Immune System - The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.
Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
Antigen - Any factors or agents that can enter the body and create an immune response are called antigen.
Formation of immune cells - Immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and reside in the medulla of the bone ( bone marrow ).
HSCs are divided into two main lineages, lymphoid progenitor cells or myeloid progenitor cells.
Myeloid cells - Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cells, Monocyte, Macrophage, Dendritic Cell
Lymphoid cells - B Lymphocytes,
T Lymphocyte, NK Cells
Antigen presenting cells - Professional antigen presenting
cells : Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B Lymphocyte
Non professional antigen presenting cell: Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body.
Proteins of immune system - Set of serum proteins that co-operate with both Innate and adaptive immune system to eliminate blood and tissue pathogen.
Organs of immune cells - Spleen, Lymph node, Tonsils , MALT, Bone marrow, Thymus
Types of immunity -
Innate Immunity: Innate immune response is in born and is the first line of defense against pathogen
Adaptive immunity: Antigenic specificity. It have immunological memory
Immune Receptors - It is a specialized structures found in the cell membrane. They are mainly composed of proteins, which bind to pathogens and causes a response in immune system
Introduction
History
Types of immunity
Tissues of immunity
Cells of immunity
Basic aspects of immunology
Major histocompatibility complex
Cytokines
Disorders of immune system
Immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis
Periodontal vaccine
Host modulation
Conclusion
References
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Diseases of the immune system, part 1 - Chapter 6, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics. Instagram handle @pathologybasics
When a pathogen enters the body, it’s confronted by elements of the innate immune system, which constitute the first line of defense.
Once breached, the adaptive response takes over, but it typically takes few days to be effective.
Immunity is the processes that occur to defend the body against foreign organisms or molecules.
Immunity includes:
Inflammation.
Complement activation.
Phagocytosis.
Antibody synthesis.
Effector T lymphocytes.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Introduction
History
Types of immunity
Tissues of immunity
Cells of immunity
Basic aspects of immunology
Major histocompatibility complex
Cytokines
Disorders of immune system
Immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis
Periodontal vaccine
Host modulation
Conclusion
References
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Diseases of the immune system, part 1 - Chapter 6, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics. Instagram handle @pathologybasics
When a pathogen enters the body, it’s confronted by elements of the innate immune system, which constitute the first line of defense.
Once breached, the adaptive response takes over, but it typically takes few days to be effective.
Immunity is the processes that occur to defend the body against foreign organisms or molecules.
Immunity includes:
Inflammation.
Complement activation.
Phagocytosis.
Antibody synthesis.
Effector T lymphocytes.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
General description of immune system
1. General description of
Immune System from
modern expect
Presented by
Dr Shahnaz Bano
Department of Mahiyatul Amraz
Govt Tibbi College, Patna
Under supervision of
Asst Prof. Dr Md. Shamim Akther
Department of Mahiyatul Amaraz
Govt Tibbi college, Patna
2. 1. Immune System
2. Antigen
3. Formation Immune cells
4. Myeloid cells
5. Lymphoid cells
6. Antigen presenting cells
7. Proteins of immune system
8. Organs of immune system
9. Types of immunity
10. Receptors
Table of Content
3. What is the Immune
System?
• The immune system is a complex network
of cells and proteins that defends the body
against infection.
• The immune system keeps a record of every
microbe it has ever defeated so it can
recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if
it enters the body again.
• Abnormalities of the immune system can lead
to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies
and autoimmune disorders.
5. Properties of Immune
System
• Complex process
• Limits pathogens proliferation
• Provide protection
• Create Immune response
• Helps cells communicate with each
other
• Self and non self distinction
6. What is Antigen
Any factors or agents that can enter
the body and create an immune
response are called antigen.
7. Types of Antigen
Exogenous
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Parasites
• Fungi
Endogenous
• Faulty proteins
• Nucleoprotein
• Infected cells
• Cancer cell
Properties of Antigen
• Foreignness
• Proteineous in nature
• Size- 14 kilodalton to 600 kilodalton
• Epitope
• Host pathogen co-evolution
8.
9. Formation of Immune cells
• Immune cells are produced by
hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
• Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing
and reside in the medulla of the bone ( bone
marrow ).
• HSCs are divided into two main lineages,
lymphoid progenitor cells or myeloid
progenitor cells.
• Lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into
B and T cells and NK cells.
• Myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into
myelocytes (granulocytes and monocytes)
or non-leukocytes such as erythrocytes and
megakaryocytes (which produce platelets).
11. Myeloid cells
• Most abundant type of
granulocytes
• First Line Of Defense in bacterial
infection
• Make up 40% to 70% of all WBC
• Multilobes nucleus
• Phagocytic cell
• Release inflammatory molecules
like cytokines
• Highly motile
• Antimicrobial function
• It helps to regulate adaptive
immune response
Neutrophil
12. • Bilobed nucleus.
• Phagocytic cells
• Make up 1% to 6% of all WBC
• Fight against multicellular parasitic
organism.
• Its granules release cytotoxic
chemicals that are harmful to
parasites.
• Aggravates symptoms of allergy and
asthma
Eosinophil
13. • Make up about 1% to 3% of all WBC
• Nonphagocytic granulocytes
• Large granules that release histamine
which is responsible for vessels
permeability.
• It also release cytokines and other
molecules that target antigen that
cannot be killed by phagocytosis like
worm, helminth, parasite
Basophil
14. Mast cell
• A type of non phagocytic white blood cell
• Found in connective tissue especially
under the skin, near blood vessels, nerve,
intestine,
• Contain histamine, cytokines, growth factor
• 10 to 15 ng/ml
• Target the antigens by degranulation
• Respond against parasite, worm, and
allergens
15. • 2 to 10%
• Circulate in the bloodstream as
undifferentiated form
• They migrate from the blood to
the tissue and turn into tissue
resident macrophage
• two types
• Inflammatory monocytes
• Patrolling monocyte
MONOCYTE
Antigen presenting cells
16. Macrophage
macrophage
• Macrophages are specialized cells
involved in the detection,
phagocytosis and destruction of
bacteria and other harmful
organisms.
• They can also present antigens to T
cells and initiate inflammation by
releasing molecules (known as
cytokines) that activate other cells.
Microglial-brain
Mesangial-
kidney
Alveolar-lungs
Kupffer cell-
liver
17. Dendritic Cell
• Dendritic cells can develop from both myeloid
and lymphoid lineage
• bridging innate and adaptive immunity
• Detect, capture, engulf, processed of
pathogens
• Activation of the adaptive immune response
by presenting antigenic peptides on major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
to induce T cell activation and differentiation
18. B Lymphocytes
• B Lymphocytes are essential
cells of the adaptive immune
system.
• Developed and mature in bone
marrow.
• B cells are fewer in number than
T cells.
• During encounter of antigen B
lymphocyte differentiate into
Plasma cells and Memory cells.
• CD 19 surface marker present
on B cell surface
• B cell receptor also present on
its surface
19. T Lymphocyte
• Formed in bone marrow and
mature in thymus gland
• Part of adaptive immune
response
• Expressed T cell receptor on its
surface
• Eliminate virus, infected cells,
Tumor cells
• T cell are differentiate into CD8+
and CD4+ cells
• CD8+ T cells, also known as
"killer T cells", are cytotoxic –
this means that they are able to
directly kill virus-infected cells,
as well as cancer cells.
20. T cell
T helper
CD4+
T H1 T H17 T H2 T HF T Regulatory
T Cytotoxic
CD8+
Encounter the
Intracellular
pathogens
Encounter the extra
cellular pathogens
T regs control the immune
response to self and foreign
particles and prevent autoimmune
disease.
Destroy the
infected cells,
cancer cells
21. • NK cells are differentiate and mature in the
bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils,
and thymus,
• It does not require prior activation
• NK cells secrete cytokines, Interferon,
TNF-α, chemokines, and other factors
• Natural killer cells can be found in the skin,
uterus, kidney, joints, gut, liver, and breast
under normal physiological conditions.
• NK cells do not express any receptors on
its surface
• NK cell play essential role in antibacterial,
antiviral, antitumor activities
NK CELLS
22. Antigen presenting cells
• Mediate the cellular immune response ,Acts as a bridge between innate
and adaptive immune system
• Secretes some proteins during encounter of antigens which attract the
other immune cells
• phagocytose the pathogens and break them into peptides fragment
• APCs present these peptide fragment to other immune cells by MHC
class II molecules
• Antigen-presenting cells fall into two categories: professional and non-
professional.
• Those that express MHC class II molecules along with co-stimulatory
molecules and pattern recognition receptors are often
called professional antigen-presenting cells.
• The non-professional APCs express MHC class I molecule
23. Professional antigen presenting cells
• Macrophage
• Dendritic cell
• B Lymphocyte
Non professional antigen presenting cell
• Non-professional antigen presenting
cells include all nucleated cell types
in the body.
24. MHC/ Major histocompatibility
complex
• Its is very important part of the immune system
• Also called HLA (Human leucocytes antigen complex)
• MHC are a set of Genes, means its part of our DNA that is
encoded by specific proteins
• MHC proteins are cell surface proteins required for
adaptive immune response to recognize foreign molecules
25. FUNCTION
Binds with Peptide antigen and display them to T cells
MHC class 1 + Antigen T cytotoxic cells (CD8+)
MHC class 2 + Antigen T helper cells (CD4+)
26. Antigen presentation stimulates immature T cells to
become either mature "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or
mature "helper" CD4+ cells.
27. Proteins/ Complement proteins
• Set of serum proteins that co-operate with both Innate and
adaptive immune system to eliminate blood and tissue
pathogen.
• These are Glycoproteins in nature.
• Complete the action of antibody.
How to Work
• Bind to opsonized pathogen
• Make pathogen susceptible for phagocytosis
• Create inflammatory response
• Eliminate apoptotic cells
• Kill pathogen by creating pore in microbial membrane
29. Organs of immune system
These are two types: Primary and
secondary lymphoid organs
Primary lymphoid organs
• Bone marrow
• Thymus
Secondary lymphoid
organs
• Spleen
• Lymph node
• Tonsils
• MALT(mucosa
associated lymphoid
tissue)
Function
Development and maturation of
immune cells
Function
Provide action area
for encountering of
pathogens
30. Types of immunity
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF IMMNUNITY:
• Innate Immunity
• Adaptive immunity
• Immunity is the ability of the body to
defend itself against disease causing
organism,
Immunity
31. INNATE IMMUNITY
• It is non-specific.
• It is rapid response appearing within minutes.
• Innate immune response is in born and is the first line
of defense against pathogen.
• It has no memory.
• Does not provide long lasting immunity to the host.
33. Adaptive immunity
• Also called Acquired immunity response
• It takes long time for activation (5 to 6 hours)
• Antigenic specificity
• It have immunological memory
• Its gives quite strong response
• Mediated by T and B lymphocytes
34. Types of Adaptive/acquired immunity
Types of Adaptive immunity
Cellular immunity
mediated by mainly T and B lymphocyte
Humoral immunity
mediated by Antibodies
35. Component of adaptive immunity
• B Lymphocytes
• Plasma cells
• T Lymphocytes
• T helper cells
• T cytotoxic cells
• T regulatory cells
36.
37. Plasma
cell
The antibodies
Antibody
There are 5 classes of antibodies or
immunoglobulin produced by plasma cells
• IgG
• IgA
• IgM
• IgD
• IgE
Function
Bind to corresponding antigen,
and eliminate them.
Activate compliment proteins
Mediate allergic reaction
38. Memory B cell
Memory cells
Memory helper T cell
Subset of B and T lymphocytes differentiates
into memory cells which give long lasting
immunity to the host against specific
antigens.
39. Immune Receptors
• It is a specialized structures found
in the cell membrane.
• They are mainly composed of
proteins, which bind to pathogens
and causes a response in immune
system
40. Types of immune cells surface receptor
Five main type of surface receptor
• Antigen receptor
• Co- stimulatory receptor
• Inhibitory receptor
• Cytokines receptor
• Chemokines receptor
41. Antigen receptor
• Immune cells can detect infectious agents and damage cells using receptor
• Two main types of Antigen Receptors:-
a) Pattern Recognition Receptors
PRR are able to recognize pathogen associated molecular pattern. PAMP and DAMP
etc.
Types of PRR
• Toll-like receptor
• NOD like receptor
• C- type lectin receptor (CLR)
• R1G like receptor (RLR)
b) Antigen specific lymphocyte receptor:
• B- cell receptor
• T- cell receptor
42. CD80, CD86, CD40
Co- stimulatory Receptor
Inhibitory receptor;
• Inhibitory receptor are important for regulating natural
killer cell activity.
• This prevents the NK cells from killing healthy cell.
Cytokines receptor
Chemokines receptor