The fluid mosaic model developed by S. Jonathan and Garth Nicolson in 1972 describes the structure of the cell membrane. According to this model, the cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipids with proteins dispersed throughout. The phospholipids are amphipathic, with polar heads on the outer surface interacting with water and nonpolar tails in the interior. Cholesterol molecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, making the membrane less permeable. Membrane proteins can be peripheral, attached to the external surface, or intrinsic, embedded within the phospholipid bilayer. Carbohydrates are attached to proteins and lipids on the external cell surface forming the glycocalyx.
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
Enzymes mechanism of action, their specificity types, active center structure and action, inhibitor types, fisher and Koshlend theory are presented. Enzymes classification, a new class of enzymes discovered recently, detailed explanation of each class reaction types is presented as well
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
Enzymes mechanism of action, their specificity types, active center structure and action, inhibitor types, fisher and Koshlend theory are presented. Enzymes classification, a new class of enzymes discovered recently, detailed explanation of each class reaction types is presented as well
This presentation is all about cell membrane transport. It contain different ways of transport of different substances in and out of cell membrane, along with active and passive mechanism.
This presentation is all about cell membrane transport. It contain different ways of transport of different substances in and out of cell membrane, along with active and passive mechanism.
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in: cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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5. Fluid mosaic model
In 1972, S. Jonathan and Garth Nicolson
developed the fluid mosaic model.
According to this model, a membrane is a double
layer of proteins and phospholipids
Bilipid layer
The word mosaic refers the different types of
proteins dispersed in phospholipids
6. Cell membrane is made up of?
proteins lipids carbohydrates
cholesterol phospholipids
7. Points of fluid mosaic model
Phospholipids:
One is polar end and other is non-polar end. The polar end
on the outer side of cell structure, where as non polar is
facing the middle of bilayer
The polar spherical heads are located over the surface of
cell these are water attracting (hydrophilic)
The tales inside the heads are nonpolar, these are
hydrophobic means water hatting.
Polar end
(hydrophilic)
Nonpolar end
(hydrophobic)
8. Cholesterol
Molecules of cholesterol are embedded in the
interior side of membrane
Helps to make the membrane less permeable to
water soluble substance
Helps to provide rigid structure and stabilize the
membrane.
9. So you can see the cholesterol in
the cell membrane
10. Membrane proteins
Peripheral proteins: Proteins which are attached
on outer membrane side
Intrinsic proteins or Integral proteins: these
proteins are embedded in surface of cell
membrane
Intrinsic proteins helps in the movement of ions in
and out of the cell through cell membrane
11. So you can see different types of
proteins in the structure of cell
membrane
13. Carbohydrates in cell
membrane
Carbohydrates are attached with the proteins
These are known as Glyco-proteins
Carbohydrates are attaches with lipids molecules
These are known as Glyco-lipids
14. Information about glycocalyx
Carbohydrates + proteins + lipids =
glycocalyx
Glycocalyx is key component of cell act as
finger
print
Helps in cell to cell recognization
