The Stirling engine was invented in 1816 by Robert Stirling as a safer alternative to steam engines. It uses a closed cycle with alternating compression and expansion of air or other gas to convert heat into mechanical work. The engine consists of a power piston, displacer piston, and regenerator. Heat is applied to one side and removed from the other, causing pressure changes that drive the pistons. It can run on various heat sources and is safer, more efficient, and environmentally friendly compared to steam engines. Applications include power generation, pumps, refrigeration, and more.