This document provides an overview of plasmonics and subwavelength plasmonic waveguides and metamaterials. It begins with definitions of key plasmonic concepts like surface plasmon polaritons and localized surface plasmons. It then discusses the scientific background of plasmonics using the Drude model. Specific plasmonic materials like gold, silver, and aluminum are also examined. Different excitation methods for surface plasmon polaritons are outlined, including prism coupling and grating coupling. The document concludes by mentioning some applications and research trends in plasmonics.
- Surface plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along the interface between a metal and a dielectric material. They arise from the coupling of incident light to oscillations of surface electrons known as surface plasmons.
- Surface plasmon polaritons can be excited through techniques like prism coupling using either the Otto or Kretschmann configurations, which use evanescent waves to overcome the momentum mismatch between incident light and surface plasmons.
- Applications of surface plasmon resonance include ultrasensitive biosensing, fluorescence imaging, catalysis, and phototherapy due to the ability of surface plasmons to concentrate electromagnetic fields at subwavelength scales.
The document presents information on the topic of plasmonics. It discusses how surface plasmonics involves the interaction of light with metallic nanostructures. Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along metal-dielectric interfaces. The document reviews several papers focusing on different aspects of plasmonics, including optical metasurfaces, extraordinary optical transmission, quantum plasmonics, amplification and lasing of plasmonic modes, and plasmonic applications in areas such as biosensing and nanophotonics. Plasmonics is presented as an expanding field that provides opportunities for extremely small and fast photonic devices by bridging electronics and photonics.
PLASMONS: A modern form of super particle wavesDHRUVIN PATEL
The document discusses surface plasmons, which are coherent electron oscillations that exist at the interface between two materials like metal and air. Surface plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic waves that travel along such an interface and involve both charge motion in the metal and electromagnetic waves. They have applications in improving solar cell efficiency through increased light absorption and extraction, as well as medical uses like cancer therapy.
Plasmonics aims to merge photonics and electronics at the nanoscale by using surface plasmons. Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along metal surfaces and can confine light to subwavelength dimensions, allowing the miniaturization of photonic components. This makes it possible to integrate optical and electronic circuits on the same chip. Plasmonic circuits use various geometries like thin metal films and arrays of gold nanoparticles as waveguides to guide surface plasmon signals while avoiding losses. This could enable the development of miniaturized optoelectronic components and circuits with subwavelength features bridging the gap between photonics and electronics.
This document summarizes research on plasmonics and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). It discusses two types of excitations - localized surface plasmon resonance and propagating SPPs. Applications mentioned include spectroscopy, molecular detection, cancer treatment, photonic devices, integrated photonics, and optical data storage. Challenges include losses, thermal effects, and limitations of nanofabrication techniques. The document also reviews using SPPs for applications such as beam collimation, near-field microscopy, solar cells, and metamaterials.
Plasmons are quanta of plasma oscillations that can be excited by light under certain conditions. There are two types of plasmons: bulk plasmons, which depend only on electron density, and surface plasmons, which are collective oscillations of electrons at a surface. Metallic nanoparticles support surface plasmons - when illuminated by light, the electromagnetic field causes electrons within the nanoparticle to oscillate at a resonant plasmonic frequency, generating an enhanced local electric field. Efficient energy transfer can occur between metal nanoparticles and semiconductors if their plasmons are resonantly coupled, allowing light absorption and energy transfer.
This presentation introduces two-dimensional materials like graphene. It defines two-dimensional materials as being only one or two atoms thick and able to conduct electrons freely within their plane. The document discusses how graphene, being a single layer of graphite, is the strongest material yet and can efficiently conduct heat and electricity. It notes graphene's potential applications in electronics, solar cells, and biomedicine. In conclusion, two-dimensional materials like graphene are seen as having great potential for developing new nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices.
- Surface plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along the interface between a metal and a dielectric material. They arise from the coupling of incident light to oscillations of surface electrons known as surface plasmons.
- Surface plasmon polaritons can be excited through techniques like prism coupling using either the Otto or Kretschmann configurations, which use evanescent waves to overcome the momentum mismatch between incident light and surface plasmons.
- Applications of surface plasmon resonance include ultrasensitive biosensing, fluorescence imaging, catalysis, and phototherapy due to the ability of surface plasmons to concentrate electromagnetic fields at subwavelength scales.
The document presents information on the topic of plasmonics. It discusses how surface plasmonics involves the interaction of light with metallic nanostructures. Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along metal-dielectric interfaces. The document reviews several papers focusing on different aspects of plasmonics, including optical metasurfaces, extraordinary optical transmission, quantum plasmonics, amplification and lasing of plasmonic modes, and plasmonic applications in areas such as biosensing and nanophotonics. Plasmonics is presented as an expanding field that provides opportunities for extremely small and fast photonic devices by bridging electronics and photonics.
PLASMONS: A modern form of super particle wavesDHRUVIN PATEL
The document discusses surface plasmons, which are coherent electron oscillations that exist at the interface between two materials like metal and air. Surface plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic waves that travel along such an interface and involve both charge motion in the metal and electromagnetic waves. They have applications in improving solar cell efficiency through increased light absorption and extraction, as well as medical uses like cancer therapy.
Plasmonics aims to merge photonics and electronics at the nanoscale by using surface plasmons. Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along metal surfaces and can confine light to subwavelength dimensions, allowing the miniaturization of photonic components. This makes it possible to integrate optical and electronic circuits on the same chip. Plasmonic circuits use various geometries like thin metal films and arrays of gold nanoparticles as waveguides to guide surface plasmon signals while avoiding losses. This could enable the development of miniaturized optoelectronic components and circuits with subwavelength features bridging the gap between photonics and electronics.
This document summarizes research on plasmonics and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). It discusses two types of excitations - localized surface plasmon resonance and propagating SPPs. Applications mentioned include spectroscopy, molecular detection, cancer treatment, photonic devices, integrated photonics, and optical data storage. Challenges include losses, thermal effects, and limitations of nanofabrication techniques. The document also reviews using SPPs for applications such as beam collimation, near-field microscopy, solar cells, and metamaterials.
Plasmons are quanta of plasma oscillations that can be excited by light under certain conditions. There are two types of plasmons: bulk plasmons, which depend only on electron density, and surface plasmons, which are collective oscillations of electrons at a surface. Metallic nanoparticles support surface plasmons - when illuminated by light, the electromagnetic field causes electrons within the nanoparticle to oscillate at a resonant plasmonic frequency, generating an enhanced local electric field. Efficient energy transfer can occur between metal nanoparticles and semiconductors if their plasmons are resonantly coupled, allowing light absorption and energy transfer.
This presentation introduces two-dimensional materials like graphene. It defines two-dimensional materials as being only one or two atoms thick and able to conduct electrons freely within their plane. The document discusses how graphene, being a single layer of graphite, is the strongest material yet and can efficiently conduct heat and electricity. It notes graphene's potential applications in electronics, solar cells, and biomedicine. In conclusion, two-dimensional materials like graphene are seen as having great potential for developing new nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices.
Plasmonics is a technology that uses surface plasmons, which are density waves of electrons that propagate along metal surfaces, to transmit data at optical frequencies. This allows for potentially smaller photonic components than traditional fiber optics, while maintaining fast data transmission speeds comparable to optics. Key advantages include using plasmonic waves at optical frequencies for higher data rates, and creating photonic devices at similar scales to electronic components. However, limitations remain due to plasmons typically only traveling a few millimeters before dissipating. Potential applications include biological sensing, microelectronics, chemical detection, and medical technology.
This document provides an introduction to the field of nanophotonics. It defines nanophotonics as the science and engineering of light-matter interactions that take place on wavelength and subwavelength scales. Examples of nanophotonics in nature are discussed. The foundations of nanophotonics are explored, including similarities between the propagation of photons and electrons. Computational methods for modeling nanophotonic structures like finite difference time domain are also summarized. The effects of quantum confinement on the optical properties of nanostructures are described.
Using Metamaterials as Optical Perfect AbsorberSepehr A. Benis
Article review and presentation on basics of using metamaterials as optical perfect absorbers
Metamaterial Course Final Project ( Optional Graduate Course )
Dr. Leyla Yousefi
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is a method for growing thin films one layer at a time under ultra-high vacuum conditions. It involves heating solid sources of material in effusion cells to create molecular beams that are deposited on a heated substrate. The absence of carrier gases and ultra-high vacuum environment result in films of the highest purity. MBE is widely used to manufacture semiconductor devices and is considered a fundamental tool for nanotechnology development due to its precise control over layer thickness down to a single atomic layer.
Plasmonics is a new technology that uses plasmons, which are density waves of electrons created when light hits metal surfaces under certain conditions. Plasmonics could enable faster data transmission over very small wires by combining the best aspects of photonics and electronics. Researchers hope plasmonics can overcome limitations of conventional communication systems and allow for information transfer with greater control at the nanoscale. Potential applications of plasmonics include solar cells, LEDs, invisibility cloaks, cancer treatment, and quantum dot devices for fast computing. However, challenges remain in developing active plasmonic components that can operate at ultra-high bandwidths and low power.
Photonic crystals are periodic dielectric structures that have a band gap that forbids propagation of a certain frequency range of light. This property enables one to control light with amazing facility and produce effects that are impossible with conventional optics.Photonic crystals can be fabricated for one, two, or three dimensions. One-dimensional photonic crystals can be made of layers deposited or stuck together. Two-dimensional ones can be made by photolithography, or by drilling holes in a suitable substrate. Fabrication methods for three-dimensional ones include drilling under different angles, stacking multiple 2-D layers on top of each other, direct laser writing, or, for example, instigating self-assembly of spheres in a matrix and dissolving the spheres
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are optical sensors that can detect minute changes in the refractive index near a metal surface. They have various applications in biomedical sensing, environmental monitoring, and more. SPR sensors can be classified as surface plasmon polariton-based or localized surface plasmon resonance-based. Sensitivity, detection limit, and dynamic range are important characteristics. SPR sensing can be performed through angular modulation, wavelength modulation, intensity modulation, or phase/polarization modulation. Diffraction gratings and prism couplers are common methods used to excite surface plasmons. Localized SPR sensors offer advantages like simpler instrumentation but lower sensitivity compared to SPR sensors.
Plasmonics... A ladder to futuristic technology Pragya
Plasmonics is the study of plasma oscillations in metals. Plasmons are density waves in the electron gas in metals that are excited by light. They have shorter wavelengths than light and can propagate signals at the nanoscale. This allows for applications in nanophotonics like enhanced optical transmission and biosensing. Plasmons can be excited by coupling light to collective electron oscillations at metal surfaces or in nanostructures like nanoparticles. Metamaterials aim to control plasmons for applications such as cloaking, perfect lenses, and transformation optics. Plasmonics may lead to faster optoelectronic devices by transmitting data with plasmonic waves instead of electric currents.
This document presents information about Raman scattering in carbon nanotubes. It discusses the structure of graphene and different types of carbon nanotubes. It then explains the Raman scattering process and different types of Raman scattering like first order, second order, resonance Raman scattering, and surface enhanced Raman scattering. Specific examples of Raman spectra of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and single layer graphene are shown. Finally, the document references phonon dispersion in graphene and carbon nanotubes and provides links for further reading.
Electron beam lithography uses a focused beam of electrons to directly write nanoscale patterns onto a resist-coated surface. It allows for very high resolution patterning down to a few nanometers in size. The process involves coating a surface with an electron-sensitive resist, using a focused electron beam to expose patterns in the resist according to design data, and then developing the resist to selectively remove the exposed or unexposed areas. Key advantages of electron beam lithography include its lack of diffraction limit on resolution and ability to create specialized device structures. However, it also has disadvantages like long write times and high system costs.
Basic of semiconductors and optical propertiesKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the band structure, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, electrical conductivity, mobility, hall effect, p-n junction diode, tunnel diode and optical properties of the semiconductor.
A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.
Xps (x ray photoelectron spectroscopy)Zaahir Salam
The document provides an overview of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technology. XPS works by irradiating a sample surface with x-rays and measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 1-10 nm of the material. This allows one to determine the sample's elemental composition and chemical/electronic states. Key aspects discussed include the use of ultra-high vacuum conditions to prevent surface contamination and allow for accurate analysis. Characteristic XPS spectra are produced that contain peaks corresponding to different elemental binding energies.
The document discusses heterojunctions and p-n junctions. It defines a heterojunction as the interface between two dissimilar semiconductors with different band gaps. There are three types of heterojunctions based on band alignment: type I where bands straddle, type II where bands are staggered, and type III where there is a broken gap. A p-n heterojunction diode forms when a p-doped and n-doped semiconductor meet; electrons flow from the higher to lower Fermi level side and holes in the opposite direction.
This document provides an introduction to nanowires and their applications. It begins by discussing how bottom-up assembled nanoscale electronics using nanowires as building blocks could enable new electronic devices. It then describes how nanowires have advantages over carbon nanotubes as building blocks due to the ability to precisely control their properties during synthesis. The document proceeds to discuss various methods for synthesizing nanowires, including spontaneous growth techniques like vapor-liquid-solid growth and template-based techniques like electrochemical deposition. It provides examples of how semiconductor nanowires have been assembled into electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Basic operating principle and instrumentation of photo-luminescence technique. Brief description about interpretation of a photo-luminescence spectrum. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of photo-luminescence.
Perovskite: introduction, classification, structure of perovskite, method to synthesis, characterization by XRD and UV- vis spectroscopy , lambert beer's law, material properties and advantage and application.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to investigate the chemistry at the surface of the samples. The basic mechanism behind an XPS instrument is that the photons of a specific energy are used to excite the electronic states of atoms at and just below the surface of the sample.
There are several areas suited to measurement by XPS:
1. Elemental composition
2. Empirical formula determination
3. Chemical state
4. Electronic state
5. Binding energy
6. Layer thickness in the upper portion of surfaces
XPS has many advantages, such as it is is good for identifying all but two elements, identifying the chemical state on surfaces, and is good with quantitative analysis. XPS is capable of detecting the difference in the chemical state between samples. XPS is also able to differentiate between oxidations states of molecules.
XPS has also some limitations, for instance, samples for XPS must be compatible with the ultra high vacuum environment. XPS is limited to measurements of elements having atomic numbers of 3 or greater, making it unable to detect hydrogen or helium. XPS spectra also take a long time to obtain. The use of a monochromator can also reduce the time per experiment.
This document summarizes surface plasmons in metallic nanoparticles. It describes how surface plasmons arise from the collective oscillation of conduction electrons in metallic nanoparticles excited by light. This leads to optical properties not seen in bulk metals, including extinction cross sections over 10 times the physical size of the nanoparticles. A variety of applications are discussed, including uses in biomedicine, energy technologies, environmental protection, and information technologies.
Surface Plasmon Hybridization of Whispering Gallery Mode Microdisk LaserOka Kurniawan
This document summarizes research on using a plasmonic microdisk laser to efficiently generate and couple surface plasmon polaritons. The microdisk laser exhibits high-intensity whispering gallery modes that are hybridized with surface plasmon modes by attaching metal layers. This creates a surface plasmon source with over 20,000 times electric field enhancement. Simulation shows 60% coupling efficiency between the plasmonic microdisk laser and an adjacent metal-insulator-metal waveguide to transport surface plasmon polaritons. The structure could enable both high-speed and miniaturized plasmonic devices and circuits.
Plasmonics is a technology that uses surface plasmons, which are density waves of electrons that propagate along metal surfaces, to transmit data at optical frequencies. This allows for potentially smaller photonic components than traditional fiber optics, while maintaining fast data transmission speeds comparable to optics. Key advantages include using plasmonic waves at optical frequencies for higher data rates, and creating photonic devices at similar scales to electronic components. However, limitations remain due to plasmons typically only traveling a few millimeters before dissipating. Potential applications include biological sensing, microelectronics, chemical detection, and medical technology.
This document provides an introduction to the field of nanophotonics. It defines nanophotonics as the science and engineering of light-matter interactions that take place on wavelength and subwavelength scales. Examples of nanophotonics in nature are discussed. The foundations of nanophotonics are explored, including similarities between the propagation of photons and electrons. Computational methods for modeling nanophotonic structures like finite difference time domain are also summarized. The effects of quantum confinement on the optical properties of nanostructures are described.
Using Metamaterials as Optical Perfect AbsorberSepehr A. Benis
Article review and presentation on basics of using metamaterials as optical perfect absorbers
Metamaterial Course Final Project ( Optional Graduate Course )
Dr. Leyla Yousefi
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is a method for growing thin films one layer at a time under ultra-high vacuum conditions. It involves heating solid sources of material in effusion cells to create molecular beams that are deposited on a heated substrate. The absence of carrier gases and ultra-high vacuum environment result in films of the highest purity. MBE is widely used to manufacture semiconductor devices and is considered a fundamental tool for nanotechnology development due to its precise control over layer thickness down to a single atomic layer.
Plasmonics is a new technology that uses plasmons, which are density waves of electrons created when light hits metal surfaces under certain conditions. Plasmonics could enable faster data transmission over very small wires by combining the best aspects of photonics and electronics. Researchers hope plasmonics can overcome limitations of conventional communication systems and allow for information transfer with greater control at the nanoscale. Potential applications of plasmonics include solar cells, LEDs, invisibility cloaks, cancer treatment, and quantum dot devices for fast computing. However, challenges remain in developing active plasmonic components that can operate at ultra-high bandwidths and low power.
Photonic crystals are periodic dielectric structures that have a band gap that forbids propagation of a certain frequency range of light. This property enables one to control light with amazing facility and produce effects that are impossible with conventional optics.Photonic crystals can be fabricated for one, two, or three dimensions. One-dimensional photonic crystals can be made of layers deposited or stuck together. Two-dimensional ones can be made by photolithography, or by drilling holes in a suitable substrate. Fabrication methods for three-dimensional ones include drilling under different angles, stacking multiple 2-D layers on top of each other, direct laser writing, or, for example, instigating self-assembly of spheres in a matrix and dissolving the spheres
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are optical sensors that can detect minute changes in the refractive index near a metal surface. They have various applications in biomedical sensing, environmental monitoring, and more. SPR sensors can be classified as surface plasmon polariton-based or localized surface plasmon resonance-based. Sensitivity, detection limit, and dynamic range are important characteristics. SPR sensing can be performed through angular modulation, wavelength modulation, intensity modulation, or phase/polarization modulation. Diffraction gratings and prism couplers are common methods used to excite surface plasmons. Localized SPR sensors offer advantages like simpler instrumentation but lower sensitivity compared to SPR sensors.
Plasmonics... A ladder to futuristic technology Pragya
Plasmonics is the study of plasma oscillations in metals. Plasmons are density waves in the electron gas in metals that are excited by light. They have shorter wavelengths than light and can propagate signals at the nanoscale. This allows for applications in nanophotonics like enhanced optical transmission and biosensing. Plasmons can be excited by coupling light to collective electron oscillations at metal surfaces or in nanostructures like nanoparticles. Metamaterials aim to control plasmons for applications such as cloaking, perfect lenses, and transformation optics. Plasmonics may lead to faster optoelectronic devices by transmitting data with plasmonic waves instead of electric currents.
This document presents information about Raman scattering in carbon nanotubes. It discusses the structure of graphene and different types of carbon nanotubes. It then explains the Raman scattering process and different types of Raman scattering like first order, second order, resonance Raman scattering, and surface enhanced Raman scattering. Specific examples of Raman spectra of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and single layer graphene are shown. Finally, the document references phonon dispersion in graphene and carbon nanotubes and provides links for further reading.
Electron beam lithography uses a focused beam of electrons to directly write nanoscale patterns onto a resist-coated surface. It allows for very high resolution patterning down to a few nanometers in size. The process involves coating a surface with an electron-sensitive resist, using a focused electron beam to expose patterns in the resist according to design data, and then developing the resist to selectively remove the exposed or unexposed areas. Key advantages of electron beam lithography include its lack of diffraction limit on resolution and ability to create specialized device structures. However, it also has disadvantages like long write times and high system costs.
Basic of semiconductors and optical propertiesKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the band structure, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, electrical conductivity, mobility, hall effect, p-n junction diode, tunnel diode and optical properties of the semiconductor.
A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.
Xps (x ray photoelectron spectroscopy)Zaahir Salam
The document provides an overview of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technology. XPS works by irradiating a sample surface with x-rays and measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 1-10 nm of the material. This allows one to determine the sample's elemental composition and chemical/electronic states. Key aspects discussed include the use of ultra-high vacuum conditions to prevent surface contamination and allow for accurate analysis. Characteristic XPS spectra are produced that contain peaks corresponding to different elemental binding energies.
The document discusses heterojunctions and p-n junctions. It defines a heterojunction as the interface between two dissimilar semiconductors with different band gaps. There are three types of heterojunctions based on band alignment: type I where bands straddle, type II where bands are staggered, and type III where there is a broken gap. A p-n heterojunction diode forms when a p-doped and n-doped semiconductor meet; electrons flow from the higher to lower Fermi level side and holes in the opposite direction.
This document provides an introduction to nanowires and their applications. It begins by discussing how bottom-up assembled nanoscale electronics using nanowires as building blocks could enable new electronic devices. It then describes how nanowires have advantages over carbon nanotubes as building blocks due to the ability to precisely control their properties during synthesis. The document proceeds to discuss various methods for synthesizing nanowires, including spontaneous growth techniques like vapor-liquid-solid growth and template-based techniques like electrochemical deposition. It provides examples of how semiconductor nanowires have been assembled into electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Basic operating principle and instrumentation of photo-luminescence technique. Brief description about interpretation of a photo-luminescence spectrum. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of photo-luminescence.
Perovskite: introduction, classification, structure of perovskite, method to synthesis, characterization by XRD and UV- vis spectroscopy , lambert beer's law, material properties and advantage and application.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to investigate the chemistry at the surface of the samples. The basic mechanism behind an XPS instrument is that the photons of a specific energy are used to excite the electronic states of atoms at and just below the surface of the sample.
There are several areas suited to measurement by XPS:
1. Elemental composition
2. Empirical formula determination
3. Chemical state
4. Electronic state
5. Binding energy
6. Layer thickness in the upper portion of surfaces
XPS has many advantages, such as it is is good for identifying all but two elements, identifying the chemical state on surfaces, and is good with quantitative analysis. XPS is capable of detecting the difference in the chemical state between samples. XPS is also able to differentiate between oxidations states of molecules.
XPS has also some limitations, for instance, samples for XPS must be compatible with the ultra high vacuum environment. XPS is limited to measurements of elements having atomic numbers of 3 or greater, making it unable to detect hydrogen or helium. XPS spectra also take a long time to obtain. The use of a monochromator can also reduce the time per experiment.
This document summarizes surface plasmons in metallic nanoparticles. It describes how surface plasmons arise from the collective oscillation of conduction electrons in metallic nanoparticles excited by light. This leads to optical properties not seen in bulk metals, including extinction cross sections over 10 times the physical size of the nanoparticles. A variety of applications are discussed, including uses in biomedicine, energy technologies, environmental protection, and information technologies.
Surface Plasmon Hybridization of Whispering Gallery Mode Microdisk LaserOka Kurniawan
This document summarizes research on using a plasmonic microdisk laser to efficiently generate and couple surface plasmon polaritons. The microdisk laser exhibits high-intensity whispering gallery modes that are hybridized with surface plasmon modes by attaching metal layers. This creates a surface plasmon source with over 20,000 times electric field enhancement. Simulation shows 60% coupling efficiency between the plasmonic microdisk laser and an adjacent metal-insulator-metal waveguide to transport surface plasmon polaritons. The structure could enable both high-speed and miniaturized plasmonic devices and circuits.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a phenomenon that occurs when light strikes a metal surface like gold or silver at a particular angle. SPR results in a reduction in the intensity of reflected light, and is highly sensitive to changes in the refractive index of the medium near the metal surface. This makes SPR useful for measuring molecular adsorption and interactions on the metal surface. Common applications of SPR include gas detection, electrochemistry, and life science applications like measuring protein-ligand binding.
This document provides a review of recent research on exciting surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in the microwave and terahertz regimes using subwavelength patterns on metal surfaces. Key challenges in high-speed electronics like bandwidth, size, losses, and signal integrity can be addressed using spoof SPP structures. Such structures mimic the properties of natural SPPs and allow controlling the propagation of electromagnetic waves at lower frequencies. Various applications in chemical sensing, imaging, and communication have benefited from exciting SPPs in these frequency ranges. The document discusses the theoretical background and properties of SPPs and reviews research on different spoof SPP waveguide designs.
Study of highly broadening Photonic band gaps extension in one-dimensional Me...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the theoretical study of enhancing the reflectance spectra of one-dimensional metallo-organic multilayer photonic structures. It examines structures composed of alternating thin layers of silver and the organic material N,N'-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine. The transfer matrix method is used to calculate the reflectance spectra for different configurations of layer thicknesses and incident angles of light. Tuning of the photonic band gap is observed by varying the thickness of either the metal or organic layers. Broadening and shifting of the band edges from ultraviolet to visible and infrared regions occurs due to the optical absorption properties of both the
Gold nanorods have potential for photothermal cancer therapy. When exposed to laser light near their surface plasmon resonance wavelengths, gold nanorods efficiently absorb light and generate heat through electron oscillations. Smaller nanorods absorb shorter wavelengths. Nanorods have transverse and longitudinal surface plasmon resonances depending on their aspect ratio. Their strong light absorption and efficient conversion to heat makes them suitable for using mild hyperthermia to selectively destroy tumors through plasmonic photothermal therapy.
Effects of Different Parameters in Enhancing the Efficiency of Plasmonic Thin...IJAMSE Journal
Efficiency of thin film solar cells are less comparing to thick film solar cells which can be enhanced by utilizing the metal nanoparticles near their localized Plasmon resonance. In this paper, we have reviewed the Plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles and its application in solar cell technology. Beside this, we have also reviewed about different parameters which dominate the nanoparticles to increase optical absorption. Thus a cost-effective model has been proposed.
Calculation of Optical Properties of Nano ParticlePHYSICS 5535- .docxRAHUL126667
Calculation of Optical Properties of Nano Particle
PHYSICS 5535- Optical Properties Matter-Spring 2017
Raznah Yami
Outline
1. Introduction: this part gives a precise overview of the whole paper. It begins by illustrating a brief introduction and importance of Nano Particles and the theoretical approaches used for their calculation.
2. Main idea: this section provides a step-by-step in-depth analysis of recently developed theories the calculation of optical properties of nanoparticles. It also provides calculation and equations employed these approaches.
2.1 Optical Properties of Nanoparticles: this section talks about the basics principles and governing the optical behavior of Nano particles and provides in-depth knowledge of different phenomena observed while dealing with optical properties of Nano particles.
2.2 Mie-Theory: the research provides exhaustive information the study optical properties of nanoparticles using Mie theory. This research focuses on Mie theory for the calculation of optical properties of Nano particle according to which we can calculate the place of surface Plasmon resonance in optical spectra of metallic spherical nanoparticle.
2.3 Discrete Dipole Approximation method: this section enumerates sufficient information about the calculation of absorption and scattering efficiencies and optical resonance wavelengths for three commonly used classes of nanoparticles: gold Nano spheres, silica-gold Nano shells, and gold Nano rods and we examine the magneto-optical scattering from nanometer-scale structures using a discrete dipole approximation.
3. Conclusion: This section provides a summary of the most important points, which presents an overview of the practical application and calculation methods of optical properties of Nano particles talking about core principles, which therefore explain the behavior exhibited by nanoparticles.
List of figures:
Figure 1: Localized surface Plasmon resonance ,resulting from the collective oscillations of delocalized electrons in response to an external electric field
Figure 2: Absorption spectra of semiconductor nanoparticles of different diameter. Right-nanoparticles suspended in solution.
Figure 3: Comparison of absorbance along increasing wavelength between Nano GaAs (7-15 nm) and Bulk GaAs showing an apparent blue shift
Figure 4: Showing the effect of blue shift because of quantum confinement as the wavelength shifts from 1100 nm to 2000 nm when we move from particle size of 9nm to parcile size of 3 nm.
Figure 5: Emission spectra of several sizes of (Cdse) Zns core-shell quantum dots.
Figure 6: The optical spectra and transmission electron micrographs for the particles in vials 1–5 are also shown. Scale bars in micrographs are all 100 nm
Figure7: Shows the effect of varying relative core and shell thickness of gold Nano Shells, there is an apparent blue shift as the frequency increases
References:
1. . P. S. Per ...
X-ray powder diffraction is a nondestructive technique used to characterize both organic and inorganic materials. It can be used to identify crystal phases, perform quantitative analysis, and determine structural imperfections in samples from fields like geology, polymers, pharmaceuticals, and forensics. In geology specifically, XRD is widely used for quantitative analysis and can identify clay-rich minerals and other fine-grained minerals that are difficult to analyze optically, providing information about mineral composition and properties.
This document summarizes research on using metallic nanostructures to enhance fluorescence. Specifically, it proposes using "stair-gratings" - nanostructures with corrugations that have an excavated rectangular section to create a stair-like profile. Experiments show that stair-gratings provide higher fluorescence enhancement and narrower emission directionality compared to conventional gratings, covering both the excitation and emission bands of fluorophores. Finite-difference time-domain simulations agree with experimental results, demonstrating the potential of stair-gratings for applications requiring enhanced and directional single-molecule fluorescence.
This lab report summarizes experiments conducted on pristine CuO nanoparticles and Na-doped CuO nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the pristine CuO nanoparticles had a leaf-like flake morphology with sizes between 500-600nm thick. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of CuO and Na2O peaks and showed red and blue shifts with Na doping. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed that the band gap decreased from 1.49eV to 1.46eV with low Na doping but increased above 1.5eV with higher doping levels due to secondary phase formation. Photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed defect energy levels within the band gap.
Physicochemical properties of metal nanoparticle by shreya modiShreya Modi
The document discusses the physico-chemical properties of nanosized metal particles and how they differ from bulk metals of the same composition. Key points include:
- Properties like size, surface area, optical properties, melting point, and band gap behave differently at the nanoscale level compared to bulk due to effects like higher surface area to volume ratio and quantum confinement.
- Historically, metal nanoparticles were used to stain glass as far back as ancient times, but study of their unique properties is more recent.
- Properties change with particle size, as size decreases properties transition from continuous to discrete electronic states.
- Higher surface area leads to greater reactivity despite composition being the same as bulk.
This document summarizes research on using localized surface plasmons generated by gold nanoparticles to optically switch liquid crystals. When gold nanoparticles are excited by laser light at their surface plasmon resonance, they generate strong localized electric fields. These electric fields are able to reversibly switch the orientation of nearby nematic liquid crystals from homeotropic to planar alignment at room temperature with low excitation intensities under 0.03 W/cm^2. The direction of planar alignment can also be controlled by changing the polarization of the excitation light. This provides a new approach for all-optical switching and control of liquid crystals using plasmonic heating and electric fields from gold nanoparticles.
This document discusses the optical properties of nanostructured metals. Plasmons, which are the collective oscillations of conduction electrons, lead to resonance phenomena in these structures. Plasmon modes exist in different geometries and metals, and can be excited by light, causing strong light scattering, absorption, and enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In the late 1980s, it was proposed that a composite particle with a dielectric core and metallic shell could produce plasmon resonance modes across a wider range of wavelengths. In the 1990s, the first gold nanoshells were created with an Au2S core and gold shell, though they were limited in size. Improved synthesis allowed for silica-core gold nanoshells over 40
Young Kwan Cho is a PhD candidate in analytical chemistry at UMASS Lowell. His research focuses on physical chemistry, electrochemical analysis, and applied Raman spectroscopy. He has a MS in physical chemistry from Soongsil University in Korea and a BS in chemistry also from Soongsil University. He has worked as a research assistant and teaching assistant during his graduate studies. He has published 4 papers and presented posters at several conferences. He has received scholarships and awards for his academic excellence.
This document discusses photoluminescence, specifically fluorescence and phosphorescence. It begins by explaining excited state phenomena that can occur when a molecule is excited by electromagnetic irradiation, such as vibrational relaxation, internal conversion, and intersystem crossing. It then describes fluorescence, noting that it is emission from the singlet excited state back to the ground state. Key characteristics of fluorescence mentioned are its red shift compared to absorption (Stokes shift) and that emission spectra are often a mirror image of absorption spectra. The document also briefly introduces phosphorescence, which differs from fluorescence in involving a transition from the triplet excited state.
Analysis and simulations of optimal geometry shapes of the 4 and 9 nano hole ...IJECEIAES
The possibility to limit and manipulate photons at nanometer scales attracted a lot of interest for exciting applications from subwavelength in laser, biosensors, biomedical and optoelectronics devices, the sensor optical properties, however; are complex due to two resonances through propagating and localized surface plasmons. The optical properties of surface plasmons (SPs) at the resonant wavelength is depending on the geometrical nanostructure of materials. In this article, we used different geometry of nanoholes array, 4 and 9 nanoholes array in a metallic film gold nanoparticle with different thickness (20,50,100) nm on SiO2 substrate with refractive index 1.46, we designed two different geometries; 4- holes: hole radius r1=200 nm, period p1=600 nm; and 9- holes: r2=100 nm, period p2=300 nm. Transmission and reflection spectrum have been calculated and simulated by FDTD Lumerical program. From results are observed the effect of thickness is interesting, transmission is increased at (t=20nm) for two arrays. Furthermore, the number of hole and its area has an influence on optical transmission and other parameters (E, H, Ref) which are characteristics of design of metallic nanostructure. We can see that there is a peak value of the wavelength at 519 nm approximately to 73% strong light transmission with 4-NHA in the other hand wavelength of 519 nm transmission is 45% with 9-NHA. strong light transmission is hopeful for many applications (biomedical devices, nanoantennas and laser optical fiber).
This document provides a biography and background information for Dr. Muhammad Zulfiker Alam. It summarizes that he is currently a postdoctoral fellow at Caltech working on quantum information processing. It details his educational background, including receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in electrical engineering, as well as his research interests and publications.
Plasmon-Polaritons And Their Use In Optical Sub-Wavelength. Event Of Copper A...ijrap
The work undertaken in this article concerns the description of the propagation modes of an incident
electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ (the visible spectrum) to its interaction with a structure typical metal
/ dielectric. The study of this interaction process is the measurement of features that are four parameters
associated with longitudinal modes propagating interface. A comparative study between two structures
silver and copper has been established. The characteristic parameters whose behavior is studied in the
visible spectrum are the propagation length, and the length of penetration in rural and dielectric material.
The typical structure of Kretschmann-Raether being used for the diagnosis of structure, analytical study
shows that copper can be used as a guide for photonic transmission. The direction of propagation, the
electromagnetic field associated with the interface modes present evanescent spatial coherence with which
the behavior is justified by a study of the near field. For this, we have given some results on the density of
states of plasmonic modes on a copper-air interface.
Plasmon-Polaritons And Their Use In Optical Sub-Wavelength. Event Of Copper A...ijrap
The work undertaken in this article concerns the description of the propagation modes of an incident
electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ (the visible spectrum) to its interaction with a structure typical metal
/ dielectric. The study of this interaction process is the measurement of features that are four parameters
associated with longitudinal modes propagating interface. A comparative study between two structures
silver and copper has been established. The characteristic parameters whose behavior is studied in the
visible spectrum are the propagation length, and the length of penetration in rural and dielectric material.
The typical structure of Kretschmann-Raether being used for the diagnosis of structure, analytical study
shows that copper can be used as a guide for photonic transmission. The direction of propagation, the
electromagnetic field associated with the interface modes present evanescent spatial coherence with which
the behavior is justified by a study of the near field. For this, we have given some results on the density of
states of plasmonic modes on a copper-air interface
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
2. Outline
Introduction
A Brief History of Plasmonics
Scientific Background of Plasmonics
Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP)
Localized Surface Plasmon
Excitation Methods of SPP
Plasmonic Materials
Metamaterials
Plasmonic Waveguides
Applications
Research trends of recent years
Economical Impact
2/49
3. Definitions
3
Subwavelength electromagnetics is a discipline that deals with light-matter interaction at
subwavelength scale and innovative technologies that controls electromagnetic wave with
subwavelength structures [1].
[1] X. Luo, ‘Subwavelength Electromagnetics’, Optoelectron., vol. 9, no.2, 2016.
4. ◎Plasma:The free electrons of a metal are treated as an electron liquid of high density of about
10^ 23 cm - 3, (ignoring the lattice).
◎ Plasma oscillations(longitudinal density fluctuations), will propagate through the volume of
the metal.
◎The quanta of these "volume plasmons" are produced by electrons which are shot into the
metal and have an energy hωp, where (n is the electron density, of the order of 10 eV).
[2]H.Reather ;Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings
(Springer Tracts in Modern Physics)(1988) 4/49
5. ◎Surface plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic excitations
propagating at the interface between a dielectric and a conductor,
evanescently confined in
the perpendicular direction.
-These electromagnetic surface waves arise via
the coupling of the electromagnetic fields to oscillations of the
conductor’s electron plasma.
[6]Modern plasmonics / edited by Alexei A. Maradudin, J. Roy
Sambles, William L. Barnes.(2014) 5
◎The field of plasmonics can, in general, be divided into
two parts: one that deals with propagating plasmonic modes,
and one that deals with localized plasmonic modes
6. Introduction
6/49
Operating speeds and critical dimensions
of various technologies [1].
In the past, devices were slow and bulky.
Semiconductor industry managed to scaling electronic
devices to nanoscale dimensions [2].
Time delay issue (operating above ~10 GHz)
Photonic devices has high data carrying capacity.
Limited by the laws of diffraction
(λ/2, wavelength of light ~micron).
Plasmonics, a new technology promises to bring the
revolution by putting together the best of electronics
and photonics.
The size of electronics
The speed of photonics
[2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’,
Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006.
7. A Brief History of Plasmonics
7/49
LYCURGUS CUP
• Before scientists set out to study the optical properties of metal
nanostructures, they were employed by artists to generate vibrant
colors in the staining of church windows [3].
• One of the most famous example is the Lycurgus cup dating
back to the Byzantine Empire (4th century AD). Appears green
in reflection and appears red in transmission [3].
[3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007.
8. Academically Interest on Plasmonics
8/49
The rapid growth of the field of plasmonics [4].
image: [4] M. L. Brongersma, ‘Introductory lecture: nanoplasmonics’, Faraday Discussions, vol. 178, pp. 9-36, 2015.
9. Scientific Background (Cont.)
9/49
The Drude model of free electron states that the electrons in metals behave like classical gas
molecules [10] . By using the Drude model the dielectric constant of metals can be found [3,6]:
This means the electric field just penetrate into the material, but does not form an oscillating
wave. If the material is thick enough, all the incoming wave will be reflected. This is the
reason why metal surface looks colorless and shiny [10].
2
[6]0
0 0 2
( ) (1 ) losses neglected
(1 )
pw
w
jw jw w
s
e e e
t
= + » -
+
2
[10]
2
1
/
pw
n
w jw t
= -
-
:electron relaxation timet
[14]
,pIf w w the permittivity is negative and refraction index becomes purely imaginary<
[3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007.
[14] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.
[10] L. Han, Optical Properties of Metals, Advanced Materials - Lab Intermediate Physics, 2010.
10. Scientific Background (Cont.)
10/49
The Drude model of free electron states that the electrons in metals behave like classical gas
molecules [10] . By using the Drude model the dielectric constant of metals can be found [3]:
:electron relaxation timet
[14]
,pIf w w the permittivity is negative and
that is an essential property of any plasmonic material
<
[3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007.
[10] L. Han, Optical Properties of Metals, Advanced Materials - Lab Intermediate Physics, 2010.
Surface plasmons exist for metals like Au, Ag, Al and Cu up to optical and near UV frequencies,
depending on the dielectric function of both the metal and the neighboring dielectric [3].
2
[6]0
0 0 2
( ) (1 ) losses neglected
(1 )
pw
w
jw jw w
s
e e e
t
= + » -
+
2
[10]
2
1
/
pw
n
w jw t
= -
-
[14] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.
11. Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP)
◎The oscillation of the free electrons (plasma electrons) of the metal are coupled to the
electromagnetic fields [8].
11/49image.: [2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’, Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006.
Electromagnetic
mode
Electron
oscillation
Coupled
State
[8] O. Arısev, ‘Plasmonic Stripe Waveguide Coupler with Integrated Wavelength Division Multiplexer’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2017.
[6]
0
, .
/m d m d
w
propagation cons
c
b
e e e e
=
+
12. Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP)
◎From an engineering standpoint, an SPP can be viewed as a special type of light wave [2].
◎SPPs are special solutions of Maxwell’s equations that require positive and negative
permittivity interfaces [9].
◎This requirement can be satisfied by dielectrics and metals in optical and infrared
frequencies[8].
12/49
[2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’, Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006.
[9] A. Karaşahin, ‘Integrated antennas for efficient and directional coupling to plasmonic waveguides’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015.
image: wikipedia
[6]
/ 1sp p dw w w
surface plasmon frequency
e< = +
Most important condition
for SP to exist
Visual animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJ8enHiq0H4
13. Localized Surface Plasmon
Unlike the propagating surface plasmon polaritons, localized surface plasmons are bounded to
a nanometer sized metal particle.
Localized surface plasmon can be excited in almost any illumination condition with a matching
resonance frequency.
Localized SP are solved by Mie in 1908 for spherical particles [11].
13/49[11] K. Gungor, ‘Three dimensional nanoplasmonic surfaces: modeling, fabrication and characterization’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2013.
14. Plasmonic Materials
Plasmonic materials are metals or metal-like materials that exhibit negative real permittivity [14].
Because metals have large plasma frequencies and high conductivity, they have been the materials
of choice for plasmonics [14].
14/49
i P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.
Silver: minimum damping rate
Pros: Best choice at optical frequencies
Cros: Oxidation and cost
Gold:
Choise at lower NIR frequencies
Chemically stable
High interband losses in the visible
spectrum
1/ tG=
gold silverG > G
inte
Copper:
Large interband losses at visible spectrum
Conductivity is good, but oxidizes easily.
Result: Gold and silver are dominant materials
for plasmonic applications at optical f [14].
Plasmonic applications demand lower losses
materials [14].
15. Plasmonic Materials
15/49
[4] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.
Aluminum:
Pros: Extremely high plasma frequency
Cons: Oxidizes easily, fabrication issue
Sodium and Potassium:
Even if losses is low oxidizes easily,
Not practical fabrication standpoint.
16. Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton
16/49[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
17. Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton (Cont.)
1) PrismCoupling (KretchmannConfiguration)
Enhanceswavevector of theincidentbeambyhighrefractiveindex of theprism[12].
If (𝜃𝑖>𝜃𝑐, TIR) , thematchingcondition can be achieved. Alsosuitablefor IMI, MIM systems[5].
Pros: veryhighcouplingefficiencybetweenphotonsand SPP [13].
17/49images: [12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
0 sininc sp p pk k k n q= =
Min reflectivity
observed once SP is
excited.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
Electron density
[13] F. Ye, J. M. Merlo, M. J. Burns, M. J. Naughton, ‘Optical and electrical mappings of surface plasmon cavity modes’, Nanophotonics, vol. 3, 2014.
18. Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton (Cont.)
2) Grating Coupling
Overcome mismatch by patterning the metal surface with a shallow grating of grooves or holes
[5].
The incident beam diffracts into several modes, which can enhance the wavevector of the incident
light and couple to the SP at the interface between the gratings and dielectric medium [12].
18/49images:[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
Coupling to SPP is achieved when
sin 2 /sp inck k vq p= + L
Lattice
constant
(1, 2, 3...)
19. Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton (Cont.)
2) Grating Coupling (Cont.)
Overcome mismatch by patterning the metal surface with a shallow grating of grooves or holes [5].
The incident beam diffracts into several modes, which can enhance the wavevector of the incident
light and couple to the SP at the interface between the gratings and dielectric medium [12].
19/49images:[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
:
ˆ ˆ( i ) ( i )
G 2 / , G 2 / ,
, : , , :
sp x x y y
x x y y
x y
Matching condition
k k G x k G y
a a lattice vectors
a a grating periods i j integers
p p
= + × + + ×
= =
22. Papers that brought meta materials to light
◎Viktor Veselago (1968)What happens in a material when both the electric permittivity and
the magnetic permeability are negative?
- claimed that radiation emerging from a point source on one side of a negative index
slab could be brought to a focus on the other side.
◎Smith(2000)-Artificial materials with both negative permittivity and permeability in the
same frequency.
◎Pendrys perfect lense(2000)
◎ Shelby(2001)Refraction in a negative index prism for 10.5 GHz
[26]L Solymar, E Shamonina Waves in metamaterials Oxford University
Press(2009)
22/49
23. ◎Metamaterials are artificial periodic structures with lattice constants that are much smaller than the wavelength
of the incident radiation. Therefore providing negative refractive index characteristics[15*]
23/49
Connection between macroscopic fields and charge density
Frequency dependent dielectric constant
Dielectric constant –index of refraction relationship
n(ω)- dispersion in the medium,
κ(ω) (extinction coefficient)-determines the absorption.
[26]L Solymar, E Shamonina Waves in
metamaterials Oxford University Press(2009)
24. 24/49
Plasma frequency
Negative below the plasma
frequency and positive above the plasma frequency
Deriving the formula for plasma frequency
[26]Waves in metamaterials L Solymar, E
Shamonina Oxford University Press(2009)
25. The left hand rule
[19]Engheta, N., and Richard W. Ziolkowski. Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering
Explorations. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience, 2006. 25/49
[17*]
26. Creating units with neagtive permeability
[17]Metamaterials with Negative Parameters Theory, Design, and MicrowaveApplications; R.Marque´S.Marti, M.
Sorolla 2008 by John Wiley & Sons
26/49
-Plasma frequency depends critically on the density and mass of the collective
electronic motion.
-Geometric manipulations allow us to have a negative permeability in the
microwave regime.
Limitations/Motivation: Typical values for ωp are in the ultraviolet regime,
while for γ
a typical value (e.g., for copper) is 4 x 1013 rad/s.
Unfortunately, for all frequencies ω<ωp for which ε < 0, it is also ω ≪ γ
(dominant term becomes the imaginary part of the plasma electric permittivity-
associated with losses (light absorption).
Solution: Decrease ωp by increasing meff and deacreasing Neff
If E = E0 e-i(ωt-kz) z applied,electrons in the rod move to z direction.
meff =0.5x μ0Ne2r²ln(a/r)
27. Creating negative permeability
[17] R.Marque´S.Marti, M. Sorolla Metamaterials with Negative Parameters Theory, Design,
and MicrowaveApplications2008 by John Wiley & Sons 27/49
ω0=1/√LC -> the resonant frequency of elements
-This ‘split ring resonator’(SRR) is equivalent to a simple RLC circuit, R being the
resistance of the metallic ring, L its inductance and C (primarily) the capacitance between its
unconnected ends.
H = H0 e-i(ωt-kr) x applied magnetic field Induced electromotive source
l distance btw SRR
Mutual inductance between two SRRs : (F being the fractional volume within a unit
cell occupied by an SRR.)
Ohms sec.law: accros a SSr loop:
Resistance of each ring:
28. 28/49
Magnetic dipole moment per unit volume.
Range for which μ <0
ωm0=1/√LC - >>Resonance frequency
ωmp=1/√LC(1-F)->>Corresponding plasma frequency
[17]Metamaterials with Negative Parameters Theory, Design, and MicrowaveApplications; R.Marque´S.Marti,
M. Sorolla 2008 by John Wiley & Sons
29. World’s first double negative metamaterial
[18]M. B. Ross, Chad A. Mirkin, and George C. Schatz; Optical Properties of One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Arrays of Plasmonic
Nanostructures J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016,
29/49
NOTE :Re(ε eff) ∼ 0 the wavelength of light in a material is effectively
infinite and light can “tunnel” across a boundary of arbitrary
size or shape[18*]
30. ◎Metamaterial steps up the radiated power. The
newest Metamaterial antenna radiate 95% of input radio
signal at 350 MHz Experimental metamaterial antenna are as
small as one fifth of a wavelength. Patch antenna with
metamaterial cover have increased directivity.[15*]
[35] Mohit Anand Applications of metamaterial in antenna engineering;
Int.Jr.of Technical Reasearch and Applications(2014) 30/49
ANTENNA SUBSTRATE
Metamaterial substrates can be designed to act as a very high dielectric
constant substrate at given frequency and hence can be used to miniaturize
the antenna size.
Nowdays hotreserch topics regarding AS are Co-ordinate transformation
devices, invisibility cloaks, Luneburg lenses.
PHASED ARRAYANTENNA
In recent years metamaterial phase shifters are adopted to fine tune the
phase difference between adjacent elements. These metamaterial phase
shifters can be easily integrated onto the CPW feeding line.
ANTENNA SUPERSTRATE
Tellecomunication satelites are in hight demand for
multiple beam antennas with smaller no. of reflector antennas for less mass
and size.
MM are proved to increase both the impedance and directivity bandwidth
of the proximity coupled microstrip patch antenna and can also be used to
change the polarization state of the antenna.
Metamaterials in antenas
31. Superlenses
[20] Xiang Zhang and Zhaowei Liu Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit, Nature
Materials 7, 435–441 (2008)
31/49
-A niM flat lens brings all the diverging rays from an object into a
focused image, the niM can also enhance the evanescent waves across
the lens, so the amplitude of the evanescent waves are identical at the
object and the image plane.[20*]
- Experimental verification
of the evanescent wave enhancement through a silver superlens. T p is
the enhancement factor.[21*]
-Near-field evanescent waves
can be strongly enhanced across the lens [22*]
-Associated with substantial energy dissipation or loss (that is,
the imaginary part of ε and μ) [20*]
The presence of the superlens improved the resolution to 89 nm
from an average linewidth of 321 ± 10 nm without the superlens.
32. Plasmonic Waveguides
◎A usual dielectric waveguide
cannot restrict the spatial localization
of optical energy beyond the
limit, where 0 is the free space photon
wavelength and n is the refractive
index of the waveguide.
◎The diffraction limit of dielectric
plasmo-nanoptical elements may be
pushed down to a scale of a few tens
of nanometers and may be even
further if dielectrics with gains are
used[23*]
[23]Igor I. Smolyaninov, Yu-Ju Hung, and Christopher C. Davis Surface
plasmon dielectric waveguides Applied Physics Letters 87, 241106 (2005) 32/49
33. TYPES
*Several types of plasmonic waveguide platform differing in terms of the topology,
material composition, and propagation mechanisms have been developed [24*].
*Any plasmonic guide exhibits a tradeoff between propagation loss and mode
confinement — the smaller the mode size, the higher the propagation loss.
[24]Yurui Fang & Mengtao Sun Nanoplasmonic waveguides:
towards applications in integrated nanophotonic circuits Light:
Science & Applications (2015)
33/49
TYPES
Metal nanoparticle chains
Metal films
Metal/insulator/metal (MIM) slabs
Chains of nanoparticles
Metal grooves
Metal strips
Metal wedges
MIM gaps
Hybrid Bragg waveguide
Wire/spacer/film MIM structures
34. IM
-Relative good balance exists between propagation length and confinement.
-Material used in fabrication allows feasibility of integrated plasmonic circuitry.
MIM
-Few micron propagation,good mode confinement
-Used for arched structures(good for spliters).
-Low losses:field skin depth increases exponentially
with wavelength in the insulator but is almost constant (~25nm) in the
metal
-Both plasmonic and conventional waveguiding modes can be accessed
IMI
- if the symmetry condition is strictly met, a
TM mode very similar to a dielectric mode
can be supported.
- IMI’s propagation loss is considerably
smaller than MIM, it is frequently used for
transmitting NIR optical power in longer
distance above 10 um’s mark.
-Lack of mode confinement.[27*]
[27]Ruoxi Yang and Zhaolin Lu Subwavelength Plasmonic Waveguides and Plasmonic Materials(2012)
Images: Trapping light in plasmonic waveguides Junghyun Park, Kyoung-Youm Kim Optics Express Vol. 18, Issue 2,
New technique lights up the creation of holograms Satoshi Kawata,General Physics (2012)
34/49
IMI
MIM
IM
35. Dielectric Loaded SPP waveguide
-Charactarized by a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) ridge
-Very good confinement
-Due to physical dimensions we have a mode size increase and hence
longer propagation distances going from 5μm to 25μm
Long-Range Dielectric-Loaded SPP waveguide
-Low index substrate for mode confinement
-Changing ridge and metal strip parameters decreases loses
Ensuring longer propagation distances up to L = 3100μm
Hybrid SPP waveguide
-high index region (silicon) disjointed from a silver surface
by a low index layer (SiO 2).
- improved compromise between loss and confinement
compared to purely plasmonic waveguides
[40]Hassan Kaatuzian and Ahmad Naseri Taheri Applications of Nano-Scale Plasmonic Structures in Design of Stub Filters — A Step
Towards Realization of Plasmonic Switches ,Photonic Crystals InTech(2015)
35/49
37. Applications of surface plasmons
◎Surface enhanced Raman scattering
◎Fluorescence enhancement
◎Surface plasmon sensors in biology and medicine
37
38. Surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)
-(A)red-shifted signal ws , due toinelastic scattering.
-(B)2 lazer beams hit the sample. When the frequency
matches Omega scattering occurs.
-(C) four-beam mixing process probing at the anti-
Stokes frequency (w as ).
[28]W. J. Tipping,M. Lee,A. Serrels,V. G. Brunton and A. N.
Hulme* Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy: an emerging
tool for drug discovery Chem Soc Rev.2016
38
Electromagnetic radiation interacting with a
vibrating molecule.
When incident radiation (w0 ) interacts with a
chemical species, it can be elastically scattered
(Rayleigh scattering) or in elastically scattered
(Raman scattering) by an amount, wm which
corresponds to the energy of a molecular transition in
the molecule. [28*]
-Ag and Au have LSPRs that cover most
of the visible and near infrared
wavelength range, where most Raman
measurements occur
39. Fluorescence enhancement
◎Fluorescence results from excitation of the emitter by the incident field, which can show
significant enhancement due to plasmon resonances in the metal particle.
◎Utilization of metal nanostructures as nano-antennas
[29]Schietinger et al., Nano Lett. 9, 1694 (2009)
39
Black-diamond only
Blue –A config.
Orange-Parallel excitation[29*]
40. Surface plasmon sensors in biology and medicine
◎ Light incident on the nanoparticles induces the conduction electrons in them to oscillate
collectively with a resonant frequency that depends on the nanoparticles’ size, shape and
composition. As a result of these LSPR modes, the nanoparticles absorb and scatter light so
intensely that single nanoparticles are easily observed by eye using dark-field (optical scattering)
microscopy[30*]
◎The LSPR can be tuned during fabrication by controlling these parameters with a variety of
chemical syntheses and lithographic techniques.
◎Most organic molecules have a higher refractive index than buffer solution; thus, when they
bind to nanoparticles, the local refractive index increases, causing the extinction and scattering
spectrum to redshift.
[38]Homola J (2006) Surface plasmon resonance based sensors. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg_New-York).
40/49
41. [31]R. K. Gupta Sensing Through Surface Plasmon Resonance
Technique,Reviews in Plasmonics 2016 41/49
SPR sernsor
42. Most well known usages
[33]Alexandre G. Brolo Plasmonics for future Biosensors Nature Photonics 6, 709–713 (2012)
[32]Mark I Stalckman Nanoplasmonics,the physics behind the applications. Physics Today 64, 2, 39 (2011) 42/49
Diagnosing diabetes
Pregnancy tests
Nanospheres have a high polarizability which
enables them to screen each others plasmonic
Charges which reduces the restoring force and the
Frequency of SP,redshifting their emission froma
Vaguely green color evident in the initial gold
Sphere suspension.Consequently the test strip
acquires a red color-confirming pregancy.[32*][33*]
43. Economical Prespective
[25]GVR(Grand View Reasearch) Metamaterial Market Analysis, By Product (Electromagnetic, Terahertz, Photonic, Tunable, Frequency Selective Surface, Non-linear), By
Application, End-use, And Segment Forecasts, 2014 – 2025
43/49
-The global metamaterials market size was estimated at USD
316.0 million in 2016.
-Mainly used in antenas and radars.[25*]
44. -Global surface plasmon resonance devices market is estimated to account for US$ 1,110.4 Mn by the end of 2025,
owing to increasing application in drug discovery segment for drug-cell interaction analysis.
-On the basis of application, surface plasmon resonance market is segmented into drug discovery, material science
and biosensors.
-Key market players covered in this report are GE Healthcare, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Biosensing Instruments,
Horiba Ltd. and Reichert Technologies (acquired by Ametek, Inc.)
[37]FMI(Future market insights) Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Market - Increasing Awareness on Label-Free Detection to Fuel Market
Growth: Global Industry Analysis and Opportunity Assessment 2015 – 2025
44/49
45. The future
◎Basic components (NW-based laser, BUS router, switch, adder, NAND gate) are already
available, the future of nanophotonics is bright. [26*]
[26]Najmeh Nozhat , Hamid Alikomak, Maryam Khodadadi All-optical XOR and NAND logic gates based on plasmonic nanoparticles
Optics Communications 392 (2017)
45/49
46. [24]Yurui Fang & Mengtao Sun Nanoplasmonic waveguides: towards applications in
integrated nanophotonic circuits Light: Science & Applications (2015) 46/49
Switch On/Off mode
NOR and NOT gates [26*]
47. References
[1] X. Luo, ‘Subwavelength Electromagnetics’, Optoelectron., vol. 9, no.2, 2016.
[2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’,
Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006.
[3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007.
[4] M. L. Brongersma, ‘Introductory lecture: nanoplasmonics’, Faraday Discussions, vol. 178, pp. 9-36, 2015.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
[6] Modern plasmonics / edited by Alexei A. Maradudin, J. Roy Sambles, William L. Barnes.(2014)
[7] G. Birant, ‘Surface Coverage Control of Self Organized Plasmonic Nanostructures at Interfaces of Photovoltaics
Related Materials ’, M.Sc. Thesis, METU, 2017.
[8] O. Arısev, ‘Plasmonic Stripe Waveguide Coupler with Integrated Wavelength Division Multiplexer’, M.Sc. Thesis,
2017.
[9] A. Karaşahin, ‘Integrated antennas for efficient and directional coupling to plasmonic waveguides’, M.Sc. Thesis,
2015.
[10] L. Han, Optical Properties of Metals, Advanced Materials - Lab Intermediate Physics, 2010.
[11] K. Gungor, ‘Three dimensional nanoplasmonic surfaces: modeling, fabrication and characterization’, M.Sc.
Thesis, 2013.
47/49
48. References
[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
[13] F. Ye, J. M. Merlo, M. J. Burns, M. J. Naughton, ‘Optical and electrical mappings of surface plasmon cavity modes’,
Nanophotonics, vol. 3, 2014.
[14] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser
Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.
[15*] Metamaterials: Characteristics, Process and Applications Kaushal Gangwar1 , Dr. Paras2 and Dr. R.P.S. Gangwar(2014)
[17*] Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications Ricardo Marqués, Ferran Martín, Mario
Sorolla
[18*] The Optical Properties of One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Arrays of Plasmonic Nanostructures
[19*] Engheta, N., and Richard W. Ziolkowski. Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-
Interscience, 2006.
[20*] Xiang Zhang and Zhaowei Liu Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit, Nature Materials 7, 435–441 (2008)
[21*] Are negative index materials achievable with surface plasmon waveguides? A case study of three plasmonic geometries Jennifer
A. Dionne, Ewold Verhagen, Albert Polman,and Harry A. Atwater
[22*] W. J. Tipping,M. Lee,A. Serrels,V. G. Brunton and A. N. Hulme* Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy: an emerging tool for
drug discovery Chem Soc Rev.2016
[23*] Igor I. Smolyaninov, Yu-Ju Hung, and Christopher C. Davis Surface plasmon dielectric waveguides Applied Physics Letters 87,
241106 (2005)
48/49
49. References
[24*] Nanoplasmonic waveguides: towards applications in integrated nanophotonic circuits Yurui Fang & Mengtao Sun
[25*] Metamaterial Market Analysis, By Product (Electromagnetic, Terahertz, Photonic, Tunable, Frequency Selective Surface, Non-linear), By Application, End-use,
And Segment Forecasts, 2014 – 2025
[26*] L Solymar, E Shamonina Waves in metamaterials Oxford University Press(2009)
[27*] Subwavelength Plasmonic Waveguides and Plasmonic Materials Ruoxi Yang and Zhaolin Lu(2012)
[28*] Nanoparticle waveguides,Watching energy transfer Joachim R. Krenn
[29*] Schietinger et al., Nano Lett. 9, 1694 (2009)
[30*] Weissleder, R. A clearer vision for in vivo imaging. Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 316–317.
[31] Plasmonics Review 2015
[32] Mark I Stalckman Nanoplasmonics,the physics behind the applications. Physics Today 64, 2, 39 (2011)
[33*] Alexandre G. Brolo Plasmonics for future Biosensors Nature Photonics 6, 709–713 (2012)
[34*] Najmeh Nozhat , Hamid Alikomak, Maryam Khodadadi Optics Communications 392 (2017) All-optical XOR and NAND logic gates based on plasmonic
nanoparticles
[35*] Mohit Anand Applications of metamaterial in antenna engineering; Int.Jr.of Technical Reasearch and Applications(2014)
[36*] SERS: Materials, applications, and the future Bhavya Sharma, Renee R. Frontiera, Anne-Isabelle Henry, Emilie Ringe, and Richard P. Van Duyne*
[37] FMI(Future market insights) Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Market - Increasing Awareness on Label-Free Detection to Fuel Market Growth: Global Industry
Analysis and Opportunity Assessment 2015 – 2025
[38] Homola J (2006) Surface plasmon resonance based sensors. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg_New-York).
[40] Hassan Kaatuzian and Ahmad Naseri Taheri Applications of Nano-Scale Plasmonic Structures in Design of Stub Filters — A Step Towards
Realization of Plasmonic Switches ,Photonic Crystals InTech(2015)
49/49