This document discusses affixes and provides examples of common prefixes, suffixes, and how they change the meaning and part of speech of words. It explains that prefixes are added to the beginning of a word and suffixes to the end. Some key points include:
- Prefixes provide added meaning to the base or root word. Common English prefixes and their meanings are discussed.
- Suffixes can also change the meaning of base words or change the part of speech. Common suffixes and their functions are outlined.
- Inflectional suffixes change grammatical features like tense, number, case, etc. without changing word class.
- Derivational suffixes can change the word class by deriving nouns from verbs,
Affixation, compounding, multi - word verbs Mark Bouwens
this presentation is about three of the most common word formation strategies. It covers an outlined discussion of the topic with examples and exercises for mastery. It includes affixation, compounding, phrasal verbs
Morphology is the study of word structures and formation. Words are made up of smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes. Words are formed through processes like prefixation, suffixation, compounding, conversion and others. Understanding morphemes and their combinations reveals the internal structures of words.
Content words provide meaning and information, usually in the form of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Function words are grammatical words like prepositions, articles, and conjunctions that are necessary to connect content words but add little meaning themselves. While function words are important for understanding language, content words give the most important information in a text. The document provides examples of content and function words, and explains their different roles in conveying and structuring information.
This document provides an overview of morphology and defines what constitutes a word. It discusses several definitions of a word, including orthographic, phonological, semantic, and syntactic definitions, and the problems with each. It also describes the differences between words, morphemes, and lexical items. Key topics covered include affixation, compounding, bound vs free morphemes, inflectional vs derivational morphemes, and the formation of complex words through processes like affixation.
This document provides an overview of structural analysis of English syntax, including definitions of key terms and descriptions of paradigms and other aspects of syntax. It discusses inflectional and derivational paradigms for various parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. It also covers intonation patterns, word order, and function words as structural devices used to establish word classes in English.
This document provides a detailed phonetic analysis of vowels in English. It examines tongue position, length, rounding, and nasality of vowels. Tongue position is described based on height in the mouth and which part of the tongue is highest. Length distinguishes long from short vowels. Rounding refers to whether the lips are rounded or spread. The document also discusses how vowels can be distinguished from consonants based on obstruction of air flow and ability to form a syllable nucleus. Diagrams are used to illustrate different tongue positions for front, central, and back vowels.
This document outlines 12 common word formation processes in English: 1) coinage, 2) borrowing, 3) compounding, 4) blending, 5) clipping, 6) acronyms, 7) abbreviations, 8) backformation, 9) conversion, 10) paired word sound play, 11) scale change, and 12) multiple processes. It provides examples to illustrate each process and notes that most words are formed through combining multiple processes.
A noun clause is a group of words that functions as a noun and typically includes a subject and verb. Noun clauses can be used as subjects, subject complements, objects, or objects of prepositions. They often follow verbs and adjectives that express mental activities or opinions and can be used to include questions in statements or report what someone said or asked. There are three types of noun clauses: those introduced by "that", those with wh- words, and those with "if/whether".
Affixation, compounding, multi - word verbs Mark Bouwens
this presentation is about three of the most common word formation strategies. It covers an outlined discussion of the topic with examples and exercises for mastery. It includes affixation, compounding, phrasal verbs
Morphology is the study of word structures and formation. Words are made up of smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes. Words are formed through processes like prefixation, suffixation, compounding, conversion and others. Understanding morphemes and their combinations reveals the internal structures of words.
Content words provide meaning and information, usually in the form of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Function words are grammatical words like prepositions, articles, and conjunctions that are necessary to connect content words but add little meaning themselves. While function words are important for understanding language, content words give the most important information in a text. The document provides examples of content and function words, and explains their different roles in conveying and structuring information.
This document provides an overview of morphology and defines what constitutes a word. It discusses several definitions of a word, including orthographic, phonological, semantic, and syntactic definitions, and the problems with each. It also describes the differences between words, morphemes, and lexical items. Key topics covered include affixation, compounding, bound vs free morphemes, inflectional vs derivational morphemes, and the formation of complex words through processes like affixation.
This document provides an overview of structural analysis of English syntax, including definitions of key terms and descriptions of paradigms and other aspects of syntax. It discusses inflectional and derivational paradigms for various parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. It also covers intonation patterns, word order, and function words as structural devices used to establish word classes in English.
This document provides a detailed phonetic analysis of vowels in English. It examines tongue position, length, rounding, and nasality of vowels. Tongue position is described based on height in the mouth and which part of the tongue is highest. Length distinguishes long from short vowels. Rounding refers to whether the lips are rounded or spread. The document also discusses how vowels can be distinguished from consonants based on obstruction of air flow and ability to form a syllable nucleus. Diagrams are used to illustrate different tongue positions for front, central, and back vowels.
This document outlines 12 common word formation processes in English: 1) coinage, 2) borrowing, 3) compounding, 4) blending, 5) clipping, 6) acronyms, 7) abbreviations, 8) backformation, 9) conversion, 10) paired word sound play, 11) scale change, and 12) multiple processes. It provides examples to illustrate each process and notes that most words are formed through combining multiple processes.
A noun clause is a group of words that functions as a noun and typically includes a subject and verb. Noun clauses can be used as subjects, subject complements, objects, or objects of prepositions. They often follow verbs and adjectives that express mental activities or opinions and can be used to include questions in statements or report what someone said or asked. There are three types of noun clauses: those introduced by "that", those with wh- words, and those with "if/whether".
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It involves breaking words down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes to form words. There are several types of morphemes and word formation processes, including affixes, roots, stems, coinages, borrowing, calquing, and clipping. Morphological analysis involves identifying the morphemes within words.
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It involves the analysis of morphemes like roots, affixes, and stems. There are two main types of morphemes - inflectional morphemes which mark grammatical functions and derivational affixes which can change word categories. Some common word formation processes in English include affixation, compounding, clipping, blending, borrowing, back-formation, and functional shift. Morphemes can be categorized as root morphemes, which have an individual lexical meaning, or non-root morphemes like inflections and affixes.
1. Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of sentences by defining how phrases are formed using categories like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP).
2. A phrase structure tree must match these rules to be grammatical. For example, a simple sentence follows the rule S → NP VP, where a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase.
3. The document outlines phrase structure rules for English including how noun phrases can be expanded to include optional adjectives and prepositional phrases, and verb phrases can include optional noun phrases and prepositional phrases.
This document discusses different types of affixes in grammar:
1. Prefixes and suffixes are bound inflectional or derivational elements added to word stems to form new words or alter word meanings. Examples of common English prefixes and suffixes and their meanings are provided.
2. Infixes are affixes inserted within the base of a word, such as the expletive infix in "fan-bloody-tastic." Confixes are composed of a prefix and suffix added to a root.
3. Other types of affixes discussed include superfixes, circumfixes, and expletive infixes. Various examples from English and other languages are used to illustrate each affix type.
This document discusses different theories of semantics and meaning. It begins by describing early theories that saw meaning as the direct link between words and things. Later theorists argued that meaning involves the relationship between words, concepts, and things, with concepts mediating between words and what they refer to. Meaning was then seen as emerging from the use of words in specific contexts. Later sections discuss theories of sense versus reference, how meaning can be studied quantitatively using methods like "20 questions", and how semantic fields can be used to organize vocabulary.
This document discusses words that do and do not need to be listed in dictionaries. It provides examples of words like "performs" and "performed" that are predictable based on their grammatical rules and do not need to be listed. It explains that words like "pianists" do not need to be listed because their plural form can be predicted by adding "-s" to the singular form. Exceptions to this rule of pluralization are also mentioned, such as words like "children" and "teeth".
This document discusses key concepts in morphology including:
1. Morphology is the study of word structure and formation from morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning.
2. There are two types of morphemes - free morphemes which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes which must be attached to other morphemes.
3. Words are formed through processes like derivation using affixes, compounding, reduplication, blending, clipping, and other methods.
4. Morphology interacts with phonology through morphophonemic rules which determine pronunciation of affixes.
A presentation on English syllables.This is the first part of the presentation. It is about syllabification and its rules. The second part will be about stress on syllables.
This document discusses word morphology and how words can be made longer by adding affixes. It provides the word "pseudoantidisestablishmentarianism" as an example of a word with many morphemes. The document then explains the structure of words, noting that words can have no more than one prefix, one inflectional suffix, and multiple derivational suffixes. It also discusses the differences between derivation, where new words are formed by adding affixes to bases or roots, and inflection, where affixes are added to change a word's form based on grammar rules. Finally, it introduces the concept of analyzing words into their immediate constituents.
This document discusses connected speech in English. It covers topics like assimilation, elision, contractions, word stress, syllables, prominent syllables, tonic stress, rhythm, and weak and strong forms. It provides examples and activities to illustrate these concepts. Connected speech involves changes in sounds, stress and intonation that occur in natural speech when words are spoken together in sentences rather than in isolation.
This document discusses different types of phrases in the English language. It defines what a phrase is and explains that phrases can function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or prepositions. The main types of phrases discussed include noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, verb phrases, infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, participle phrases, and absolute phrases. For each type of phrase, examples are provided and their function in a sentence is explained.
The document discusses morphology, which is the study of word forms and formation. It defines morphemes as the smallest units of meaning or function. Words can be composed of one or more free or bound morphemes. It also discusses derivational and inflectional morphemes, and how they differ in terms of meaning and category changes. Examples are provided to illustrate morphological concepts.
1. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of language that consists of sounds or combinations of sounds represented in text. Words can be formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to root words to create new words.
2. Prefixes and suffixes are added to root words to form new words and change the meaning. Common prefixes include un-, re-, pre-, and non-. Common suffixes include -ly, -ness, -ment, and -ion.
3. Word formation processes like blending, clipping, and compounding can also be used to form new words by combining parts of existing words. Proper spelling changes may apply when adding affixes depending on the word's root.
This document discusses the structure of words in morphology. It defines words, morphemes, and different types of morphemes. There are free and bound morphemes. Lexical morphemes convey meaning while grammatical morphemes provide grammatical information. Derivational affixes create new words while inflectional affixes create word forms. Allomorphs are variant forms of morphemes. The structure of words can be analyzed down to the morpheme level. There is no definite longest word in English because new complex words can always be created by combining morphemes.
A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a root word to change its meaning. Common prefixes include "un", "mis", "sub", and "pre". Prefixes are usually not stressed when added to words. There are some exceptions where stress shifts to the prefix, such as with compounds where the first element is an adjective or number. Stress can also vary between speakers for some words. While prefixes affect word meaning, there are no steadfast rules for how they impact word stress.
The document discusses morphology, which is the study of word structure. It defines morphemes as the smallest units of meaning or grammatical function. Morphemes are classified as either free or bound. The document also discusses inflectional and derivational morphology in English, including common affixes. It provides examples of different word formation processes like compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, and derivation.
The document discusses morphological processes in language. It defines morphemes as the smallest units of meaning in a language. There are lexical morphemes like nouns, verbs, adjectives which convey core meaning, and grammatical morphemes like affixes that express grammatical relationships. Word classes are discussed, with examples of how nouns, verbs, adjectives behave. The document also covers morphological processes like derivation, modification and suppletion that form new words or change word forms.
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It involves breaking words down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes to form words. There are several types of morphemes and word formation processes, including affixes, roots, stems, coinages, borrowing, calquing, and clipping. Morphological analysis involves identifying the morphemes within words.
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It involves the analysis of morphemes like roots, affixes, and stems. There are two main types of morphemes - inflectional morphemes which mark grammatical functions and derivational affixes which can change word categories. Some common word formation processes in English include affixation, compounding, clipping, blending, borrowing, back-formation, and functional shift. Morphemes can be categorized as root morphemes, which have an individual lexical meaning, or non-root morphemes like inflections and affixes.
1. Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of sentences by defining how phrases are formed using categories like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP).
2. A phrase structure tree must match these rules to be grammatical. For example, a simple sentence follows the rule S → NP VP, where a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase.
3. The document outlines phrase structure rules for English including how noun phrases can be expanded to include optional adjectives and prepositional phrases, and verb phrases can include optional noun phrases and prepositional phrases.
This document discusses different types of affixes in grammar:
1. Prefixes and suffixes are bound inflectional or derivational elements added to word stems to form new words or alter word meanings. Examples of common English prefixes and suffixes and their meanings are provided.
2. Infixes are affixes inserted within the base of a word, such as the expletive infix in "fan-bloody-tastic." Confixes are composed of a prefix and suffix added to a root.
3. Other types of affixes discussed include superfixes, circumfixes, and expletive infixes. Various examples from English and other languages are used to illustrate each affix type.
This document discusses different theories of semantics and meaning. It begins by describing early theories that saw meaning as the direct link between words and things. Later theorists argued that meaning involves the relationship between words, concepts, and things, with concepts mediating between words and what they refer to. Meaning was then seen as emerging from the use of words in specific contexts. Later sections discuss theories of sense versus reference, how meaning can be studied quantitatively using methods like "20 questions", and how semantic fields can be used to organize vocabulary.
This document discusses words that do and do not need to be listed in dictionaries. It provides examples of words like "performs" and "performed" that are predictable based on their grammatical rules and do not need to be listed. It explains that words like "pianists" do not need to be listed because their plural form can be predicted by adding "-s" to the singular form. Exceptions to this rule of pluralization are also mentioned, such as words like "children" and "teeth".
This document discusses key concepts in morphology including:
1. Morphology is the study of word structure and formation from morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning.
2. There are two types of morphemes - free morphemes which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes which must be attached to other morphemes.
3. Words are formed through processes like derivation using affixes, compounding, reduplication, blending, clipping, and other methods.
4. Morphology interacts with phonology through morphophonemic rules which determine pronunciation of affixes.
A presentation on English syllables.This is the first part of the presentation. It is about syllabification and its rules. The second part will be about stress on syllables.
This document discusses word morphology and how words can be made longer by adding affixes. It provides the word "pseudoantidisestablishmentarianism" as an example of a word with many morphemes. The document then explains the structure of words, noting that words can have no more than one prefix, one inflectional suffix, and multiple derivational suffixes. It also discusses the differences between derivation, where new words are formed by adding affixes to bases or roots, and inflection, where affixes are added to change a word's form based on grammar rules. Finally, it introduces the concept of analyzing words into their immediate constituents.
This document discusses connected speech in English. It covers topics like assimilation, elision, contractions, word stress, syllables, prominent syllables, tonic stress, rhythm, and weak and strong forms. It provides examples and activities to illustrate these concepts. Connected speech involves changes in sounds, stress and intonation that occur in natural speech when words are spoken together in sentences rather than in isolation.
This document discusses different types of phrases in the English language. It defines what a phrase is and explains that phrases can function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or prepositions. The main types of phrases discussed include noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, verb phrases, infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, participle phrases, and absolute phrases. For each type of phrase, examples are provided and their function in a sentence is explained.
The document discusses morphology, which is the study of word forms and formation. It defines morphemes as the smallest units of meaning or function. Words can be composed of one or more free or bound morphemes. It also discusses derivational and inflectional morphemes, and how they differ in terms of meaning and category changes. Examples are provided to illustrate morphological concepts.
1. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of language that consists of sounds or combinations of sounds represented in text. Words can be formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to root words to create new words.
2. Prefixes and suffixes are added to root words to form new words and change the meaning. Common prefixes include un-, re-, pre-, and non-. Common suffixes include -ly, -ness, -ment, and -ion.
3. Word formation processes like blending, clipping, and compounding can also be used to form new words by combining parts of existing words. Proper spelling changes may apply when adding affixes depending on the word's root.
This document discusses the structure of words in morphology. It defines words, morphemes, and different types of morphemes. There are free and bound morphemes. Lexical morphemes convey meaning while grammatical morphemes provide grammatical information. Derivational affixes create new words while inflectional affixes create word forms. Allomorphs are variant forms of morphemes. The structure of words can be analyzed down to the morpheme level. There is no definite longest word in English because new complex words can always be created by combining morphemes.
A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a root word to change its meaning. Common prefixes include "un", "mis", "sub", and "pre". Prefixes are usually not stressed when added to words. There are some exceptions where stress shifts to the prefix, such as with compounds where the first element is an adjective or number. Stress can also vary between speakers for some words. While prefixes affect word meaning, there are no steadfast rules for how they impact word stress.
The document discusses morphology, which is the study of word structure. It defines morphemes as the smallest units of meaning or grammatical function. Morphemes are classified as either free or bound. The document also discusses inflectional and derivational morphology in English, including common affixes. It provides examples of different word formation processes like compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, and derivation.
The document discusses morphological processes in language. It defines morphemes as the smallest units of meaning in a language. There are lexical morphemes like nouns, verbs, adjectives which convey core meaning, and grammatical morphemes like affixes that express grammatical relationships. Word classes are discussed, with examples of how nouns, verbs, adjectives behave. The document also covers morphological processes like derivation, modification and suppletion that form new words or change word forms.
The document discusses rules for spelling and grammar in the English language, including:
1) Doubling consonants in words ending in a single vowel before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, and exceptions to this rule.
2) Adding suffixes to words ending in silent 'e' or 'y'.
3) Forming plurals of nouns ending in letters like 'o', 'ch', and 'f'.
4) Spelling words derived from other languages and exceptions to typical spelling patterns.
This document provides an introduction to word classes and parts of speech. It discusses the different types of nouns, including common nouns, proper nouns, countable nouns, and uncountable nouns. It also covers adjectives and how they are used to describe nouns. Finally, it examines verbs and the different verb forms, including main verbs, auxiliary verbs, and the perfect and progressive aspects. The document is intended to teach the basics of grammar and parts of speech.
The document provides information on how to overcome reading difficulties by focusing on vocabulary, grammatical structure, and reading strategies. It discusses analyzing word structures like prefixes, suffixes, and roots to determine word meanings. Common prefixes are listed that convey quantities or negate meanings. Exercises are included to practice identifying prefixes and suffixes.
This document discusses word building through affixation and provides examples of prefixes, suffixes, and rules for adding suffixes to words. It explains that prefixes are added to the beginning of words to modify meaning, while suffixes are added to the end. Common English prefixes like in- and suffixes like -able are examined, along with guidelines for spelling words with different suffixes.
This document provides an overview of different parts of speech including nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. It discusses the different types and subclasses of nouns such as proper nouns, common nouns, abstract nouns, count nouns and noncount nouns. It also covers how to form plurals of nouns and the different groups of pronouns.
This document discusses the differences between derivational and inflectional morphology. It explains that inflectional morphology involves changing existing words to indicate grammatical components like number, tense, and person, while derivational morphology involves creating new words by changing the meaning or part of speech. The document provides examples of inflectional affixes in English like -s, -ing, and -ed. It also discusses regular and irregular inflection. Finally, it covers the different types of derivational affixes, including class-changing affixes that modify part of speech and class-maintaining affixes that modify meaning.
This document defines and provides examples of the 8 parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it discusses key types and how they are used in sentences. It also covers noun number and gender agreements, as well as how adjectives and adverbs form comparisons.
Parts of speech are the building blocks of grammar and are classified into nine main categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, preposition, interjection, article, and pronoun. The document provides details on the definition, identification, and formation of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs through inflectional and derivational morphemes. Nouns are names of people, places, things, or ideas and can take different roles in a sentence. Verbs express actions and take different forms to express tense. Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns and can be formed through suffixes. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and can be formed through suffixes or
This document discusses morphology, which is the study of word structure and formation. It covers topics such as morphemes, derivation, compounding, inflection, and morphological phenomena. Some key points include:
- Morphology analyzes the structure of words and how new words are created.
- Words can consist of free or bound morphemes. Affixes like prefixes and suffixes can derive new words from bases.
- Compounding involves combining two existing words into a single new word, usually a noun, verb, or adjective.
- Inflection changes a word's form to indicate grammatical properties through processes like pluralization, verb conjugation, and comparative/superlative forms.
The document discusses several topics related to language including:
1. Children learn language swiftly without much instruction and all languages have a sound system, vocabulary, and grammar.
2. Language varies based on social contexts as speakers use different styles and subdialects, and language naturally changes over time.
3. The second section discusses parts of speech and provides true/false statements about nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, and interjections.
This document provides information about adverbs - their use and formation. It defines adverbs as words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or entire phrases/clauses. The document discusses the different types of adverbs including manner, time, place, degree, frequency. It also explains how to form adverbs from adjectives by adding "-ly" or changing the adjective ending. Some adverbs are irregular and have the same form as the adjective. In summary, the document is an overview of adverbs that defines them, gives examples of their use, and explains their typical formation from adjectives.
This document provides information about adverbs - their use and formation. It defines adverbs as words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or entire phrases/clauses. The document discusses the different types of adverbs including manner, time, place, degree, frequency. It also explains how to form adverbs from adjectives by adding "-ly" or changing word endings like "-le" to "-ly" or "-y" to "-ily". Some adverbs are irregular and don't follow typical formation rules. In addition, phrases can also serve as adverbs.
This document provides information about adverbs, including their definition, use, and formation. It states that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs to express manner, place, time, degree or other circumstances. It describes the different types of adverbs such as time, place, degree, frequency, and manner. It also discusses how adverbs are typically formed by adding -ly, but some adjectives form adverbs irregularly or have double forms. The document is intended to teach students about the use and formation of adverbs in the English language.
This document provides information about adverbs, including their definition, use, and formation. It states that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs to express manner, place, time, degree or other circumstances. It describes the different types of adverbs such as manner, time, place, degree, and frequency. It explains that many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to adjectives, but some adjectives ending in -le, -y, or -ic add suffixes other than -ly. It also notes that some adverbs have irregular formations or the same form as their related adjective.
This document provides information about adverbs - their use and formation. It defines adverbs as words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or entire phrases/clauses. The document discusses the different types of adverbs including manner, time, place, degree, frequency. It also explains how to form adverbs from adjectives by adding "-ly" or changing the adjective ending. Some adverbs are irregular and have the same form as the adjective. In summary, the document is an overview of adverbs that defines them, gives examples of their use, and explains their typical formation from adjectives.
This document provides information about adverbs, including their definition, use, and formation. It states that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs to express manner, place, time, degree or other circumstances. It describes the different types of adverbs such as manner, time, place, degree, and frequency. It explains that many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to adjectives, but some adjectives ending in -le, -y, or -ic add suffixes other than -ly. It also notes that some adverbs have irregular formations or the same form as their related adjective.
This document provides information about adverbs - their use and formation. It defines adverbs as words that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or entire phrases/clauses. The document discusses the different types of adverbs including manner, time, place, degree, frequency. It also explains how to form adverbs from adjectives by adding "-ly" or changing word endings like "-le" to "-ly" or "-y" to "-ily". Some adverbs are irregular and don't follow typical formation rules. In addition, phrases can act as adverbs.
The document defines nouns and their types and provides examples. It explains that nouns name people, places, things, and ideas. There are different types of nouns including common, proper, compound, collective, concrete, and abstract. The document also discusses how to form the plural and possessive forms of nouns and lists exceptions to standard rules.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
3. AffixesA letter or group of letters added
to the beginning or end of a
word to change its meaning.
To expand such words,
appendages (affixes) are added at
either the beginning or at the end
of the word.
4. Affixes
Most English words are made up
of the base word known as root
which contains the heart of the
meaning of the word.
The root is central to the building
of new words.
5. Prefix Root word Suffix New word
Dis- advantag
e
ous disadvantageous
Un- help
ful unhelpful
Un- forgive
able unforgivable
Im- measure
able immeasurable
6.
7.
8. Common prefixes and their
meanings
Prefix Meaning Example
Ab- away from absent, abnormal
Ad- to, toward advance, addition
After- later, behind aftermath,
afterward
Anti- against, opposed antibiotic,
antigravity
Auto- self automobile,
autobiography
9. Common prefixes and their
meanings
Prefix Meaning Example
Be- make believe, belittle
Bi- two bicycle, biceps
Com, con, co- with, together commune,
concrete
Contra- against contradict,
contrary
De- downward, undo deflate, defect
10. Common prefixes and their
meanings
Prefix Meaning Example
Deci- ten decibels, decimal
Dis- not dislike, distrust
E, ex- out of, prior to explain, expense
En, em- in, into, cover engage, employ
Extra- outside extravagant,
extraterrestrial
11. Common prefixes and their
meanings
Prefix Meaning Example
Im- not impose, imply
In- into, not include, incurable
Inter- among interact, internal
Macro- large macroeconomics,
macrobiotic
Magni- great magnify,
magnificent
12. Common prefixes and their
meanings
Prefix Meaning Example
Mega- huge megaphone,
megabucks
Micro- small microscope,
microbe
Mis- wrongly mistake, mislead
Non- not nonsense,
nonviolent
Over- above, beyond overflow, overdue
13. meanings
Prefix Meaning Example
Post- after postdate,
postmark
Pre- before, prior to preheat,
prehistoric
Pro- in favor of protest, protect
Re- again repeat, revise
Sub- under, beneath submarine,
subject
Super- above, beyond superior,
supernatural
14. meanings
Prefix Meaning Example
Tele- far telescope, telephone
Trans- across transfer, transit
Tri- three tricycle, triangle
Un- not unknown, unjust
Ultra- beyond ultraviolet, ultra
suede
Under- beneath, below underneath,
underline
Uni- one, single unicorn, uniform
15. Im-
Is placed before bilabial sounds /p, b, m/ as
in:
balance imbalance
patient impatient
moral immoral
modest immodest
practical impractical
perfect imperfect
16. In-
Is used before alveolar and velar sounds /d, k, s/ and the
labio-dental fricative /v/
visible invisible
direct indirect
dependent independent
consistent inconsistent
definite indefinite
credible incredible
curable incurable
17. Ir-
Is used before r
regular irregular
resistible irresistible
resolute irresolute
relevant irrelevant
responsible irresponsible
reparable irreparable
18. Il-
Is used before i
logical illogical
legal illegal
legitimate illegitimate
literate illiterate
24. Suffixes
A letter or a group of letters that is
added to the end of a word to change
its meaning or to form a different
word.
Are groups of letters added after a
base word or root.
25. Common suffixes and their
meanings
Suffix Meaning Example
-able capable of being;
that can or must
be
taxable,
changeable,
comfortable
-age state, act, or
process of, result
of
postage, bandage
-al belonging to magical, verbal,
betrayal
-ance act of, state of dominance,
ignorance
26. Common suffixes and their
meanings
Suffix Meaning Example
-ary place for;
connected with
budgetary,
planetary
-cy state of being democracy,
conspiracy
-er one who is; a
person or thing
that
teacher, singer,
lover
-ful having the
qualities of; full
of
sorrowful,
forgetful, handful
27. Common suffixes and their
meanings
Suffix Meaning Example
-ist one whose
profession is
dentist, chemist,
specialist
-less lacking, without sleeveless,
selfless, tireless
-ly in the manner of happily, stupidly
-ment the action or
result of
development,
bombarment
28. Common suffixes and their
meanings
Suffix Meaning Example
-ness state of; the
quality of
blindness,
goodness,
dryness
-ous the nature of or
having quality of
poisonous,
glorious
-tion act of education,
cooperation
-dom the condition or
state of
freedom,
kingdom
29. Inflectional
suffix/morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful
unit of a word.
They change the meaning of the root word.
Inflection is a major category of
morphology.
When suffixes are added to words to realize
morphemes such as present, past, present
participle, plural, they are said to be
inflectional.
31. Derivational Suffixes
Derivation is the opposite of inflection.
It consists of adding an affix or affixes to
the root or stem of the word.
New words are derived.
Example:
adjective noun adverb
gentle gentleness gently
32. Class-Maintaining Derivational
Suffixes
Examples of class-maintaining
derivational suffixes are –age, -ful, -
ry, -cy, -hood, -ship, -ate, -ure, -ic, -
ster, -dom, -ism, -ee, -eer.
They are used to convert noun to
another noun that mean something
different.
34. Class-Maintaining Derivational
Suffixes
-ure -ster
Impostor imposture young youngster
portrait portraiture trick trickster
-ate -dom
emir emirate king kingdom
triumvirs triumvirate duke dukedom
-ee -ism
grant grantee critic criticism
devotion devotee journal journalism
35. Class-Changing Derivational
Suffixes
Under the suffixes that can change word
from one grammatical class to another, we
have basically four groups.
They are:
Noun Suffixes
Verb Suffixes
Adjective Suffixes
Adverb Suffixes
36. Noun Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-dom state of being freedom
-hood state of being manhood
-ness state of being dimness
-ice act of being cowardice
-ation act of being flirtation
-ion act of being intercession
-sion act of scansion
-tion state of being corruption
37. Noun Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-ment act of argument
-ship state of being
friendship
-ance act of continuance
-ence act of precedence
-ancy state of being currency
38. -ism act of baptism
-ery quality of bravery
-eer one who auctioneer
-ist one who fascist
believes in
-or one who debtor
-er one who worker
40. Adjective Suffix
Suffix Meaning Example
-ful full of hateful
-ish resembling foolish
-ate to make affectionate
-ic, -ical resembling angelic
-ive having prospective
-ous full of zealous
41. Adjective Suffix
Suffix Meaning Example
-ulent full of fraudulent
-less without fatherless
-able, -ible capable of peaceable
-ed having spirited
-ly resembling womanly
-like resembling childlike
43. Derivation Of Words From One
Grammatical Class To Another
1. Conversion of Verb to Noun
-to derive nouns from verbs, the
noun forming suffixes are added to
the verb and new are formed.
45. Verbs that end in –ate drop e and replace with –
ion
illustrate illustration
enumerate enumeration
iii. –ation
The suffix –ation is added to some verbs
ending in –ise. The final e is dropped before
the addition of -ation.
improvise improvisation
derive derivation
46. Still on –ation, if the verb ends in ke, ke
is replaced by c before the suffix.
revoke revocation
provoke provocation
Verbs that end in –ain or –aim will drop
the i to take –ation
declaim declamation
explain explanation
47. With different suffixes
entertain entertainment
maintain maintenance
sustain sustenance
iv. –ication
Some verbs ending in –ify drop the y
and replace it with –ication
beatify beatification
solidify solidification
49. demolish demolition
abolish abolition
Other –ish ending words take different suffixes.
banish banishment
furnish furniture/furnishing
embellish embelishment
-ition can also be attached to verbs ending in –it.
exhibit exhibition
inhibit inhibition
prohibit prohibition
50. vi. –ution
Verbs ending in –olve have the ve replaced
by –ution.
revolve revolution
evolve evolution
vii. –sion
is applied to some words ending in –ise with
the e dropped.
revise revision
supervise supervision
51. Some words ending in –de drop this ending
to take –sion to form a noun.
collide collision
decide decision
-sion is also added to verbs ending in it.
The t is dropped and replaced by –sion to
form noun.
avert aversion
divert diversion
52. viii. Double s suffix –ssion
This occurs with verbs ending in –ee or –ede.
accede accession
proceed procession
-ssion is also attracted by some verbs ending in
–it.
emit emission
transmit transmission
53. ix. –ant, -ent
celebrate celebrant
adhere adherent
x. –ance, -ence
Verbs with final e drop the e to
add –ance. Other verbs without final
e also take –ance.
54. -ance nouns -ance nouns
Verbs with final e Verbs without final e
tolerate tolerance react reactance
ignore ignorance clear clearance
-ence nouns -ence nouns
Verbs with final e Verbs without
final e
confide confidence abhorabhorrence
adhere adherence absent absence
55. xi. –ism, -ysis
These suffixes are usually applied to
adjectives and nouns.
criticise criticism
plagiaries plagiarism
56. The suffix –ysis is usually found in scientific
vocabulary:
analyse analysis
electrolyse electrolysis
xii. –al
acquit acquittal
betray betrayal
arouse arousal
rehearse rehearsal
57. xiii. –age
is generally attached to nouns but in
some cases, it is attached to verbs to form
nouns:
cleave cleavage
use usage
waste wastage
post postage
*Note that the e ending in the verb is dropped.
58. xiv. –ry, -ery
A few verbs are converted to
nouns by the suffix –ry. The two
suffixes are usually attached to nouns.
bake bakery
brew brewery
water watery
59. xv. –ure
The suffix –ure converts a few verbs to
nouns. Verbs that end in consonants will just
take –ure, but those that end in e drop the e
before –ure.
fail failure
proceed procedure
erase erasure
post posture
60. xvi. –acy
Some verbs are converted to
nouns by the use of –acy.
conspire
conspiracy
advocate advocacy
61. xvii. Action Suffixes
These are suffixes which describe
the actions or occupations of people
or the uses of things.
They include –er, -or, -ant and –
ist (or –yst). We also have –ar which
is a rare usage.
62. -er -or
betray betrayer act actor
teach teacher vend vendor
-ant -ar
depend dependant beg beggar
aspire aspirant lie liar
63. -ist -yst
apologise apologist catalyse catalyst
dramatise dramatist
xviii. –ing, -ee, -and
The last batch of verb to noun suffixes
are –ing, -ee, -and.
64. -ing
The present participle of a verb is
sometimes used as a noun ending in –
ing.
His singing and dancing was well
appreciated.
66. 2. Conversion of Verbs to
Adjectives
The following suffixes are added
to verbs to form adjectives: -able,
-ible, -ous, -ive, -ory, -ant, -ent, -
some, -f.
67. i. -able
Some verbs ending in consonants take
able without any alteration but if the
basic verb end in –ate, this end is
dropped and replaced with able.
accept acceptable
comfort comfortable
appreciate appreciable
68. If the basic verb ends in ce the e is retained
but if it ends in y after a consonant, the y
is replaced by i.
enforce enforceable
pity pitiable
The rule however is not robber-stamped s
apply is applicable not *’appliable’.
69. If the basic verb ends in e after a
consonant or after s, the e is usually
dropped.
admire admirable
prove provable
The adjective for despise is however
despicable.
70. Finally, if the basic verb ends in y after
a vowel, the y is retained.
convey conveyable
pay payable
play playable
71. ii. –ible
The number of verbs taking –ible as
suffix is limited. It is often more
attracted to nouns. When added to verbs
that end in e, the e is dropped, but when
the verbs ends in t or d, the last letter is
dropped replaced with-sible or –ssible.
73. iii. –ous
The suffix –ous can be added to a
few verbs to form adjective.
disaster disastrous
pretend pretentious
ponder ponderous
74. iv. –ory
This suffix can be added to only few verbs
to form adjectives.
declaim declamatory
exclaim exclamatory
explain explanatory
*note that the i in ai in these words is
dropped.
75. v. –ive
The suffix –ive can be attached to many
verbs to derive adjective. Words that end in
e drop the e before the suffix but those that
end in consonants will simply take the
suffix.
decorate decorative
indicate indicative
construct constructive
instruct instructive
76. In some words d is replaced by s and some
others take the suffix –ative.
conclude conclusive
decide decisive
represent representative
affirm affirmative
77. Other examples are:
apprehend apprehensive
comprehend comprehensive
*d is dropped and –sive added
permit permissive
admit admissive
submit submissive
*t is dropped and -ssive is added
78. vi. –al
The adjectives formed with –al
derived from verbs are:
criticize critical
equivocate equivocal
-This suffix is commonly used in the
conversion of nouns to adjectives.
79. vii. –ant, -ent
As in the formation of nouns from
verbs, these suffixes can also be used to
form adjectives.
please pleasant
repent repentant
decay decadent
defy defiant
80. viii. –some, -ful
Some adjectives ending in some derived
from verbs are:
cumber cumbersome
tire tiresome
The suffix –ful is attached to few verbs. It is
more attached to many nouns to form
adjectives.
mourn mournful
revenge revengeful
81. 3. Conversion of Adjectives to
Nouns
Adjectives are converted to nouns by use of
the following suffixes: -ness, -ity, -ion, -
acy, -ery, -ry, -ment, -ism, -ance, -ancy,
-ence, -ency, -escence.
i. -ness
happy happiness
busy business
saintly saintliness
82. ii. –ity
The suffix –ity is added to some words
without any alteration. In some cases, the e that
ends the base adjective is dropped.
fluid fluidity
humid humidity
senior seniority
infinite infinity
diverse diversity
plural plurality
83. iii. –ion
A few adjectives attract the suffix –
ion to form nouns.
abject abjection
discreet discretion
iv. –acy, -ery, -ry, -ment
Only few adjectives attract these
suffixes to form nouns. They are:
85. v. –ism
is mostly used for converting
nouns to nouns.
Monetary Monetarism
American Americanism
Mystic Mysticism
86. vi. –ance, -ancy, -ence, -ency
These four suffixes are common in converting
adjectives to nouns.
-ant to –ance
abundant abundance
attendant attendance
elegant elegance
87. -ant to –ancy
constant constancy
hesitant hesitancy
infant infancy
-ent to –ence
prominent prominence
subsistent subsistence
reticent reticence
89. vii. –escence
Adjectives ending in escent form
nouns ending in escence.
Convalescent convalescence
Fluorescent fluorescence
viii. –iety
anxious anxiety
various variety
90. 4. Conversion of Nouns to
Adjectives
The suffixes for converting
nouns to adjectives are: -y, -ly, -
ish, -ous, -ic, -ical, -ary, -ar, -ful,
-less, -al, -ial, -eal, -ate, -ine, -
ian, -ean, -ese, -en, -esque, -able,
-ible, -ose, -iac.
91. i. –y, -ly
i. haze hazy
lace lacy
day daily
friend friendly
week weekly
ii. –ish
book bookish
boy boyish
92. iii. –ous
Apart from using –ous to convert
verbs to adjectives and adjectives to
nouns, it can also be used to convert
nouns to adjectives.
poison poisonous
space spacious
glamour glamorous
number numerous
mischief mischievous
93. iv. –ic, -ics, -ical
athlete athletic
tone tonic
drama dramatic
When applied to special studies the suffix –ic is
pluralized. Adjectives formed from such nouns
drop the s and extend suffix to –ical.
Ethics ethical
Economics economical
Politics political
94. v. –ary, -ar
-ary
budget budgetary
diet dietary
element elementary
-ar
molecule molecular
nucleus nuclear
line linear
95. vi. –ful
care careful
doubt doubtful
joy joyful
wonder wonderful
-less
art artless
care careless
fear fearless
96. 5. Conversion of Nouns to
Verbs
Some nouns can be converted to verbs by
the addition of the following suffixes:
-en (or –n), -ify (or fy), -ise (or ize), and
–ate
i. –en (or –n)
length lengthen
strength strengthen
height heighten
98. 6. Conversion of Adjectives to
Verbs
A common suffix for this purpose is –en or the
prefix en- as in:
black blacken
bright brighten
deep deepen
large enlarge
rich enrich
dear endear
99.
100. CIRCUMFIXES
Are affixes that “surround” the
word, attaching to the
beginning and end of the
word.
Circumfixes are common in
Malay and Georgian.
101. Examples:
en en in enlighten
em en in embolden
un ness in
unconsciousness
un ably in unbelievably
un able in unbelievable
un ly in unlikely
re s in rewrites