Mumbai faces significant challenges from climate change impacts like flooding, coastal inundation, and heat waves due to its low-lying geography and rapid population growth. As India's financial hub, Mumbai is home to over 18 million residents in an area prone to monsoon flooding and vulnerable to sea level rise. The city government has developed climate action plans to improve infrastructure, emergency response, and public awareness of disaster risks, but Mumbai remains highly exposed to climate hazards due to continued development in at-risk areas and other stressors on its urban systems.

1. Case Study: Mumbai
Katy Donald & Thomas Mutell
UESM 634A – Climate Change and Cities
Spring 2013

2. Early History
 Credit to foundation of
the city goes to Raja
Bhimdeva
 Reigned from 1022 AD
to 1064 AD
http://www.mahim.com/et/epage1.htm

3. European Settlement
 In 1534, the Portuguese
obtained the islands and
named it Bom Bahia,
meaning “the good bay”
 The city became an
important trading place
for products such as
tobacco, onyx, rice, silk,
and cotton http://vasai.files.wordpress.com/2007/
06/madh-fort1.jpg
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html

4. British Control
 1672, King Charles II of
England married
Catherine of Bragnaza
and received the city as
part of a dowry
 He rented the city to the
East India Company for
10 pounds of gold a
year http://www.indoislamica.com/images/
PR000088.lg.jpg
 By 1675, the population
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/t
grew from 60,000 from
rading/bombay/history.html

5. A Booming Commercial City
 Bombay became the
commercial capital of
India
 Provided goods in
several markets such as
jewelry, textiles, cotton,
and agriculture
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/tra http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/smitham/
ding/bombay/history.html smith300.jpg

6. Reclamation Process and
19th Century (Mahim, Worli, Parel,
 The original seven islands
Mazagaon, Isle of Bombay, Little Colaba, and
Colaba) were filled in beginning in the early 1800s
 1n 1853, the first Indian railway was created, and
went from Bombay to Thana
 By 1864, there were over 800,000 people living in
the city
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html

7. Reclamation Process
The original Bombay 1893 Bombay 1924 Mumbai 2009
seven islands
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay

8. Geography
https://maps.google.com/maps?
hl=en&q=mumbai&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&bvm=bv.41524429,d.dmQ&biw=7
32&bih=590&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=il

9. Natural Environment
 The city is mostly at sea level
 Highest elevation is 1,450 feet
 Three lakes within city limits: Tulsi Lake, Vihar Lake
and Powai Lake. Tulsi and Vihar provide drinking
water
 Several bays, rivers, creeks, and mangrove swamps
 Soil is sandy due to its proximity to the water
 City in proximity of three fault lines, and can receive
earthquakes up to a 6.5 magnitude
http://www.mumbainet.com/template1.php?CID=15&SCID=3

10. The City
 The largest city in India and the sixth largest city in
the world
 Population over 18 million people
 City is 233 sq miles
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo- http://www.bobzworldcity.com/wp-
s/01/36/90/fb/gate-way-of-india.jpg content/uploads/2011/07/City-of-Mumbai-
India.jpg
http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/357-mumbai-city.html

11. Built Environment
 Huge size – high growth
rate (4% per year)
 Urban Sprawl
 Traffic congestion
 Inadequate sanitation
 Pollution
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-
s/01/36/90/fb/gate-way-of-india.jpg

12. Drainage
 Often blocked by debris
 Exacerbated flooding
 India’s financial district is prone to flooding, built
on landfill area
http://crs-blog.org/wp-
content/uploads/2009/02/ind18
01.jpg

13. Squatter Communities
 Half of Mumbai’s
population
 Inadequate access to
potable water and
sanitation
 Already frequently
flooded
 Past resolution of http://www.myseveralworlds.com/20
09/04/05/slums-around-the-world/
problems: demolish and
relocate

14. Potable Water Capacity
 Depend on rain-fed lakes
 Increasing rainfall
variability causes worry
 World Bank’s Bombay
Water Supply and
Sewage Disposal Projects
1975 to 1995
 Brought water supply to
2,460 million liters per http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2010/06/bombay-
hand-drawn-water-tank-for.html
day; require about 8,000

15. Pollution
 Air pollution equal to
smoking
 Virtually untreated
sewage
http://wowpics.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/10-new-
delhi.jpg

16. NMTV India

17. Climate
http://www.mumbai.climatemps.com/

18. Danger!
 “Climate change and reckless development are
leaving Mumbai increasingly vulnerable to the
elements. A news report on an ongoing climate study
places India's financial capital sixth in a list of 20 port
cities worldwide at risk from severe storm-surge
flooding, damage from high storm winds and rising
seas. By 2070, according to the study, an estimated
11.4 million people and assets worth $1.3 trillion
would be at peril in Mumbai due to climatic
extremes.”
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-12/global-
warming/35067898_1_climate-change-mumbai-oecd-study

19. Monsoon Season
 Normally starts in June and ends in September
 Approximately 98 inches of the annual 106 inches of
precipitation occurs during this time
 In July 2005, the city received 37 inches of rain in
one 24 hour period and killed more than 1,000
people
http://prattinfographicsworkshop.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/03-de-sherbinin-
vulnerability-of-global-cities.pdf

20. Monsoon Season
http://www.mumbairain.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/story8.jpg

21. Monsoon Season
http://files.myopera.com/Amiraj/albums/3759942/mumbai_deluge_TPE_200601
09.jpg

22. Vulnerability
 Precipitation extremes,
more than a flooding
issue
 Coastal, marine, low-
lying issues
 Flat topography
 Perilous building
conditions
 Cyclones
http://www.asiadailywire.com/2012/09/india-vulnerable-
to-climate-change-report-says/  Earthquakes

23. Government Structure
 1882 -Municipal
Corporation of Greater
Mumbai (MCGM)
 Education, Public
Health, Art & Culture,
Heritage Conservation,
Urban Amenities

24. Disaster Management Act
2005
 To substantially
increase public
awareness of disaster
risk so that the public
demands safer
communities in which to
live and work; and
 To significantly reduce
the risks of loss of life,
injuries, economic
costs, and destruction of http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?
228280

25. Climate Change Action Plan
 Prepared by the
Environmental
Department
 Approved August 20,
2009
 Sustainability science
and climate change are
still new areas of study
http://www.ekalavvya.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/08/NationalActionClimateChange.jpg

26. Mitigation
de Sherbinin, Alex, Andres Schiller, and Alex Pulsipher. “The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards.” Environ

27. Mitigation
de Sherbinin, Alex, Andres Schiller, and Alex Pulsipher. “The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards.” Enviro

28. Mitigation
de Sherbinin, Alex, Andres Schiller, and Alex Pulsipher. “The Vulnerability of Globa

29. Similarities to New York
City?