaritonsare electromagnetic excitations propagating at the interface between a dielectric and a conductor, evanescently confined in the perpendicular direction. -These electromagnetic surface waves arise via the coupling of the electromagnetic fields to oscillations of the conductor’s electron plasma. [6]Modern plasmonics / edited by Alexei A. Maradudin, J. Roy Sambles, William L. Barnes.(2014) 5 ◎The field of plasmonics can, in general, be divided into two parts: one that deals with propagating plasmonic modes, and one that deals with localized plasmonic modes
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  Introduction 6/49 Operating speeds andcritical dimensions of various technologies [1].  In the past, devices were slow and bulky.  Semiconductor industry managed to scaling electronic devices to nanoscale dimensions [2].  Time delay issue (operating above ~10 GHz)  Photonic devices has high data carrying capacity.  Limited by the laws of diffraction  (λ/2, wavelength of light ~micron).  Plasmonics, a new technology promises to bring the revolution by putting together the best of electronics and photonics.  The size of electronics  The speed of photonics [2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’, Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006.
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  A Brief Historyof Plasmonics 7/49 LYCURGUS CUP • Before scientists set out to study the optical properties of metal nanostructures, they were employed by artists to generate vibrant colors in the staining of church windows [3]. • One of the most famous example is the Lycurgus cup dating back to the Byzantine Empire (4th century AD). Appears green in reflection and appears red in transmission [3]. [3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007.
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  Academically Interest onPlasmonics 8/49 The rapid growth of the field of plasmonics [4]. image: [4] M. L. Brongersma, ‘Introductory lecture: nanoplasmonics’, Faraday Discussions, vol. 178, pp. 9-36, 2015.
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  Scientific Background (Cont.) 9/49 TheDrude model of free electron states that the electrons in metals behave like classical gas molecules [10] . By using the Drude model the dielectric constant of metals can be found [3,6]: This means the electric field just penetrate into the material, but does not form an oscillating wave. If the material is thick enough, all the incoming wave will be reflected. This is the reason why metal surface looks colorless and shiny [10]. 2 [6]0 0 0 2 ( ) (1 ) losses neglected (1 ) pw w jw jw w s e e e t = + » - + 2 [10] 2 1 / pw n w jw t = - - :electron relaxation timet [14] ,pIf w w the permittivity is negative and refraction index becomes purely imaginary< [3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007. [14] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010. [10] L. Han, Optical Properties of Metals, Advanced Materials - Lab Intermediate Physics, 2010.
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  Scientific Background (Cont.) 10/49 TheDrude model of free electron states that the electrons in metals behave like classical gas molecules [10] . By using the Drude model the dielectric constant of metals can be found [3]: :electron relaxation timet [14] ,pIf w w the permittivity is negative and that is an essential property of any plasmonic material < [3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007. [10] L. Han, Optical Properties of Metals, Advanced Materials - Lab Intermediate Physics, 2010. Surface plasmons exist for metals like Au, Ag, Al and Cu up to optical and near UV frequencies, depending on the dielectric function of both the metal and the neighboring dielectric [3]. 2 [6]0 0 0 2 ( ) (1 ) losses neglected (1 ) pw w jw jw w s e e e t = + » - + 2 [10] 2 1 / pw n w jw t = - - [14] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.
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  Surface Plasmon Polariton(SPP) ◎The oscillation of the free electrons (plasma electrons) of the metal are coupled to the electromagnetic fields [8]. 11/49image.: [2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’, Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006. Electromagnetic mode Electron oscillation Coupled State [8] O. Arısev, ‘Plasmonic Stripe Waveguide Coupler with Integrated Wavelength Division Multiplexer’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2017. [6] 0 , . /m d m d w propagation cons c b e e e e = +
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  Surface Plasmon Polariton(SPP) ◎From an engineering standpoint, an SPP can be viewed as a special type of light wave [2]. ◎SPPs are special solutions of Maxwell’s equations that require positive and negative permittivity interfaces [9]. ◎This requirement can be satisfied by dielectrics and metals in optical and infrared frequencies[8]. 12/49 [2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’, Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006. [9] A. Karaşahin, ‘Integrated antennas for efficient and directional coupling to plasmonic waveguides’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015. image: wikipedia [6] / 1sp p dw w w surface plasmon frequency e< = + Most important condition for SP to exist Visual animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJ8enHiq0H4
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  Localized Surface Plasmon Unlikethe propagating surface plasmon polaritons, localized surface plasmons are bounded to a nanometer sized metal particle. Localized surface plasmon can be excited in almost any illumination condition with a matching resonance frequency. Localized SP are solved by Mie in 1908 for spherical particles [11]. 13/49[11] K. Gungor, ‘Three dimensional nanoplasmonic surfaces: modeling, fabrication and characterization’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2013.
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  Plasmonic Materials Plasmonic materialsare metals or metal-like materials that exhibit negative real permittivity [14]. Because metals have large plasma frequencies and high conductivity, they have been the materials of choice for plasmonics [14]. 14/49 i P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010. Silver: minimum damping rate  Pros: Best choice at optical frequencies  Cros: Oxidation and cost Gold:  Choise at lower NIR frequencies  Chemically stable  High interband losses in the visible spectrum 1/ tG= gold silverG > G inte Copper:  Large interband losses at visible spectrum  Conductivity is good, but oxidizes easily. Result: Gold and silver are dominant materials for plasmonic applications at optical f [14]. Plasmonic applications demand lower losses materials [14].
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  Plasmonic Materials 15/49 [4] P.R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010. Aluminum: Pros: Extremely high plasma frequency Cons: Oxidizes easily, fabrication issue Sodium and Potassium: Even if losses is low oxidizes easily, Not practical fabrication standpoint.
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  Excitation of SurfacePlasmon Polariton 16/49[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015. [5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
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  Excitation of SurfacePlasmon Polariton (Cont.) 1) PrismCoupling (KretchmannConfiguration) Enhanceswavevector of theincidentbeambyhighrefractiveindex of theprism[12]. If (𝜃𝑖>𝜃𝑐, TIR) , thematchingcondition can be achieved. Alsosuitablefor IMI, MIM systems[5]. Pros: veryhighcouplingefficiencybetweenphotonsand SPP [13]. 17/49images: [12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015. 0 sininc sp p pk k k n q= = Min reflectivity observed once SP is excited. [5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007. Electron density [13] F. Ye, J. M. Merlo, M. J. Burns, M. J. Naughton, ‘Optical and electrical mappings of surface plasmon cavity modes’, Nanophotonics, vol. 3, 2014.
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  Excitation of SurfacePlasmon Polariton (Cont.) 2) Grating Coupling Overcome mismatch by patterning the metal surface with a shallow grating of grooves or holes [5]. The incident beam diffracts into several modes, which can enhance the wavevector of the incident light and couple to the SP at the interface between the gratings and dielectric medium [12]. 18/49images:[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015. [5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007. Coupling to SPP is achieved when sin 2 /sp inck k vq p= + L Lattice constant (1, 2, 3...)
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  Excitation of SurfacePlasmon Polariton (Cont.) 2) Grating Coupling (Cont.) Overcome mismatch by patterning the metal surface with a shallow grating of grooves or holes [5]. The incident beam diffracts into several modes, which can enhance the wavevector of the incident light and couple to the SP at the interface between the gratings and dielectric medium [12]. 19/49images:[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015. [5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007. : ˆ ˆ( i ) ( i ) G 2 / , G 2 / , , : , , : sp x x y y x x y y x y Matching condition k k G x k G y a a lattice vectors a a grating periods i j integers p p = + × + + × = =
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  SPR BIOSENSING 20/49 Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sM-VI3alvAI
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  Metamaterials ◎Origins ◎Lorentz and DrudeModels ◎Extraordinary properties ◎Applications 21/49
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  Papers that broughtmeta materials to light ◎Viktor Veselago (1968)What happens in a material when both the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability are negative? - claimed that radiation emerging from a point source on one side of a negative index slab could be brought to a focus on the other side. ◎Smith(2000)-Artificial materials with both negative permittivity and permeability in the same frequency. ◎Pendrys perfect lense(2000) ◎ Shelby(2001)Refraction in a negative index prism for 10.5 GHz [26]L Solymar, E Shamonina Waves in metamaterials Oxford University Press(2009) 22/49
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  ◎Metamaterials are artificialperiodic structures with lattice constants that are much smaller than the wavelength of the incident radiation. Therefore providing negative refractive index characteristics[15*] 23/49 Connection between macroscopic fields and charge density Frequency dependent dielectric constant Dielectric constant –index of refraction relationship n(ω)- dispersion in the medium, κ(ω) (extinction coefficient)-determines the absorption. [26]L Solymar, E Shamonina Waves in metamaterials Oxford University Press(2009)
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  24/49 Plasma frequency Negative belowthe plasma frequency and positive above the plasma frequency Deriving the formula for plasma frequency [26]Waves in metamaterials L Solymar, E Shamonina Oxford University Press(2009)
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  The left handrule [19]Engheta, N., and Richard W. Ziolkowski. Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience, 2006. 25/49 [17*]
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  Creating units withneagtive permeability [17]Metamaterials with Negative Parameters Theory, Design, and MicrowaveApplications; R.Marque´S.Marti, M. Sorolla 2008 by John Wiley & Sons 26/49 -Plasma frequency depends critically on the density and mass of the collective electronic motion. -Geometric manipulations allow us to have a negative permeability in the microwave regime. Limitations/Motivation: Typical values for ωp are in the ultraviolet regime, while for γ a typical value (e.g., for copper) is 4 x 1013 rad/s. Unfortunately, for all frequencies ω<ωp for which ε < 0, it is also ω ≪ γ (dominant term becomes the imaginary part of the plasma electric permittivity- associated with losses (light absorption). Solution: Decrease ωp by increasing meff and deacreasing Neff If E = E0 e-i(ωt-kz) z applied,electrons in the rod move to z direction. meff =0.5x μ0Ne2r²ln(a/r)
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  Creating negative permeability [17]R.Marque´S.Marti, M. Sorolla Metamaterials with Negative Parameters Theory, Design, and MicrowaveApplications2008 by John Wiley & Sons 27/49 ω0=1/√LC -> the resonant frequency of elements -This ‘split ring resonator’(SRR) is equivalent to a simple RLC circuit, R being the resistance of the metallic ring, L its inductance and C (primarily) the capacitance between its unconnected ends. H = H0 e-i(ωt-kr) x applied magnetic field Induced electromotive source l distance btw SRR Mutual inductance between two SRRs : (F being the fractional volume within a unit cell occupied by an SRR.) Ohms sec.law: accros a SSr loop: Resistance of each ring:
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  28/49 Magnetic dipole momentper unit volume. Range for which μ <0 ωm0=1/√LC - >>Resonance frequency ωmp=1/√LC(1-F)->>Corresponding plasma frequency [17]Metamaterials with Negative Parameters Theory, Design, and MicrowaveApplications; R.Marque´S.Marti, M. Sorolla 2008 by John Wiley & Sons
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  World’s first doublenegative metamaterial [18]M. B. Ross, Chad A. Mirkin, and George C. Schatz; Optical Properties of One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Arrays of Plasmonic Nanostructures J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016, 29/49 NOTE :Re(ε eff) ∼ 0 the wavelength of light in a material is effectively infinite and light can “tunnel” across a boundary of arbitrary size or shape[18*]
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  ◎Metamaterial steps upthe radiated power. The newest Metamaterial antenna radiate 95% of input radio signal at 350 MHz Experimental metamaterial antenna are as small as one fifth of a wavelength. Patch antenna with metamaterial cover have increased directivity.[15*] [35] Mohit Anand Applications of metamaterial in antenna engineering; Int.Jr.of Technical Reasearch and Applications(2014) 30/49 ANTENNA SUBSTRATE Metamaterial substrates can be designed to act as a very high dielectric constant substrate at given frequency and hence can be used to miniaturize the antenna size. Nowdays hotreserch topics regarding AS are Co-ordinate transformation devices, invisibility cloaks, Luneburg lenses. PHASED ARRAYANTENNA In recent years metamaterial phase shifters are adopted to fine tune the phase difference between adjacent elements. These metamaterial phase shifters can be easily integrated onto the CPW feeding line. ANTENNA SUPERSTRATE Tellecomunication satelites are in hight demand for multiple beam antennas with smaller no. of reflector antennas for less mass and size. MM are proved to increase both the impedance and directivity bandwidth of the proximity coupled microstrip patch antenna and can also be used to change the polarization state of the antenna. Metamaterials in antenas
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  Superlenses [20] Xiang Zhangand Zhaowei Liu Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit, Nature Materials 7, 435–441 (2008) 31/49 -A niM flat lens brings all the diverging rays from an object into a focused image, the niM can also enhance the evanescent waves across the lens, so the amplitude of the evanescent waves are identical at the object and the image plane.[20*] - Experimental verification of the evanescent wave enhancement through a silver superlens. T p is the enhancement factor.[21*] -Near-field evanescent waves can be strongly enhanced across the lens [22*] -Associated with substantial energy dissipation or loss (that is, the imaginary part of ε and μ) [20*] The presence of the superlens improved the resolution to 89 nm from an average linewidth of 321 ± 10 nm without the superlens.
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  Plasmonic Waveguides ◎A usualdielectric waveguide cannot restrict the spatial localization of optical energy beyond the limit, where 0 is the free space photon wavelength and n is the refractive index of the waveguide. ◎The diffraction limit of dielectric plasmo-nanoptical elements may be pushed down to a scale of a few tens of nanometers and may be even further if dielectrics with gains are used[23*] [23]Igor I. Smolyaninov, Yu-Ju Hung, and Christopher C. Davis Surface plasmon dielectric waveguides Applied Physics Letters 87, 241106 (2005) 32/49
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  TYPES *Several types ofplasmonic waveguide platform differing in terms of the topology, material composition, and propagation mechanisms have been developed [24*]. *Any plasmonic guide exhibits a tradeoff between propagation loss and mode confinement — the smaller the mode size, the higher the propagation loss. [24]Yurui Fang & Mengtao Sun Nanoplasmonic waveguides: towards applications in integrated nanophotonic circuits Light: Science & Applications (2015) 33/49 TYPES Metal nanoparticle chains Metal films Metal/insulator/metal (MIM) slabs Chains of nanoparticles Metal grooves Metal strips Metal wedges MIM gaps Hybrid Bragg waveguide Wire/spacer/film MIM structures
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  IM -Relative good balanceexists between propagation length and confinement. -Material used in fabrication allows feasibility of integrated plasmonic circuitry. MIM -Few micron propagation,good mode confinement -Used for arched structures(good for spliters). -Low losses:field skin depth increases exponentially with wavelength in the insulator but is almost constant (~25nm) in the metal -Both plasmonic and conventional waveguiding modes can be accessed IMI - if the symmetry condition is strictly met, a TM mode very similar to a dielectric mode can be supported. - IMI’s propagation loss is considerably smaller than MIM, it is frequently used for transmitting NIR optical power in longer distance above 10 um’s mark. -Lack of mode confinement.[27*] [27]Ruoxi Yang and Zhaolin Lu Subwavelength Plasmonic Waveguides and Plasmonic Materials(2012) Images: Trapping light in plasmonic waveguides Junghyun Park, Kyoung-Youm Kim Optics Express Vol. 18, Issue 2, New technique lights up the creation of holograms Satoshi Kawata,General Physics (2012) 34/49 IMI MIM IM
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  Dielectric Loaded SPPwaveguide -Charactarized by a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) ridge -Very good confinement -Due to physical dimensions we have a mode size increase and hence longer propagation distances going from 5μm to 25μm Long-Range Dielectric-Loaded SPP waveguide -Low index substrate for mode confinement -Changing ridge and metal strip parameters decreases loses Ensuring longer propagation distances up to L = 3100μm Hybrid SPP waveguide -high index region (silicon) disjointed from a silver surface by a low index layer (SiO 2). - improved compromise between loss and confinement compared to purely plasmonic waveguides [40]Hassan Kaatuzian and Ahmad Naseri Taheri Applications of Nano-Scale Plasmonic Structures in Design of Stub Filters — A Step Towards Realization of Plasmonic Switches ,Photonic Crystals InTech(2015) 35/49
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  -Beamspliters -Interferometers -Bragg gratings 36/49 TUNABILITY OFPLASMONIC STRUCTURES
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  Applications of surfaceplasmons ◎Surface enhanced Raman scattering ◎Fluorescence enhancement ◎Surface plasmon sensors in biology and medicine 37
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  Surface enhanced Ramanscattering(SERS) -(A)red-shifted signal ws , due toinelastic scattering. -(B)2 lazer beams hit the sample. When the frequency matches Omega scattering occurs. -(C) four-beam mixing process probing at the anti- Stokes frequency (w as ). [28]W. J. Tipping,M. Lee,A. Serrels,V. G. Brunton and A. N. Hulme* Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy: an emerging tool for drug discovery Chem Soc Rev.2016 38 Electromagnetic radiation interacting with a vibrating molecule. When incident radiation (w0 ) interacts with a chemical species, it can be elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering) or in elastically scattered (Raman scattering) by an amount, wm which corresponds to the energy of a molecular transition in the molecule. [28*] -Ag and Au have LSPRs that cover most of the visible and near infrared wavelength range, where most Raman measurements occur
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  Fluorescence enhancement ◎Fluorescence resultsfrom excitation of the emitter by the incident field, which can show significant enhancement due to plasmon resonances in the metal particle. ◎Utilization of metal nanostructures as nano-antennas [29]Schietinger et al., Nano Lett. 9, 1694 (2009) 39 Black-diamond only Blue –A config. Orange-Parallel excitation[29*]
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  Surface plasmon sensorsin biology and medicine ◎ Light incident on the nanoparticles induces the conduction electrons in them to oscillate collectively with a resonant frequency that depends on the nanoparticles’ size, shape and composition. As a result of these LSPR modes, the nanoparticles absorb and scatter light so intensely that single nanoparticles are easily observed by eye using dark-field (optical scattering) microscopy[30*] ◎The LSPR can be tuned during fabrication by controlling these parameters with a variety of chemical syntheses and lithographic techniques. ◎Most organic molecules have a higher refractive index than buffer solution; thus, when they bind to nanoparticles, the local refractive index increases, causing the extinction and scattering spectrum to redshift. [38]Homola J (2006) Surface plasmon resonance based sensors. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg_New-York). 40/49
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  [31]R. K. GuptaSensing Through Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique,Reviews in Plasmonics 2016 41/49 SPR sernsor
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  Most well knownusages [33]Alexandre G. Brolo Plasmonics for future Biosensors Nature Photonics 6, 709–713 (2012) [32]Mark I Stalckman Nanoplasmonics,the physics behind the applications. Physics Today 64, 2, 39 (2011) 42/49 Diagnosing diabetes Pregnancy tests Nanospheres have a high polarizability which enables them to screen each others plasmonic Charges which reduces the restoring force and the Frequency of SP,redshifting their emission froma Vaguely green color evident in the initial gold Sphere suspension.Consequently the test strip acquires a red color-confirming pregancy.[32*][33*]
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  Economical Prespective [25]GVR(Grand ViewReasearch) Metamaterial Market Analysis, By Product (Electromagnetic, Terahertz, Photonic, Tunable, Frequency Selective Surface, Non-linear), By Application, End-use, And Segment Forecasts, 2014 – 2025 43/49 -The global metamaterials market size was estimated at USD 316.0 million in 2016. -Mainly used in antenas and radars.[25*]
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  -Global surface plasmonresonance devices market is estimated to account for US$ 1,110.4 Mn by the end of 2025, owing to increasing application in drug discovery segment for drug-cell interaction analysis. -On the basis of application, surface plasmon resonance market is segmented into drug discovery, material science and biosensors. -Key market players covered in this report are GE Healthcare, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Biosensing Instruments, Horiba Ltd. and Reichert Technologies (acquired by Ametek, Inc.) [37]FMI(Future market insights) Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Market - Increasing Awareness on Label-Free Detection to Fuel Market Growth: Global Industry Analysis and Opportunity Assessment 2015 – 2025 44/49
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  The future ◎Basic components(NW-based laser, BUS router, switch, adder, NAND gate) are already available, the future of nanophotonics is bright. [26*] [26]Najmeh Nozhat , Hamid Alikomak, Maryam Khodadadi All-optical XOR and NAND logic gates based on plasmonic nanoparticles Optics Communications 392 (2017) 45/49
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  [24]Yurui Fang &Mengtao Sun Nanoplasmonic waveguides: towards applications in integrated nanophotonic circuits Light: Science & Applications (2015) 46/49 Switch On/Off mode NOR and NOT gates [26*]
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  References [1] X. Luo,‘Subwavelength Electromagnetics’, Optoelectron., vol. 9, no.2, 2016. [2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’, Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006. [3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007. [4] M. L. Brongersma, ‘Introductory lecture: nanoplasmonics’, Faraday Discussions, vol. 178, pp. 9-36, 2015. [5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007. [6] Modern plasmonics / edited by Alexei A. Maradudin, J. Roy Sambles, William L. Barnes.(2014) [7] G. Birant, ‘Surface Coverage Control of Self Organized Plasmonic Nanostructures at Interfaces of Photovoltaics Related Materials ’, M.Sc. Thesis, METU, 2017. [8] O. Arısev, ‘Plasmonic Stripe Waveguide Coupler with Integrated Wavelength Division Multiplexer’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2017. [9] A. Karaşahin, ‘Integrated antennas for efficient and directional coupling to plasmonic waveguides’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015. [10] L. Han, Optical Properties of Metals, Advanced Materials - Lab Intermediate Physics, 2010. [11] K. Gungor, ‘Three dimensional nanoplasmonic surfaces: modeling, fabrication and characterization’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2013. 47/49
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  References [12] S. Szunerits,R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015. [13] F. Ye, J. M. Merlo, M. J. Burns, M. J. Naughton, ‘Optical and electrical mappings of surface plasmon cavity modes’, Nanophotonics, vol. 3, 2014. [14] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010. [15*] Metamaterials: Characteristics, Process and Applications Kaushal Gangwar1 , Dr. Paras2 and Dr. R.P.S. Gangwar(2014) [17*] Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications Ricardo Marqués, Ferran Martín, Mario Sorolla [18*] The Optical Properties of One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Arrays of Plasmonic Nanostructures [19*] Engheta, N., and Richard W. Ziolkowski. Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley- Interscience, 2006. [20*] Xiang Zhang and Zhaowei Liu Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit, Nature Materials 7, 435–441 (2008) [21*] Are negative index materials achievable with surface plasmon waveguides? A case study of three plasmonic geometries Jennifer A. Dionne, Ewold Verhagen, Albert Polman,and Harry A. Atwater [22*] W. J. Tipping,M. Lee,A. Serrels,V. G. Brunton and A. N. Hulme* Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy: an emerging tool for drug discovery Chem Soc Rev.2016 [23*] Igor I. Smolyaninov, Yu-Ju Hung, and Christopher C. Davis Surface plasmon dielectric waveguides Applied Physics Letters 87, 241106 (2005) 48/49
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