Structure and function of immune system
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) refers to a group of genes that code for cell surface molecules that present peptide fragments to T cells and help the immune system distinguish self from non-self. MHC molecules play a key role in transplant rejection and disease susceptibility. There are two major classes of MHC molecules - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8 T cells while Class II molecules present extracellular peptides to CD4 T cells. Cytokines are chemical messengers that mediate communication between immune cells and are involved in processes like inflammation, hematopoiesis, and antiviral responses. Dysregulation of cytokines can lead to conditions like septic shock and cytokine storm.
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Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
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12 cellular basis of imune response
1) Antigen processing and presentation involves extracellular and intracellular proteins being degraded into peptides and bound to MHC class I or II molecules. These peptide-MHC complexes are expressed on antigen presenting cells and recognized by T cells to initiate an immune response.
2) T cells are activated through recognition of peptide-MHC complexes by their T cell receptors along with co-stimulatory signals. Activated T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory T cells.
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Immune System - The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
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Formation of immune cells - Immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
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Cell-Mediated Immniyty 3 …………………………..ppt
This document summarizes cell-mediated immunity. It discusses that adaptive immunity has two effector mechanisms: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies, and cellular immunity mediated by cells that detect and eliminate intracellular pathogens. Cell-mediated immunity is carried out by cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. The activation of naive T cells requires interaction with antigen-presenting cells and co-stimulatory signals. Effector T cells secrete cytokines and express surface molecules that activate macrophages and induce target cell death. T regulatory cells also play an important role in regulating immune responses.
Cell-Mediated immunity …………………………………….ppt
This document summarizes cell-mediated immunity. It discusses that adaptive immunity has two effector mechanisms: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies, and cellular immunity mediated by cells that detect and eliminate intracellular pathogens. Cell-mediated immunity is carried out by cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. The activation of naive T cells requires interaction with antigen-presenting cells and co-stimulatory signals. Effector T cells secrete cytokines and express surface molecules that activate macrophages and induce target cell death. T regulatory cells also play an important role in regulating immune responses.
Cell-Mediated Immniyty 2……………………………..ppt
Cell-mediated immunity involves the detection and elimination of intracellular pathogens and tumor cells by cells of the immune system. It is mediated by T cells, including CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ T helper cells. CD8+ T cells directly kill infected cells through release of perforins and granzymes, while CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines that activate macrophages and other immune cells. Natural killer cells and macrophages also contribute to cell-mediated immunity through non-specific cytotoxic mechanisms. The activation and differentiation of T cells requires recognition of antigen presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells as well as co-stimulatory signals. Cytokines further regulate the development of T cell subsets such as Th1 and Th
Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
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Cytokines
immune system
Cytokines and hla complex
Cytokines are small protein molecules that are secreted by immune cells and other cells to regulate the immune system and inflammatory response. There are over 200 identified cytokines including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, and colony stimulating factors. Cytokines act in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine fashion through cell surface receptors. They have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, and antagonistic properties and can induce cytokine cascades. The major histocompatibility complex proteins present antigen peptides and help the immune system distinguish self from non-self. Diseases have been associated with alleles of these histocompatibility genes.
Microbial attraction with the pathogen..
This ppt contain information how the pathogen interact with the host and how the host respond to pathogen
killer cells.ppt
Killer cells, including natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells, play an important role in the immune system by killing tumor cells and cells infected by viruses. NK cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that recognize and kill aberrant cells through surface receptors. Cytotoxic T cells are lymphocytes that express both T cell receptors and NK cell receptors, and kill infected cells through secretory lysosome exocytosis and release of cytotoxic granzymes and perforin. The functions of killer cells are tightly regulated through mechanisms like inhibitory receptor signaling and cytokine production, especially interferon gamma, to ensure targeted killing of harmful cells.
HLA and cytokines.ppt
1) The HLA (MHC) genes encode cell surface proteins that present antigens to the immune system and are important for determining compatibility in transplantation. They are codominantly expressed and polymorphic with multiple alleles in populations.
2) MHC genes can be divided into classes I, II, and III. Class I genes present antigens to cytotoxic T cells and are expressed on most cells. Class II genes present antigens to helper T cells and are expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells.
3) Antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells activate T cells by presenting antigen through MHC molecules along with co-stimulatory signals. This activation induces T cell proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production.
Lymphocytic cells involved in human immune system
This slide share was basically based on the immune system of human regarding the cellular activity involve to save human body against any pathogenic attack and we are talking about the lymphatic cells wich are T cells B cells natural kills T cell (NKT) innate lymphatic cells and their functions in our body.
HLA and antigen presentation
HLA refers to Human Leukocyte Antigens. HLA forms part of the major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates. Peptides from intracellular pathogens are carried to the cell surface by MHC class I and MHC class II and presented to CD4 T cells. Antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells present MHC class II antigens to CD4 T cells, while all nucleated cells present MHC class I antigens.
Immunostimulants and suppresants.pptx
Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against disease-causing organisms.
The immune system refers to a collection of cells, chemicals and processes that function to protect the body from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.
The structural and chemical barriers which protect us from infection, the immune system can be classified into two “lines of defense”: innate immunity and adaptive immunity
5. MHC.ppt
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present peptide antigens to T cells and are highly polymorphic. MHC molecules are classified into three main classes - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, Class II present extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells, and Class III genes encode complement proteins. MHC molecules have a peptide-binding groove that binds short peptides for presentation to T cells. MHC polymorphism generates a diverse repertoire of molecules that can present a wide variety of peptides and mount immune responses against pathogens.
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Structure and function of immune system
- 1. MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX • What is MHC? • Significance of MHC • MHC genes &their products • Structure of MHC molecules • Difference btw MHC class1 & class II molecules • Regulation of MHC expression ,MHC restriction • MHC and disease susceptibility • HLA typing Methods • Cytokines • Major classes • Properties • Structure • Functions • Cytokines and diseases • Cytokines in therapeutics
- 2. What is MHC • Group of genes coding for set of host cell surface molecules that bind to peptide fragments of pathogens, express them on host cell surface for recognition by appropriate T lymphocytes. Significance • Enormous polymorphism of the MHC thereby protection against wide array of microorganisms. • Serve as cell surface markers that help infected cells to signal cytotoxic and helper T cells. • Transplant rejection. • MHC molecules unique identifier for everyone.
- 4. MHC GENES & THEIR PRODUCTS HLA complex coding for MHC proteins are located in short arm of chromosome 6. The genes are clustered in 3 regions MHC I,II,III
- 5. STRUCTURE OF MHC MOLECULE
- 7. DIFFERENCE BTW MHC CLASS I & CLASS II MOLECULE
- 8. REGULATION OF MHC EXPRESSION 1)Transcription factors-CIITA & RFX regulate promotor sequences present at the 5’ end of MHC genes. Both bind to MHC II promotor genes and increase their transcription Defects in CIITA & RFX –Bare lymphocyte syndrome(severe downregulation of HLA class I and/or class II molecules) 2)Cytokines IFN-ℽ Activates MHC I & MHC II promotor genes IL-4 increases expression of MHC II molecules on resting B cells 3)Corticosteroids & prostaglandins decrease the expression of MHC II molecules. 4)Viral infections-Viral antigens inhibit various components of MHC-I Adenovirus inhibits TAP CMV inhibits ꞵ-2 microglobulin
- 10. MHC RESTRICTION • T cells respond to processed antigens on macrophages and other accessory cells only when they are presented along with the self MHC antigen. • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can kill and lyse the virus infected target cells only when the T cell and target cell are of the same type so that T lymphocyte can recognize Class I antigen on target cells. • Helper T cells can recognize and process antigens presented by macrophages only when the macrophages bear the same class II MHC molecules on the surface.
- 11. MHC(HLA) AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY
- 12. HLA TYPING METHODS • Microlymphocytotoxicity Test • Mixed Leucocyte Reaction(MLR) • Molecular methods(PCR,RFLP,X Map technology)
- 13. CYTOKINES • Cytokines are chemical substances that serve as messengers mediating interaction and communication between the various cells of immune system. Classes • Lymphokines-lymphocytes • Monokines-monocytes and macrophages • Interleukins-WBCs • Chemokines-macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils- chemotaxis
- 14. PROPERTIES OF CYTOKINES • Comparable to Growth factors and Hormones(picomoles & through receptors) Difference • GF produced constitutively, cytokine production inducible • Hormones endocrine effects whereas cytokines Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine • GF & hormones act independently whereas cytokines can work together and interactions occur btw cytokines
- 16. INTERACTIONS • Pleiotropy and redundancy • Synergy and antagonism • Cascade effect
- 18. STRUCTURE OF CYTOKINES • Glycoproteins • Mol wt. less than 30kDa • Display high degree of alpha helix structure than beta helix 4 Groups • Haematopoietin family • Interferon family • Chemokine family • Tumour necrosis factor family
- 19. FUNCTIONS OF CYTOKINES • Major producers of cytokines are TH cells and macrophages. 1)Promote development of humoral and cell mediated immune responses of adaptive immunity. Interferon ℽ Interleukin 2,4,5(IL-2,IL-4,IL-5) 2)Promote various responses of innate immunity. Induction of inflammatory response-IL-1,IL-8,TNF -ꞵ Regulation of hematopoiesis-colony stimulating factors IL-1,3,7,11 etc. Antiviral activity-Interferon ꞵ and ꞵ Antitumor activity-TNF- ꞵ and ꞵ Pyrogenic activity-TNF- ꞵ, IL-1,IL-6
- 20. CYTOKINES AND DISEASES Septic shock Endotoxins from GNB like E.coli, N.meningitidis stimulate macrophages to produce IL-1 & TNF- ꞵ Toxic shock syndrome Toxins released by S.aureus,IL-1&TNF-ꞵ Cancers Increased IL-6 Ca cervix, Ca bladder Chaga’s disease Trypanosoma cruzei inhibit IL-2 ꞵ receptor blocks IL-2 action, Inhibits TH1 activity leading to immunosuppression
- 21. CYTOKINE STORM(HYPERCYTOKINEMIA) Too many immune cells are stimulated leading to excess production of cytokines. Occurs in infectious and non infectious diseases GVHD ARDS in influenza & covid-19 Sepsis, Ebola, Small pox SIRS
- 22. CYTOKINE ASSAY • ELISA • ELISPOT
- 23. CYTOKINES IN THERAPEUTICS • Interferon ꞵ -Hepatitis B,C ,Hairy cell leukemia, Multiple myeloma, CML • Interferon-ꞵ-Multiple sclerosis • Interferon ℽ -Chronic granulomatous disease • Cytokine-toxin conjugates –destroy target cells
- 24. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT • Name one viral disease in which cytokine storm leads to increased morbidities and mortality. • Name 2 HLA class 1 associated diseases. • Name 2 methods to assay cytokines. • Which is the MHC protein associated with cytotoxic (CD8) T lymphocytes? • What are the cytokines involved in Septic shock? • What are the drugs which decrease the expression of MHC class II molecules?