Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Requirement by Tarek Selmi* and Adel Gastli in Peer Review Journal of Solar & Photoenergy Systems

1. Tarek Selmi1
* and Adel Gastli2
1
Department of Electrical and Mechatronics Engineering, Sohar University, Oman
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Qatar
*Corresponding author: Tarek Selmi, Department of Electrical and Mechatronics Engineering, Sohar University, Oman, Tel: (+968) 68501;
Email:
Submission: September 05, 2018; Published: September 17, 2018
Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System
Requirement
Introduction
A recent 7-year statement (2017-2023) published by Oman
power and water procurement company (OPWP) [1], states that
peak demand will probably grow at about 6% per year, from
5,920MW in 2016 to 8,960MW in 2023.This growth rate, which
is lower than its previous forecasts, reflects the country economic
trends to introduce cost reflective tariffs to large consumers. As
part of its plan between 2017 and 2023, the company is preparing
the necessary logistics and infrastructure for a growth in energy
demand of 5%, which leads to a minimum demand in energy of
around 8,310MW.
In terms of fuel requirements, OPWP predicts the growth to
be limited at 3% per year through 2023, despite 7% growth in
electricity production. Moreover, the amount of gas used by the
generation fleet will most likely improve by 28% through the same
period [1,2].
To overcome such challenges, the Authority of Electricity
Regulation in Oman (AER) is significantly depending on solar
and wind power sources. In fact, AER is planning to setup more
residential grid-connected solar power generation systems to save
around 2 to 6 billion standard cubic meter (Sm3
) of gas over the
next 25 years, which is the equivalent of savings almost 161 to 505
million Real Omani ($416.84mn to $1307.49mn), respectively. AER
believes that the adoption of residential small-scale grid-connected
solar PV systems could also reduce nearby 3.2 to 10 million tons
of CO2
emission over the next 25 years and a drop in the annual
consumer bill by at least 34% to 42% [3,4].
There are mainly two types of electrical designs for PV energy
systems. Grid connected systems that interact with the utility
power grid and do not require battery backup capabilities; and
standalone systems that require battery backup. Although the first
type is supposed to shut down when there is no sun shining, it will
normally provide the highest amount of bill savings. Recently, it
became not essential to size the grid-connected PV system to exactly
match the daily needs of the consumer. In fact, while the PV system
is silently generating green power, the grid is always available.
When the green power generated is greater than the consumer
need, the excess of power is fed back into the grid. However, when
the PV system does not produce enough power, the grid will supply
the consumer with power, which eliminates the need for battery
storage and provides less system maintenance and more saving to
the consumers [5].
To design a grid-connected PV system in a specific location,
some variables and parameters have to be considered. In fact, the
adjustment of the tilt angle all over the year seasons is a matter of
great concern for the sake of higher energy production. Moreover,
the type of the PV modules used within the PV system should be
chosen appropriately. Matching the peak power generated from the
PV modules to the right DC-AC inverter size is also a critical concern
to avoid unwanted losses. In addition to the previously listed
considerations, the impact of some environmental parameters
such as the irradiation level and the temperature on the PV system
performance should be well addressed within a PV cell electrical
model [6-10].
Review Article
Peer Review Journal of Solar &
Photoenergy SystemsC CRIMSON PUBLISHERS
Wings to the Research
1/10Copyright © All rights are reserved by Tarek Selmi.
Volume 1 - Issue - 1
Abstract
This paper presents an extensive exploration of grid-connected photovoltaic installations in the Sultanate of Oman. It aims at sizing a 5kWp solar
power station at Sohar University (SU). It reflects the impact of tilt angle adjustment on the amount of extracted power in the mentioned location.
Moreover, the paper presents an approach to match PV modules to the right inverter to avoid unwanted losses. It also presents a techno-financial study
for consumers as well as for experts in the field towards the investigation of grid-connected PV installations. The data presented within this paper has
been prepared using PVsyst 6.6.3 software tool, which integrates the simulation of a PV system with evaluation of its pre-feasibility, sizing and financial
analysis.
Keywords: Tilt angle; Photovoltaic; Inverter; Balance of system; PV module

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Optimum Tilt Angle
The optimization of tilt angle for PV systems is a matter of great
importance [11-15]. Theoretically, the maximum output energy
from a PV cell is obtained when the surface of the PV module is
oriented directly perpendicular to the sun’s rays. However, when
it comes to practice, this is not at all true because when the sun is
perpendicular to the surface of the PV module, the temperature of
the module increases significantly, which is inversely proportional
to the module’s efficiency. Accordingly, adjusting the tilt angle is
important to maximize the output power at any given situation.
The optimum tilt angle depends on the latitude as well as on the
climate conditions [16]. In [17], the authors conducted a study
on the optimum tilt angle in Oman through the four seasons and
found that the optimum tilt angle is at 49° in the period from 21st
of September to the 21st
of March, while it must be zero during
the rest of the year. In [18], an algorithm has been developed and
implemented in MATLAB to vary the tilt angle from -20° to +90°
in 1° step for each day of the year. The code is since the amount of
solar energy incident on a solar collector is the sum of beam, diffuse
and ground reflected radiation. Such powerful code found that the
tilt angle in Jeddah for example lies between -15 to +51 towards
the south. A general recommendation was given by [19], which
states that the maximum annual solar energy from arrays on a fixed
surface is achieved by orienting the surface at a tilt angle nearly
the same as the value of the local latitude. This is true somehow
and will be explained next. In another context, several studies on
PV systems located in Europe and in North America have shown
that average soiling loss is tilt-dependent. In fact, they reported that
almost 6% losses a year for horizontal or low tilted PV generators
and 2% losses a year for PV generators tilted at optimum angle
(about 30 degrees) [20]. In its report published on May 2017, the
Oman AER claims that the favorable orientation (azimuth) for fixed
solar cells in the Sultanate of Oman throughout the year is South
(0°S) with a tilt angle ranging between 20° (Salalah) to 24° (Muscat)
with respect to the horizontal plane [21].
Figure 1: Location of Sohar university.
Figure 2: Recommended optimum tilt of 42º (for october-march) at SU.

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Figure 3: Recommended optimum tilt of 10º (april-september) at SU.
Sohar University is located at 24.2979°N, 56.7803°E as shown
in Figure 1 where the tilt angle has been investigated using PVsyst
6.6.3 with incredibly accurate climatic data taken from Meteonorm
7.1 over two different periods: Winter (October to March) and
Summer (April to September). Figure 2 shows that for the first
period, the maximum power is guaranteed for a tilt of 42° for which
the loss resulting from the optimization is 0%. Therefore, 42°
seems to be the most excellent tilt angle during winter. Likewise,
the optimum tilt is at 10° during summer period as shown in Figure
3.
Based on the above analysis, there will be always at least two
tilt angles to be considered: one during summer and another during
winter periods. However, this is realistic only in lab scale. In fact,
technically speaking, simple consumers are not yet mature enough
to bother themselves by adjusting the tilt angle twice or even more
a year. Accordingly, an optimized tilt for fixed PV systems on roofs or
even in desert seems to be essential and critical. Figure 4 shows the
recommended yearly optimum tilt of 30° at the mentioned location
for fixed PV systems where the loss resulting from optimizing the
tilt is 0% and a transport factor around 1.0.
Figure 4: Recommended yearly optimum tilt angle of 30º at SU for fixed PV systems.

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Grid-Connected PV Systems Analysis
Grid-connected PV systems, which do not require battery
storage, are gaining more attention from electricity authorities
all over the world [21-35]. The rapid growth of energy demand in
Omanduringthelastdecadedrewtheattentionofpublicauthorities
to encourage small-scale residential grid-connected PV systems. In
this context, the pre-feasibility of a grid-connected PV system at SU
seems to be a fruitful step. In fact, installing a grid-connected PV
system is not just connecting PV modules to an inverter and simply
getting electricity. It requires a lot of effort and expertise to choose
the right PV module technology suitable to the Omani climate, to
match the output voltage of the PV array to the inverter, to consider
losses, etc.
PV Module Selection and Performance Analysis
Table 1: Overview of available PV modules in the market.
Manufacturer Power-Voltage Reference Manufactured Since
Generic 6Wp-14V Poly-36 cells Typical
AEG 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
Alfa Solar Enerji 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
Almaden 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
Anchor Electrical 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
Anel 200Wp-22V ANP200NEC 2012
AUO 220Wp-24V PM240P00-220 2012
Auversun 200Wp-23V AVA200P54NN 2012
Auxin Solar 240Wp-26V AXN6P610T240 2017
Axitec Energy 150Wp-15V
AXIpowe-
rAC-150P/156-36S
2016
Axitec USA 240Wp-25V
AXIBlack AC-240P/156-
60S
2016
Bereket 245Wp-25V Poly245Wp60cells 2016
Bisol 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
Boviet 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
Bruk-Bet 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
BYD 225Wp-24V BYD225P6-30 2012
Centro Solar 210Wp-22V S 210P54Vision 2012
Centro Solar America 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
Conergy 245Wp-25V ConergyE 245P 2013
CSUN Solar 154Wp-15V CSUN145-36P 2017
E.ON Energie Deutsch 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
ECO-Future 245Wp-25V ECO-245P60 2014
ECO-Energy 250Wp-25V AS-P605-250 2017
Eco Solargy 210Wp-24V ECO210S156P-60 2011
Einnova Solarline 100Wp-16V ESP100W36Cells 2017
Emmvee Solar 190Wp-20V ES-190P48G 2013
Empire PV Systems 235Wp-25V EPG235Wp60Cells 2013
Energetica 132Wp-22V E1320B 2004
Exel Group 200Wp-24V ESP series 60, Poly 2010
Exiom Solution 180Wp-19V Poly180Wp48Cells 2016
Table 1 presents most famous PV modules available in the
market along with their manufacturing references. The PV module
selected for the PV system sized at SU is AEG AS-P605-250. The
selection was based on the output power/voltage. In fact, as shown
in the Table, the selected PV module has the highest output power
and voltage respectively. Note that the data given in the table is
provided by the manufacturers and is measured under Standard
Test Condition (STC) at a temperature of 25 °C and an incident
irradiation of 1000W/m2
.

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DC-AC Converter (Inverter)
The DC-AC converter or inverter is the most important
component within a PV conversion system. Nowadays, so many
inverter topologies have been developed and are commercially
available [36-38]. Obviously, inverters are available with different
power ratings depending on the consumers’ needs. However,
matching the inverter input to the output voltage/current/power
of the PV array is not always an easy task. Mainly, when designing
a PV system, the designer, upon the consumer need, is supposed to
award a special care to the following points:
A. Number of strings.
B. Number of PV modules and their semiconductor type.
C. The area to install the PV modules.
D. The maximum operating power at 1000W/m2
and 50 °C
(kW).
E. The most suitable inverter/inverters matching the
consumer need.
Table 2 presents an attempt, for many commercially available
inverters so far and for the PV module AEG (AS-P605-250), to fulfill
the above listed points. In view of that, one of the below situations
could occur:
Table 2: Commercial DC-AC inverters for power ≤5KWp.
PV Module: AS-P605-250
Vmmp(60 ˚C)=27.5V
VOC(-10 ˚C)=42.0V
Inverter
Operating Voltage/
Frequency
Global Inverter’s
power (kWac)
Nb. of
Strings
Nb. of PV
Modules
per String
Area
Max. Operating Power
at 1000W/ m2
and 50
˚C (kW)
Comments
ABB 120-470V/60Hz 2 1 8 13 m2
1.8 Good Match
Advanced
Energy Inc.
125-500V/50-60Hz 1.8 1 8 13 m2
1.8 Good Match
AEG Indus-
trial Solar Gm
60-350V/50-60Hz 0.8 1 4 7 m2
0.9 Good Match
AEG Power
Solution Gm
120-450/50Hz 1.5 1 6 10 m2
1.3
The array MPP voltage
may not attain the inverter
minimum voltage for full
power
Aero-Sharp
150-400V//50-
60Hz
0.6 1 3 5 m2
0.7
The array Vmpp at 60 ˚C is
far lower than the inverter
minimum operating
voltage
Afore 120-450V/50Hz 1 1 4 7 m2
0.9
The array Vmpp at 60 ˚C is
far lower than the inverter
minimum operating
voltage
Ainelec 130-350V/50Hz 1.4 1 6 10 m2
1.3 Good Match
Aixcon 125-500V/50Hz 1.3 1 6 10 m2
1.3 Good Match
AOTAI 250-550V/50-60Hz 1.5 1 6 10 m2
1.3 Good Match
PVsystems 22-45V/50Hz 0.3 1 1 2 m2
0.2 Good Match

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Beacon 50-100V/60Hz 4 8 2 26 m2
3.6
The array MPP voltage
may not attain the inverter
minimum voltage for full
power
Benning
GmbH & Co.K
175-680V/50Hz 4 2 9 29 m2
4 Good Match
Beyond Buil-
ding Energy
90-400V/50-60Hz 1 1 4 7 m2
0.9 Good Match
Bonfigloli
Vectron
200-500V/50-60Hz 5 2 10 33 m2
4.5 Good Match
Bosch Power
Tec Gmb
170-550/50Hz 3 1 12 20 m2
2.7 Good Match
BYD 160-400/50Hz 3 1 11 18 m2
2.5
The inverter power is
slightly oversized.
Carlo Gavazzi 100-450V/50Hz 3.3 1 11 18 m2
2.5
For 11 PV modules,
the inverter power is
slightly oversized and
for 12 PV modules,
the array VOC at -10˚C
(12x42V=504V>450V) is
greater than the inverter
absolute maximum input
voltage.
Cefem Solar
System
200-500V/50-60Hz 5 2 10 33 m2
4.5
For 11PV modules,
the array nom. Power
becomes 5.5KW however,
the maximum operating
power at the conditions
specified above is 4.9KW
which is fine also, in this
situation, the needed area
becomes 36 m2.
Shendengen 200-500V/50-60Hz 5 2 10 33 m2
4.5 Good Match
CentroSolar 180-850V/50Hz 3 1 13 21 m2
2.9 Good Match
ChintPower 150-405V/50-60Hz 1.5 1 6 10 m2
1.3 Good Match
Danfos 230-480V/50Hz 2 1 9 15 m2
2 Good Match
Delta Energy 150-450V/50-60Hz 2.5 1 11 18 m2
2.5 Good Match
Eaton 150-405V/50Hz 1.5 1 6 10 m2
1.3 Good Match
Emerson
Control Tech-
nology
200-500V/50-60Hz 5 2 10 33 m2
4.5 Good Match
Siemens 200-500V/50-60Hz 5 2 10 33 m2
4.5 Good Match

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SMA 160-480V/50-60Hz 1.5 1 7 11 m2
1.6
The array maximum
power is greater than the
specified inverter maxi-
mum power but it is fine.
Sun Power 195-550V/60Hz 3.3 1 14 23 m2
3.1 Good Match
Sunways 340-750V/50Hz 2.5 1 14 23 m2
3.1
For 14 PV modules, the
inverter is slightly under-
sized so almost 0.8% from
the array power is lost.
For 12 or 13 PV modules,
the array Vmpp at 60˚C is
lower than the inverter mi-
nimum operating voltage.
This might result in some
under-voltage loss.
Mitsubishi
Electric
200-500V/50-60Hz 5 2 10 33 m2
4.5 Good Match
Hyundai 250-600V/60Hz 3 1 13 21 m2
2.9 Good Match
a. Good match between the inverter and the PV array.
b. The array MPP voltage may not attain the inverter
minimum voltage for full power.
c. The array Vmpp at STC is far lower than the inverter
minimum operating voltage.
d. The inverter power is slightly oversized.
e. The inverter power is slightly undersized.
f. The array maximum power is greater than the specified
inverter maximum power.
Figure 5: Efficiency of the shendengen (PVS005T200) inverter.
For the case study at SU, a 5kWp PV system is to be sized.
To do so, the inverter selected is Shendengen (PVS005T200).
Such inverter has a maximum efficiency around 93.6% as shown
in Figure 5. The chosen inverter presents a good match when
connected to two strings of ten PV modules AEG (AS-P605-250)
each. It is essential to know that a PV system sized at 5kWp is not

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supposed to produce such amount of power constantly. In fact,
several losses due to different parameters have to be considered.
The loss diagram shown in Figure 6 classifies these losses under
the following categories:
Figure 6: Loss diagram of the PV system at SU.
1) Loss due to the temperature.
2) Loss due to the incident irradiation level.
3) Loss due to the PV module quality.
4) Loss due to mismatch phenomenon between strings.
5) Ohmic loss due to wiring.
6) Loss at the inverter level due to its efficiency and its
operation.
Energy balance of the PV system at SU
Table 3: Energy balance over a whole year.
Month
Horizontal Global
Irradiation(kWh/
m²)
Horizontal
Diffuse
irradiation
(kWh/m²)
Ambient Temperature
(ºC)
Global In-
cident in
coll. Plane
((kWh/
m²)
Effective Global,
corr. for IAM and
shadings((kWh/
m²))
Effec-
tive
Energy
at the
Output
of the
Array
(kWh)
Energy
Inject-
ed into
Grid
(kWh)
Perfor-
mance
Ratio
January 125 45.3 18.75 168 164.4 294.5 271.6 0.323
February 122.7 54.8 20.47 150.3 146.5 277 255.9 341
March 176.5 72.8 24.18 196.2 191 338.5 313.5 0.319
April 178.4 85.1 28.32 174.8 169.3 333.2 307.8 0.352
May 214.1 85.9 33.3 192.5 185.9 353.3 326 0.339
June 196.7 94.8 34.34 170.7 164.7 341.1 314.9 0.369
July 182.9 102.9 35.19 162.1 156.5 345.5 318.8 0.393
August 195.1 94.1 34.51 185.5 179.7 347.8 321 0.346

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Septem-
ber
176.7 73.6 31.77 186.7 181.6 325.6 300.3 0.322
October 166 57.8 29.13 199 194.5 330.3 304.9 0.306
Novem-
ber
133.7 46 24.38 179.5 175.4 309.5 286.9 0.32
Decem-
ber
116.3 47.3 20.75 161.8 158 305.4 282.7 0.349
Whole
year
1984.1 860.4 27.97 2127.2 2067.5 3901.7 3604.3 0.339
Table 4: System and net production after losses deduction over one year.
PV Field Orientation Tilt Angle 30 ˚C Azimuth 0°
PV modules Model AS-P605-250 Pnom
250Wp
PV Array Nb. of modules 20 Pnom
total 5.00kWp
Inverter Model PVS005T200, 5kW Pnom 5.00kW ac
Produced Energy: 3604 kWh/year
Specific production:
721kWh/kWp/year
Performance Ratio:
PR=33.89%
Investment: Global incl. taxes 6325€ Specific 1.26€/Wp
Yearly cost Annuities (Loan 5.0%, 20 years):
508€/yr
(Loan 5.0%, 20 years): 508€/yr
Energy cost 0.14€/kWh
Based on the previous analysis and for the PV system sized at SU,
Table 3 shows the energy balance of the system over one year, while
Table 4 estimates the price of one kWh of electricity accordingly.
In fact, the analysis shows that, for the studied case, the electricity
will cost 0.14€/kWh (0.064OMR). This cost might be higher than
the current subsidized electricity price (0.01OMR) but for sure it
won’t be the same situation after several years as electricity price
is getting higher and PV panels are getting cheaper year after year.
The analysis assumes that the PV system is funded through a loan
with 5% interest rate for a period of 20 years.
Conclusion
This paper has reviewed the main issues related to grid
connected PV system design and implementation through a
typical case study of a 5kWp PV installation at SU. The analysis has
demonstrated and validated the effect of different manufacturing
and environmental parameters on the design and performances
of the PV system. The appropriate PV panels and their matching
inverter were selected. PVsyst was used to conduct a thorough
analysis of the complete system design and performance. It was
found that the optimum tilt angle for fixed PV modules installation
at SU location is 10°. Besides, an economic analysis of the whole
system was conducted. Even though the cost of kWh produced by
the PV system was estimated and found still higher compared to the
currently subsidized price, the situation may change significantly in
the near future with the increase of fuel prices and decrease of the
cost of PV systems.
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