Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with atticoantral disease, also known as COM-Squamous, is a chronic infection of the middle ear cleft lasting over 3 months with cholesteatoma and granulation tissue in the attic or posterosuperior quadrant of the eardrum. Key features include cholesteatoma, which is a sac of keratinizing squamous epithelium that grows at the expense of surrounding bone, potentially causing complications from bone erosion. Investigations include examination under the microscope, ear discharge culture and sensitivity, audiometry, CT scan and x-ray of the mastoid bone.
The document discusses the anatomy of the sinus tympani, a cavity located in the posterior region of the tympanic cavity. It describes how the sinus tympani was first named and discussed in 1820. It defines the two portions of the retrotympanum based on the position of the facial nerve. It outlines different shapes that the sinus tympani can take, including classical, confluent, partitioned, and restricted, and different types - A, B, and C - based on its extension in relation to the facial nerve. The shapes and types of the sinus tympani can influence the surgical approach used for cholesteatoma surgery.
This document discusses phonosurgery techniques including vocal fold injection and laryngeal framework surgery. It provides details on the intrinsic laryngeal musculature and the expansion of phonosurgery over the last 50 years to primarily improve or restore the voice. Type I thyroplasty for vocal fold medialization is described in detail, including indications, surgical technique of making a window in the thyroid cartilage and placing different types of implants, advantages, complications, and pitfalls. The goal of type I thyroplasty is to improve voice and prevent aspiration by medializing the vocal fold to mimic the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle.
This document discusses endoscope-assisted middle ear surgery. Some key points:
1) Endoscopes allow wide field visualization with minimal exposure and can see behind obstructions or into recesses with less surgical exposure than conventional techniques.
2) Endoscopes are useful for visualizing the epitympanic recess, facial recess, sinus tympani, Eustachian tube, and hypotympanum.
3) Potential indications for middle ear endoscopy include unexplained conductive hearing loss, trauma, cholesteatoma, perilymph fistula, and follow-up for cholesteatoma.
The document discusses the mucosal folds of the middle ear, which develop as the primitive tympanic cavity expands into the middle ear cleft between 3-7 months of fetal development. This forms four primary sacs that enlarge and replace the mesenchyme, with their walls becoming the mucosal lining of the middle ear. Mucosal folds are the planes of contact between neighboring sacs and carry ligaments and blood vessels to the ossicles. There are 10 important mucosal folds described, including the anterior and posterior malleal folds, lateral malleal ligamental fold, and tensor tympani fold. The folds divide the epitympanum (attic) and orient the progression of
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
Pharyngocutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy Dr. M. Eramimderami
1) Pharyngocutaneous fistulas are a common complication after total laryngectomy and are more likely in patients who received radiation therapy or have medical comorbidities like diabetes.
2) Conservative management is usually attempted first using antibiotics, no oral intake, and wound care but may fail, requiring surgical closure.
3) Studies have found that hyperbaric oxygen therapy can successfully close pharyngocutaneous fistulas in a high percentage (87.5% in one study) of cases that failed conservative management.
1. Inverted papilloma is a benign epithelial tumor originating from the Schneiderian membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
2. It most commonly affects males ages 30-50 and presents as a unilateral nasal mass, obstruction, and bleeding.
3. Treatment involves surgical resection, typically an endoscopic medial maxillectomy to remove the entire lateral nasal wall and clear the tumor attachment site.
This document discusses the treatment of cholesteatoma through various surgical procedures. It begins with a brief history of procedures for cholesteatoma treatment since the 1800s. The aim of cholesteatoma surgery is to eradicate the disease while preserving hearing if possible. Conservative procedures like examination under the microscope and suction clearance are described. More extensive procedures like atticotomy, mastoidectomy, and mastoid cavity obliteration are also outlined. Post-operative care and potential complications are discussed.
The document discusses the anatomy of the sinus tympani, a cavity located in the posterior region of the tympanic cavity. It describes how the sinus tympani was first named and discussed in 1820. It defines the two portions of the retrotympanum based on the position of the facial nerve. It outlines different shapes that the sinus tympani can take, including classical, confluent, partitioned, and restricted, and different types - A, B, and C - based on its extension in relation to the facial nerve. The shapes and types of the sinus tympani can influence the surgical approach used for cholesteatoma surgery.
This document discusses phonosurgery techniques including vocal fold injection and laryngeal framework surgery. It provides details on the intrinsic laryngeal musculature and the expansion of phonosurgery over the last 50 years to primarily improve or restore the voice. Type I thyroplasty for vocal fold medialization is described in detail, including indications, surgical technique of making a window in the thyroid cartilage and placing different types of implants, advantages, complications, and pitfalls. The goal of type I thyroplasty is to improve voice and prevent aspiration by medializing the vocal fold to mimic the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle.
This document discusses endoscope-assisted middle ear surgery. Some key points:
1) Endoscopes allow wide field visualization with minimal exposure and can see behind obstructions or into recesses with less surgical exposure than conventional techniques.
2) Endoscopes are useful for visualizing the epitympanic recess, facial recess, sinus tympani, Eustachian tube, and hypotympanum.
3) Potential indications for middle ear endoscopy include unexplained conductive hearing loss, trauma, cholesteatoma, perilymph fistula, and follow-up for cholesteatoma.
The document discusses the mucosal folds of the middle ear, which develop as the primitive tympanic cavity expands into the middle ear cleft between 3-7 months of fetal development. This forms four primary sacs that enlarge and replace the mesenchyme, with their walls becoming the mucosal lining of the middle ear. Mucosal folds are the planes of contact between neighboring sacs and carry ligaments and blood vessels to the ossicles. There are 10 important mucosal folds described, including the anterior and posterior malleal folds, lateral malleal ligamental fold, and tensor tympani fold. The folds divide the epitympanum (attic) and orient the progression of
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
Pharyngocutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy Dr. M. Eramimderami
1) Pharyngocutaneous fistulas are a common complication after total laryngectomy and are more likely in patients who received radiation therapy or have medical comorbidities like diabetes.
2) Conservative management is usually attempted first using antibiotics, no oral intake, and wound care but may fail, requiring surgical closure.
3) Studies have found that hyperbaric oxygen therapy can successfully close pharyngocutaneous fistulas in a high percentage (87.5% in one study) of cases that failed conservative management.
1. Inverted papilloma is a benign epithelial tumor originating from the Schneiderian membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
2. It most commonly affects males ages 30-50 and presents as a unilateral nasal mass, obstruction, and bleeding.
3. Treatment involves surgical resection, typically an endoscopic medial maxillectomy to remove the entire lateral nasal wall and clear the tumor attachment site.
This document discusses the treatment of cholesteatoma through various surgical procedures. It begins with a brief history of procedures for cholesteatoma treatment since the 1800s. The aim of cholesteatoma surgery is to eradicate the disease while preserving hearing if possible. Conservative procedures like examination under the microscope and suction clearance are described. More extensive procedures like atticotomy, mastoidectomy, and mastoid cavity obliteration are also outlined. Post-operative care and potential complications are discussed.
this presentation deals with the real time diagnostic dilemmas of aspiration in in third world countries and suggest some remedies to counter the problems. this presentation also touch upon aspiration issues in children especially neonates and remedies to avoid it. obviously a presentation cannot substitute detail reading but it will help you have an outline of how to manage such cases.
The document discusses the use of Gore-Tex for medialization thyroplasty to treat vocal fold paralysis. Medialization thyroplasty involves inserting Gore-Tex strips through a window created in the thyroid cartilage to medialize the paralyzed vocal fold. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia by making incisions in the strap muscles and thyroid cartilage. Gore-Tex is advantageous because it is malleable, reversible, and creates less edema than other materials. The procedure has good voice outcomes and low complication rates.
The nasal valve is the narrowest part of the nasal passage located between the septum and upper lateral cartilages. Problems in this area can be due to weak or resected cartilage, or secondary to issues like septal deviations or turbinate hypertrophy. Diagnosis involves visual inspection and using probes to check for collapse or improvement from distraction. Treatment aims to restore normal anatomy and support the nasal framework using techniques like septoplasty, spreader grafts, onlay grafts, and valve suspension to correct primary or secondary valve abnormalities.
ENT Nasal septal perforation..... for best rhinoplasty and nose reshape surgery contact
Dr Junaid Ahmad (MBBS FCPS) is the best plastic surgeon in Lahore. He is a well known, trained and expert in his field. He is MBBS and FCPS in Plastic and Recosntructive Surgery. He is a post graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan which is oldest and best institute for post graduation in this area of the world. He is doing his practice in Lahore, Pakistan. He is always kind to the patients and listens them carefully as it is part of modern clinical skill and training. He is expert in both cosmetic as well as reconstructive surgery. He is also skin cancer and burn expert. A few of Dr Junaid Ahmad expertise are listed here..... call 03104037071
1) Nasal polyps are sacs of swollen nasal tissue that can cause nasal obstruction. They were first described over 4000 years ago by ancient Egyptians and Greeks.
2) Theories on the causes of nasal polyps include allergy, cystic fibrosis, and vasomotor imbalance. Nasal polyps can be inflammatory, fungal, or malignant.
3) Clinical features include nasal obstruction, loss of smell, rhinorrhea, and headache. Examination shows smooth masses in the nose that can be pushed around but not into. Treatment involves medical management with steroids or surgery to remove polyps.
Canal wall up Mastoidectomy ( Intact Bridge Mastoidectomy) by Dr.Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
Canal wall up mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves completely removing the diseased air cells and tissues lateral to the otic capsule while preserving the bony ear canal wall. It is often performed along with tympanoplasty and ossicular chain reconstruction to treat chronic otitis media or mastoiditis. The document outlines the history, anatomy, indications, techniques and complications of canal wall up mastoidectomy.
This document provides a history of surgery for otosclerosis and stapes surgery from the late 1800s to modern times. It summarizes key developments such as the first stapedectomy performed by John Shea in 1956 using an oval window vein graft and nylon prosthesis. The goals, indications, contraindications, surgical techniques including stapedectomy and stapedotomy are described in detail. Potential problems during surgery like floating footplates, perilymph gushers, and overhanging facial nerves are also outlined along with post-operative care and complications. Long term results tend to show initial hearing improvements are often not maintained over decades with re-operation or hearing aid use often needed.
This document provides an overview of the steps involved in primary sinus surgery via an endoscopic approach. It begins with a brief history of sinus surgery and then discusses preoperative assessment, including CT scans to evaluate sinus anatomy and disease patterns. The basic techniques of Messerklinger and Wigand are described. The key steps of the surgery are then outlined in detail, including uncinectomy, antrostomy of the maxillary sinus, anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy, sphenoid sinusotomy, and frontal sinusotomy when necessary. Throughout, anatomical landmarks and variations are discussed to guide safe dissection and avoid complications.
This document discusses complications of stapes surgery. It begins with an overview of causes of stapes fixation like otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis. It then describes different procedures for stapes surgery like stapedectomy, stapedotomy, and STAMP. Potential intraoperative hazards are outlined such as exostosis, TM perforation, facial nerve dehiscence. Postoperative complications are also summarized, including conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, perilymphatic fistula, reparative granuloma, and vertigo. Recommendations are provided for prevention and management of complications.
Cholesteatoma is a cystic lesion formed from keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium in the temporal bone. It has a complex pathogenesis involving both congenital and acquired factors. Congenitally, it may arise from epithelial rests or microperforations. Acquired cholesteatomas develop primarily from invagination or secondarily from implantation, migration, or basal cell changes. Molecularly, cytokines released in response to bacteria promote bone erosion and development of cholesteatoma.
This document discusses open cavity mastoid operations, including their history, indications, techniques, and complications. Open cavity procedures involve removing the posterior wall of the external auditory canal to exteriorize the mastoid cavity. They allow for monitoring of recurrent cholesteatoma and drainage for unresectable infections. The radical and modified radical mastoidectomies developed historically to fully remove bone-invading disease while preserving hearing when possible. Key steps involve identifying and preserving the facial nerve while removing disease-affected areas. Postoperative care focuses on re-epithelialization of the cavity and monitoring for complications like infection, nerve injury, and recurrent cholesteatoma.
1. Mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that opens the mastoid cavity to clean infected air cells and improve ventilation. It has evolved from simple trephination for acute infection to modern techniques like intact canal wall mastoidectomy.
2. The temporal bone contains the mastoid, squamous, tympanic and petrous parts. Important surgical anatomy includes the mastoid antrum, facial recess, and relationships to surrounding structures like the sigmoid sinus and dura.
3. Mastoidectomies are classified based on whether the posterior ear canal wall is preserved (intact canal wall) or removed (canal wall down). Common types include cortical, radical, modified radical, atticotomy
Chronic suppurative otitis media tubotympanic (CSOM TT) involves a permanent abnormality of the eardrum (pars tensa) resulting from previous ear infections. It is characterized by intermittent ear drainage through a perforation in the eardrum. Examination may reveal various sizes of eardrum perforations. Treatment involves cleaning the ear, antibiotics, and surgery to repair the eardrum perforation (myringoplasty) if the condition is inactive. The goal of treatment is to stop ear drainage, improve hearing if the ossicles are intact, and prevent complications.
Otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as glue ear, is a chronic accumulation of fluid in the middle ear caused by eustachian tube dysfunction and inflammation of the middle ear mucosa. It is characterized by thick, viscous fluid in the middle ear without signs of infection. OME is commonly seen in young children, especially during winter months when upper respiratory infections are more prevalent. Treatment involves initial diagnosis by otoscopy and tympanometry, with surgical intervention of myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion if the effusion persists for more than 3 months. Adenoidectomy may provide additional benefit in resolving OME by removing a source of chronic infection in the nasopharynx.
1. The document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the frontal sinus and frontal recess. It develops from ethmoidal cells that pneumatize into the frontal bone.
2. It describes different surgical approaches to access and drain the frontal sinus including external approaches and various types of endoscopic frontal sinusotomies.
3. Type 1 and 2 endoscopic procedures involve draining the frontal sinus via the frontal recess and removing obstructions. Type 3 is a more extensive procedure that creates a common chamber between the frontal sinus and nasal cavity via an intranasal modified Lothrop procedure.
1. Tuberculosis of the larynx commonly affects the posterior larynx, causing submucosal tubercles that can ulcerate, forming undermined ulcers. Symptoms include throat pain, hoarseness, and dysphagia. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray, sputum examination, laryngoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment consists of anti-tubercular drugs, vocal rest, and nutrition supplements.
2. Scleroma of the larynx is caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis and commonly involves the subglottic region, presenting as a smooth red swelling. Diagnosis involves biopsy and culture. Treatment includes antibiotics, steroids, and surgery for stenosis
This document discusses laryngeal trauma. The larynx functions to protect the airway and enable phonation. Laryngeal trauma is rare, usually resulting from motor vehicle accidents, strangulation, or penetrating injuries. Injuries can range from minor bruising to fractures or separation of the laryngeal framework. Treatment involves securing the airway, usually through intubation or tracheostomy. Minor injuries are managed conservatively while more severe injuries involving exposed cartilage or vocal fold immobility require surgical exploration and repair. Endolaryngeal stents may be used in very severe cases to support the laryngeal structure during healing.
Pediatric laryngeal and subglottic stenosis can be graded using the Cotton system. Congenital subglottic stenosis is classified as membranous or cartilaginous based on histopathology. Endoscopic management is effective for early stenosis but open surgery is needed for more advanced cases. Mitomycin C has shown promise in reducing restenosis after laryngotracheal reconstruction surgery. Careful assessment and antimicrobial coverage are important for decannulation and preventing complications.
Surgical approach to middle ear,mastoid mamoonMamoon Ameen
The three main surgical approaches to the middle ear are transcanal, endaural, and postaural. The appropriate approach depends on factors like the planned extent of surgery and anatomical findings. Transcanal is commonly used for tympanoplasty and is less traumatic than postaural, but has limited access to mastoid cells. Endaural is best for infants due to easy graft access and visibility of epitympanum, but difficult for mastoid procedures. Postaural provides full mastoid exposure and is used for extensive procedures like radical mastoidectomy.
1. A cholesteatoma is a cyst-like sac in the middle ear that is lined with keratinizing squamous epithelium and contains desquamated keratin. It is not a tumor and does not contain cholesterol.
2. Cholesteatomas can be congenital, arising from embryonic cell rests, or acquired through retraction pockets, squamous metaplasia, or migration of epithelium through a perforated eardrum.
3. It expands through bone erosion using enzymes produced by the epithelial lining and inflammatory cells, and can cause hearing loss, facial paralysis, and other complications if left untreated.
Recent research has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma. Theories of pathogenesis include epithelial cell rests that fail to involute, invagination of squamous epithelium through microscopically injured tympanic membranes, and inclusion or implantation of epithelial cells during pathological middle ear events. Retraction of the tympanic membrane, particularly the pars flaccida, allows the accumulation of keratin debris which can become infected and lead to cholesteatoma formation. Advances in genomics, epigenetics, and immunology research have found alterations in genes and microRNAs involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation that may contribute to the aggressive growth seen in cholesteatoma.
this presentation deals with the real time diagnostic dilemmas of aspiration in in third world countries and suggest some remedies to counter the problems. this presentation also touch upon aspiration issues in children especially neonates and remedies to avoid it. obviously a presentation cannot substitute detail reading but it will help you have an outline of how to manage such cases.
The document discusses the use of Gore-Tex for medialization thyroplasty to treat vocal fold paralysis. Medialization thyroplasty involves inserting Gore-Tex strips through a window created in the thyroid cartilage to medialize the paralyzed vocal fold. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia by making incisions in the strap muscles and thyroid cartilage. Gore-Tex is advantageous because it is malleable, reversible, and creates less edema than other materials. The procedure has good voice outcomes and low complication rates.
The nasal valve is the narrowest part of the nasal passage located between the septum and upper lateral cartilages. Problems in this area can be due to weak or resected cartilage, or secondary to issues like septal deviations or turbinate hypertrophy. Diagnosis involves visual inspection and using probes to check for collapse or improvement from distraction. Treatment aims to restore normal anatomy and support the nasal framework using techniques like septoplasty, spreader grafts, onlay grafts, and valve suspension to correct primary or secondary valve abnormalities.
ENT Nasal septal perforation..... for best rhinoplasty and nose reshape surgery contact
Dr Junaid Ahmad (MBBS FCPS) is the best plastic surgeon in Lahore. He is a well known, trained and expert in his field. He is MBBS and FCPS in Plastic and Recosntructive Surgery. He is a post graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan which is oldest and best institute for post graduation in this area of the world. He is doing his practice in Lahore, Pakistan. He is always kind to the patients and listens them carefully as it is part of modern clinical skill and training. He is expert in both cosmetic as well as reconstructive surgery. He is also skin cancer and burn expert. A few of Dr Junaid Ahmad expertise are listed here..... call 03104037071
1) Nasal polyps are sacs of swollen nasal tissue that can cause nasal obstruction. They were first described over 4000 years ago by ancient Egyptians and Greeks.
2) Theories on the causes of nasal polyps include allergy, cystic fibrosis, and vasomotor imbalance. Nasal polyps can be inflammatory, fungal, or malignant.
3) Clinical features include nasal obstruction, loss of smell, rhinorrhea, and headache. Examination shows smooth masses in the nose that can be pushed around but not into. Treatment involves medical management with steroids or surgery to remove polyps.
Canal wall up Mastoidectomy ( Intact Bridge Mastoidectomy) by Dr.Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
Canal wall up mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves completely removing the diseased air cells and tissues lateral to the otic capsule while preserving the bony ear canal wall. It is often performed along with tympanoplasty and ossicular chain reconstruction to treat chronic otitis media or mastoiditis. The document outlines the history, anatomy, indications, techniques and complications of canal wall up mastoidectomy.
This document provides a history of surgery for otosclerosis and stapes surgery from the late 1800s to modern times. It summarizes key developments such as the first stapedectomy performed by John Shea in 1956 using an oval window vein graft and nylon prosthesis. The goals, indications, contraindications, surgical techniques including stapedectomy and stapedotomy are described in detail. Potential problems during surgery like floating footplates, perilymph gushers, and overhanging facial nerves are also outlined along with post-operative care and complications. Long term results tend to show initial hearing improvements are often not maintained over decades with re-operation or hearing aid use often needed.
This document provides an overview of the steps involved in primary sinus surgery via an endoscopic approach. It begins with a brief history of sinus surgery and then discusses preoperative assessment, including CT scans to evaluate sinus anatomy and disease patterns. The basic techniques of Messerklinger and Wigand are described. The key steps of the surgery are then outlined in detail, including uncinectomy, antrostomy of the maxillary sinus, anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy, sphenoid sinusotomy, and frontal sinusotomy when necessary. Throughout, anatomical landmarks and variations are discussed to guide safe dissection and avoid complications.
This document discusses complications of stapes surgery. It begins with an overview of causes of stapes fixation like otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis. It then describes different procedures for stapes surgery like stapedectomy, stapedotomy, and STAMP. Potential intraoperative hazards are outlined such as exostosis, TM perforation, facial nerve dehiscence. Postoperative complications are also summarized, including conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, perilymphatic fistula, reparative granuloma, and vertigo. Recommendations are provided for prevention and management of complications.
Cholesteatoma is a cystic lesion formed from keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium in the temporal bone. It has a complex pathogenesis involving both congenital and acquired factors. Congenitally, it may arise from epithelial rests or microperforations. Acquired cholesteatomas develop primarily from invagination or secondarily from implantation, migration, or basal cell changes. Molecularly, cytokines released in response to bacteria promote bone erosion and development of cholesteatoma.
This document discusses open cavity mastoid operations, including their history, indications, techniques, and complications. Open cavity procedures involve removing the posterior wall of the external auditory canal to exteriorize the mastoid cavity. They allow for monitoring of recurrent cholesteatoma and drainage for unresectable infections. The radical and modified radical mastoidectomies developed historically to fully remove bone-invading disease while preserving hearing when possible. Key steps involve identifying and preserving the facial nerve while removing disease-affected areas. Postoperative care focuses on re-epithelialization of the cavity and monitoring for complications like infection, nerve injury, and recurrent cholesteatoma.
1. Mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that opens the mastoid cavity to clean infected air cells and improve ventilation. It has evolved from simple trephination for acute infection to modern techniques like intact canal wall mastoidectomy.
2. The temporal bone contains the mastoid, squamous, tympanic and petrous parts. Important surgical anatomy includes the mastoid antrum, facial recess, and relationships to surrounding structures like the sigmoid sinus and dura.
3. Mastoidectomies are classified based on whether the posterior ear canal wall is preserved (intact canal wall) or removed (canal wall down). Common types include cortical, radical, modified radical, atticotomy
Chronic suppurative otitis media tubotympanic (CSOM TT) involves a permanent abnormality of the eardrum (pars tensa) resulting from previous ear infections. It is characterized by intermittent ear drainage through a perforation in the eardrum. Examination may reveal various sizes of eardrum perforations. Treatment involves cleaning the ear, antibiotics, and surgery to repair the eardrum perforation (myringoplasty) if the condition is inactive. The goal of treatment is to stop ear drainage, improve hearing if the ossicles are intact, and prevent complications.
Otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as glue ear, is a chronic accumulation of fluid in the middle ear caused by eustachian tube dysfunction and inflammation of the middle ear mucosa. It is characterized by thick, viscous fluid in the middle ear without signs of infection. OME is commonly seen in young children, especially during winter months when upper respiratory infections are more prevalent. Treatment involves initial diagnosis by otoscopy and tympanometry, with surgical intervention of myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion if the effusion persists for more than 3 months. Adenoidectomy may provide additional benefit in resolving OME by removing a source of chronic infection in the nasopharynx.
1. The document discusses the embryology and anatomy of the frontal sinus and frontal recess. It develops from ethmoidal cells that pneumatize into the frontal bone.
2. It describes different surgical approaches to access and drain the frontal sinus including external approaches and various types of endoscopic frontal sinusotomies.
3. Type 1 and 2 endoscopic procedures involve draining the frontal sinus via the frontal recess and removing obstructions. Type 3 is a more extensive procedure that creates a common chamber between the frontal sinus and nasal cavity via an intranasal modified Lothrop procedure.
1. Tuberculosis of the larynx commonly affects the posterior larynx, causing submucosal tubercles that can ulcerate, forming undermined ulcers. Symptoms include throat pain, hoarseness, and dysphagia. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray, sputum examination, laryngoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment consists of anti-tubercular drugs, vocal rest, and nutrition supplements.
2. Scleroma of the larynx is caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis and commonly involves the subglottic region, presenting as a smooth red swelling. Diagnosis involves biopsy and culture. Treatment includes antibiotics, steroids, and surgery for stenosis
This document discusses laryngeal trauma. The larynx functions to protect the airway and enable phonation. Laryngeal trauma is rare, usually resulting from motor vehicle accidents, strangulation, or penetrating injuries. Injuries can range from minor bruising to fractures or separation of the laryngeal framework. Treatment involves securing the airway, usually through intubation or tracheostomy. Minor injuries are managed conservatively while more severe injuries involving exposed cartilage or vocal fold immobility require surgical exploration and repair. Endolaryngeal stents may be used in very severe cases to support the laryngeal structure during healing.
Pediatric laryngeal and subglottic stenosis can be graded using the Cotton system. Congenital subglottic stenosis is classified as membranous or cartilaginous based on histopathology. Endoscopic management is effective for early stenosis but open surgery is needed for more advanced cases. Mitomycin C has shown promise in reducing restenosis after laryngotracheal reconstruction surgery. Careful assessment and antimicrobial coverage are important for decannulation and preventing complications.
Surgical approach to middle ear,mastoid mamoonMamoon Ameen
The three main surgical approaches to the middle ear are transcanal, endaural, and postaural. The appropriate approach depends on factors like the planned extent of surgery and anatomical findings. Transcanal is commonly used for tympanoplasty and is less traumatic than postaural, but has limited access to mastoid cells. Endaural is best for infants due to easy graft access and visibility of epitympanum, but difficult for mastoid procedures. Postaural provides full mastoid exposure and is used for extensive procedures like radical mastoidectomy.
1. A cholesteatoma is a cyst-like sac in the middle ear that is lined with keratinizing squamous epithelium and contains desquamated keratin. It is not a tumor and does not contain cholesterol.
2. Cholesteatomas can be congenital, arising from embryonic cell rests, or acquired through retraction pockets, squamous metaplasia, or migration of epithelium through a perforated eardrum.
3. It expands through bone erosion using enzymes produced by the epithelial lining and inflammatory cells, and can cause hearing loss, facial paralysis, and other complications if left untreated.
Recent research has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma. Theories of pathogenesis include epithelial cell rests that fail to involute, invagination of squamous epithelium through microscopically injured tympanic membranes, and inclusion or implantation of epithelial cells during pathological middle ear events. Retraction of the tympanic membrane, particularly the pars flaccida, allows the accumulation of keratin debris which can become infected and lead to cholesteatoma formation. Advances in genomics, epigenetics, and immunology research have found alterations in genes and microRNAs involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation that may contribute to the aggressive growth seen in cholesteatoma.
Cholesteatoma is a cyst-like structure in the middle ear filled with skin cells and debris. It can be congenital, arising from embryonic skin cell rests, or acquired through retraction of the eardrum or migration of skin cells through a perforated eardrum. The skin cells in the cholesteatoma produce enzymes that destroy the surrounding bone. Cholesteatoma is evaluated with examination, imaging, and hearing tests. Treatment involves surgery to remove the cholesteatoma and reconstruct the damaged bones.
Cholesteatoma is a cyst-like structure in the middle ear that grows due to the accumulation of skin cells. It can be congenital, arising from embryonic skin cell rests, or acquired through retraction pockets in the eardrum or entry of skin cells through an eardrum perforation. Acquired cholesteatomas are further classified as primary, arising in the attic region with no prior ear issues, or secondary, following ear infection. Cholesteatomas cause bone destruction through enzymes released by the surrounding granulation tissue and can lead to hearing loss, facial nerve problems, or intracranial complications if untreated. Treatment involves surgery to remove the cholesteatoma along with any infected
Cholesteatoma is a growth of keratinizing squamous epithelium that invades the middle ear cleft. It has two components - keratin debris and an invasive matrix. It can arise from retraction of the tympanic membrane or migration through a perforation. As it grows, it erodes bone and spreads through defined spaces in the middle ear. If left untreated, it can cause infection, hearing loss, and complications by eroding into sensitive areas. Surgical removal is required but recurrence is common due to the invasive nature of cholesteatoma.
The document discusses diseases of the external ear, including:
1. Furunculosis, which is a localized infection of a hair follicle in the external ear canal, caused by S. aureus and treated with local heat, analgesics, and antibiotics.
2. Perichondritis, a potentially serious infection of the ear cartilage that requires hospitalization and IV antibiotics if severe, often resulting from ear trauma.
3. Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome), a reactivation of the varicella zoster virus causing a vesicular rash on the ear and facial paralysis, treated with antivirals and steroids.
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a long-standing ear infection characterized by ear discharge and permanent ear drum perforation. It can lead to complications like cholesteatoma, a non-cancerous skin growth in the middle ear that causes bone destruction. Cholesteatoma is classified as congenital, primary acquired, or secondary acquired based on its origin. It expands over time and can erode bones in the middle ear. Treatment involves surgical removal of the cholesteatoma and reconstruction of the ear structures.
Anatomy of ear
Anatomy of tympanic membran
Discuss middle ear
Definition of CSOM
Types of CSOM
CSOM atticoantral
Etiology of atticoantral type
Pathology of atticoantral CSOM
Signs/ symptoms of atticoantral CSOM
Assessment
Treatment of atticoantral CSOM
Adult tympanic membrane is about 9mm in diameter
Tympanic membrane is obliquely placed, forms an acute angle with the EAC
Composed of three
Outer squamous cell epithelial layer
Middle mucosal layer
Inner Fibrous layer , which fives the tympanic membrane it’s shape
This document discusses chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), which is a long-standing middle ear infection characterized by ear discharge and a permanent perforation of the eardrum. It describes the two main types of CSOM - tubotympanic and atticoantral - and covers their etiology, pathology, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and complications. Cholesteatoma, a growth of skin cells in the middle ear, is also discussed in detail including its origin, classification, expansion and bone destruction potential, and role in increasing risk of complications from middle ear infections.
This document discusses chronic suppurative otitis media of the atticoantral type. Key points include:
- It is a chronic inflammatory condition involving the posterosuperior mesotympanum, attic, antrum and mastoid air cells.
- It is associated with bone-destroying disease like cholesteatoma.
- Cholesteatoma, osteitis, granulation tissue, and ossicular necrosis are common pathological findings.
- Retraction pockets can form and accumulate keratin debris, potentially leading to cholesteatoma formation.
- Treatment involves surgery to remove disease and prevent complications, while aiming to preserve hearing if possible.
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with attico-antral disease (CSOM-AAD), also known as COM-Squamous, is a chronic pyogenic ear infection lasting over 3 months with cholesteatoma and granulation tissue in the attic or posterosuperior quadrant of the eardrum. This causes higher risks of bone erosion and complications. Cholesteatoma is a sac lined with keratinizing squamous epithelium that grows at the expense of surrounding bone. Surgical treatment via canal wall down procedures such as attico-antrostomy or modified/radical mastoidectomy is the mainstay for managing CSOM-AAD and removing chole
Chronic suppurative otitis media attico-antral disease (CSOM AA)Dr Krishna Koirala
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with attico-antral disease (CSOM-AAD), also known as COM-Squamous, is a chronic pyogenic ear infection lasting over 3 months with cholesteatoma and granulation tissue in the attic or posterosuperior quadrant of the ear drum. This causes higher risks of bone erosion and complications. Cholesteatoma is a sac lined with keratinizing squamous epithelium that grows by destroying surrounding bone. Surgical treatment via canal wall down procedures like attico-antrostomy or modified/radical mastoidectomy is the mainstay for managing CSOM-AAD and removing cholesteatoma,
14. chronic suppurative otitis media attico antral diseasekrishnakoirala4
This document discusses chronic suppurative otitis media with atticoantral disease (CSOM-AAD), also known as chronic squamous otitis media. It is characterized by a chronic pyogenic ear infection lasting over 3 months, with cholesteatoma and granulation tissue in the attic or upper posterior ear canal. This condition carries a higher risk of complications due to bone erosion. The document outlines the definition, causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment options for CSOM-AAD.
Ear problems external problems ENT PG SPECIALSuman Dash
The document discusses the anatomy and embryology of the external ear. It describes the development of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane from pharyngeal arches. The pinna is made of elastic cartilage covered by skin. The external auditory canal has cartilaginous and bony portions. The tympanic membrane separates the external ear from the middle ear. Blood supply, nerve innervation and clinical applications are also summarized.
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Attico - antral disease.pptDrKrishnaKoiralaENT
This document discusses chronic suppurative otitis media with atticoantral disease (CSOM-AAD), also known as COM-squamous. It is characterized by a chronic pyogenic ear infection lasting over 3 months with cholesteatoma and granulation tissue in the attic or posterosuperior quadrant. Key points include that cholesteatoma is not a tumor but rather an abnormal growth of keratinizing squamous epithelium that destroys bone. Investigation may include endoscopy, audiometry, and CT scan. Treatment options are medical management for early cases or surgery such as canal wall down mastoidectomy.
The middle ear cavity is located between the tympanic membrane and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles (tensor tympani, stapedius), and is connected to the nasopharynx via the Eustachian tube. The cavity has thin bony walls that separate it from important structures like the cranial fossa and carotid artery. The ossicles transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the external ear, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, and middle ear structures including the tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, and ossicles. It describes the layers of the tympanic membrane and landmarks visible on it. It details the walls of the tympanic cavity including structures like the tegmen, jugular wall, carotid wall, mastoid wall, and labyrinthine wall. Key structures discussed include the ossicles, Eustachian tube, mastoid antrum, and their relationships.
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is an infection and inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity that persists for more than 6 weeks. It can lead to complications due to bone destruction and spread of infection. Key features include persistent ear discharge, hearing loss, and perforation of the tympanic membrane. Treatment involves surgical procedures like canal wall up or canal wall down mastoidectomy to thoroughly clean the infected areas and remove any cholesteatoma present. Non-surgical management may be used for limited disease in elderly patients. Features like pain, neurological symptoms, and abscesses indicate potential complications from the infection.
Middle ear ventilatory pathway and Mucosal folds.pptxSaneeshDamodaran
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the middle ear ventilation pathways. It describes the mucosal folds in the middle ear which develop during fetal development from sacs and pouches. Important folds include the tensor tympani fold, malleal folds, and incudal folds. These folds orient the spread of middle ear pathology. The tympanic isthmus and its blockage are also discussed, which can lead to attic dysventilation even with a normally functioning Eustachian tube. Preserving the tensor tympani fold during surgery is important to ensure ventilation of the attic region. A well-aerated mastoid and functioning Eustachian tube also help in maintaining proper middle ear ventilation
The document provides an in-depth overview of the anatomy of the ear in 3 parts: external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. It describes the structures and features of each part in great detail, including the pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, muscles, nerves and blood supply of the middle ear, and structures within the bony and membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. References are provided for additional information.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on diseases of the esophagus. It lists the moderator, faculty, objectives, contents, and slides covering various esophageal diseases including perforation, corrosive burns, benign strictures, motility disorders, GERD, Barrett's esophagus, achalasia, malignancy, Plummer Vinson syndrome, Zenker's diverticulum, and hiatal hernia. Details are provided on the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. The presentation contains 50 slides and is expected to take 45 minutes.
The document discusses several granulomatous diseases that can affect the nose and paranasal sinuses, including tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, rhinoscleroma, rhinosporidiosis, and Wegener's granulomatosis. It provides details on the causative organisms, clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options for each condition. The diseases are classified as infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic in etiology and can cause nasal obstruction, crusting, ulceration, and deformities of the nose if left untreated. Accurate diagnosis involves microbiological testing, histopathological examination of biopsy specimens, and imaging studies.
This document provides an overview of salivary gland tumors including their anatomy, epidemiology, classification, and management. It discusses the most common benign tumors like pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor as well as malignant tumors such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. The document outlines the clinical presentation, investigations, treatment and prognosis of various salivary gland tumors. It emphasizes complete surgical excision of benign tumors and importance of postoperative radiation for malignant tumors.
Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening into the trachea through the neck. It establishes an alternative airway and is often temporary. The document discusses the history of tracheostomy, indications for the procedure, surgical steps, types of tracheostomy tubes, post-operative care including suctioning and humidification, and potential complications both immediate and long-term. Key points covered include contraindications, anatomy, techniques for open and percutaneous tracheostomy, and maintenance of the tracheostomy site.
This document provides information about rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. It defines rhinosinusitis as inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses that can be acute, lasting less than 4 weeks, or chronic, lasting more than 12 weeks. Allergic rhinitis involves inflammation of the nasal mucosa due to IgE-mediated reactions to allergens. Diagnosis involves taking a history, physical exam, and allergy tests like skin prick tests. Management focuses on allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy including antihistamines, and immunotherapy for long-term treatment.
Rhinosinusitis is an inflammation of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses that causes nasal obstruction, congestion, discharge or a runny nose. It can be caused by viruses or bacteria that obstruct sinus drainage and impair the mucociliary transport system. Pain occurs when trapped air and secretions in blocked sinuses cause pressure on sinus walls. Rhinosinusitis is characterized as acute or chronic depending on duration of symptoms. Acute sinusitis typically lasts less than 10 days while chronic sinusitis lasts over 3 months. Treatment involves antibiotics, nasal irrigation, steroids and surgery. Fungal sinusitis can also occur and involves fungal colonization in the sinuses. It may be non-invasive, invasive or
Peritoneal dialysis is a way to remove waste products from your blood when your kidneys can no longer do the job adequately.
A cleansing fluid flows through a tube (catheter) into part of your abdomen and filters waste products from your blood. After a prescribed period of time, the fluid with filtered waste products flows out of your abdomen and is discarded.
Peritoneal dialysis differs from hemodialysis, a more commonly used blood-filtering procedure. With peritoneal dialysis, you can give yourself treatments at home, at work or while traveling.
A chest x ray is a fast and painless imaging test that uses certain electromagnetic waves to create pictures of the structures in and around your chest. This test can help diagnose and monitor conditions such as pneumonia, heart failure, lung cancer, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and lung tissue scarring, called fibrosis
Pre- eclampsia and eclampsia accounts for approximately 63000 maternal deaths worldwide .The maternal mortality rate is as high as 14% in developing countries
This document contains a patient case report for Januka Katuwal, a 32-year-old female presenting with cessation of menstruation for over a month, abdominal pain for 8 hours, and vomiting for 8 hours. Her examination and investigations revealed a ruptured ectopic pregnancy in her right fallopian tube, which was then managed via an emergency laparotomy and right salpingectomy with left tubal ligation. The document also provides definitions, classifications, risk factors, clinical approaches, diagnostic methods, and management options for ectopic pregnancies.
one of most important topic of vascular surgery , i couldn't find this much in slideshare so , i made a slide and uploaded it . Hope you will enjoy reading :)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. Definition:
• Chronic pyogenic infection of middle ear cleft lasting
for >3 months with cholesteatoma & granulation
tissue in attic or postero-superior quadrant of pars
tensa
• Unsafe/ Dangerous : Higher chances of complication
due to bone erosion
• Hallmark of Disease : Cholesteatoma/granulations
3. Cholesteatoma
• Johannes Müller ( 1858)
• Defined as a three dimensional sac lined by
matrix of keratinizing stratified squamous
epithelium that rests on a thin layer of fibrous
tissue and contains desquamated keratin debris
which grows at the expense of surrounding bone
• Not a tumor and has no cholesterol ( Ludman )
• Better term : Epidermosis ( Tumarkin )
4. Cholesteatoma :
•It is a three dimensional epidermal and connective
tissue structure , formed due to accumulation of
exfoliated Keratin in middle ear cleft . It has the
capacity for progressive independent growth at
the expense of underlying bone .
- Abramson , 1977
It has been accurately described as Keratoma
- by Schuknecht
6. Histologically
• Cystic Content
o is composed of fully differentiated anucleate keratin squames.
• Matrix
o contains keratinizing squamous epithelium lining a cyst like
structure.
• Perimatrix
o known as lamina propria
o peripheral part of cholesteatoma consists of granulation tissue
and cholesterol granules.
o This layer is in contact with the bone. It is the granulation tissue
which releases enzymes that cause bone destruction.
7. Causes of bone destruction
• Hyperaemic decalcification
• Osteoclastic bone resorption
– Acid phosphatase ,collagenase, acid proteases
proteolytic enzymes, leukotrienes, cytokines
•Pressure necrosis
•Bacterial toxins
9. Congenital Cholesteatoma
⦁ Definition (Levenson, 1989) – 5 points
White mass medial to normal tympanic membrane
Normal pars flaccida and pars tensa
No prior history of otorrhea or perforations
No prior otologic procedures
Prior bouts of otitis media not grounds for exclusion
10. Theories “Congenital cholesteatoma”
⦁ Epithelial cell rest theory
⦁ Squamous metaplasia theory
⦁ Epidermoid formation theory
⦁ Invagination theory
⦁ ESEI
11. Teed’s theory – Failure of involution of
embryonic cell rest
⦁ Proposed in 1936
⦁ The embryonic ectodermal epithelial cell rests
that is present during fetal development in
proximity to the geniculate ganglion fails to
involute.
⦁ Persistence of embryonic squamous cell rests in the
temporal bone led to the formation of congenital
cholesteatoma.
⦁ Presence of squamous cell rests in the temporal
bone – fairly common. Usually they involute at a
later date to become mature middle ear lining
12. Wendt’s Squamous Metaplastic theory
⦁ This was first proposed by Wendt in 1873
⦁ The attic area of the middle ear cavity is lined by
pavement epithelium.
⦁ According to Wendt, this pavement epithelium
undergoes squamous metaplasia in response to
infection thus forming a nidus for cholesteatoma
formation.
13. Michael’s epidermoid formation theory
⦁ Michaels in 1980s – fetal human temporal bones
⦁ Identified squamous cell tuft present from 10-33 wk
of gestation.
⦁ This “epidermoid formation” was noted in
anterosuperior wall of ME cleft.
⦁ Failure of involution could be basis of cholesteatoma
in anterosuperior mesotympanum
14. Reudi’s invagination theory
⦁ First proposed by Ruedi
⦁ Suggested in-utero infection of TM causing it to
invaginate into the middle ear cavity and produce
stratified squamous epithelium.
⦁ These invaginations predispose to cholesteatoma
formation.
15. Congenital Cholesteatoma
⦁ Origin remains uncertain
⦁ Usually starts from the antero superior quadrant
⦁ Spreads through the posterior superior quadrant,
attic and finally into the mastoid cavity
⦁ Mean age of presentation is 4.5 yo
⦁ M:F ratio is 3:1
⦁ Incidence is 0.12 per 100,000 people
17. Acquired Cholesteatoma
1. Invagination / Retraction pocket (Wittmack’s
theory)
–One of the primary mechanism of
cholesteatoma formation
–Develops in posterosuperior quadrant of Pars
tensa /Attic with adjacent canal wall erosion
18. Retraction pocket formation
Retraction pocket in pars flaccida or Postero-superior
quadrant of pars tensa due to E.T. dysfunction
cerebellopontine angle
19. Reasons for Retraction pocket in
posterosuperior quadrant :
• Poser- superior part of pars tensa is thinnest
• Rate of migration of epithelium is highest at posterosuperior
canal wall
• Poor ventilation of the postero-superioir mesotympanum
due to too much crowding due to presence of ossicles
• Presence of negative pressure in the posterosuperior
mesotympanum because of :
- Relatively large and deep posterior pouch
- Proximity of the aditus ( due to large volume of the mastoid
antrum )
20. 2. Basal cell hyperplasia (Ruedi)
Hyperplasia of basal cells in epithelial layer of T.M. &
their invasion of sub-epithelial tissues .
The cause for hyperplasia is subclinical inflammation
in the attic .
21. 3. Primary squamous metaplasia( Ruede ,
Tumarkin and McGuckin)
Transformation of middle ear mucosa into squamous
epithelium due to infection without TM perforation
22. 4. Secondary squamous
metaplasia( Wendt and Sade )
Transformation of middle ear mucosa into squamous
epithelium due to infection via T.M. perforation
24. 6. Tertiary / Post-traumatic cholesteatoma
• Mechanisms:
1. Epithelial entrapment in fracture line
2. Ingrowth of epithelium through fracture line
3. Traumatic implantation of epithelium into
middle ear
4. Entrapment of epithelium medial to E.A.C.
stenosis
30. Tos classification – Pars Flaccida Retractions:
•Grade 1 – Simple Attic dimple
•Grade 2 – Pars flaccida retracted maximally and
drapped over neck of malleus
•Grade 3 – As grade 3 with erosion of outer attic wall
•Grade 4 – Deep Retraction with unreachable
accumulated keratin
38. Spread of cholesteatoma
- In the middle ear cleft, cholesteatoma follows
the path of least resistance and causes enzymatic
bone destruction.
- The growth of attic cholesteatoma is limited by
the mucosal folds and suspensory ligaments of
the ossicles.
- Attic cholesteatoma first invades Prussak’s
space (lateral most portion of epitympanum) and
then into the recesses of epitympanum
posteriorly, lateral to the body of incus.
39. •Inferiorly it goes into the middle ear via pouch of
von Troltsch. (anatomical spaces between
the malleolar folds & the tympanic membrane )
• Anteriorly cholesteatoma enters into the
protympanum.
•An attic cholesteatoma thus extends posteriorly
into the aditus, antrum and
•mastoid, inferiorly into the mesotympanum and
medially surrounds the incus and head of the
malleus
40. Prussak space :
• Prussak space is a
subcomponent of the
lateral epitympanic
• Boundaries :
• lateral: pars flaccida of
the tympanic membrane
• medial: neck of
the malleus
• superior: lateral malleal
ligament fold
• inferior: lateral (short)
process of the malleus
41. Destruction of bone :
• Cholesteatoma destroys the bones, which come in its way
such as ear ossicles, bony labyrinth, canal of facial nerve,
sinus plate and tegmen tympani.
• Formerly bone destruction was believed to be due to
pressure necrosis. Currently, bone destruction has been
attributed to enzymes.
• They are liberated by osteoclasts and mononuclear
inflammatory cells (associated with cholesteatoma) and
include as collagenase, acid phosphatase and proteolytic
enzymes.
42. Investigations
• Examination under microscope
• Ear discharge swab: for culture and sensitivity
• Pure tone audiometry
• X-ray mastoid : B/L 300 lateral oblique
(Schuller)
• CT scan: revision surgery, complications,
children
43. Advantages of E.U.M.
• Confirmation of otoscopic findings
• Epithelial migration from margin of perforation
• Cholesteatoma & granulations
• Adhesions & tympanosclerosis
• Assessment of ossicular chain integrity
• Collection of discharge for culture sensitivity
44. Uses of X-ray mastoid
1. Position of dural & sinus plates
2. Type of pneumatization : Cellular (80%), Diploic
(<1%), Sclerotic (20%)
3. Cholesteatoma (cotton wool appearance)
4. Bone destruction: presence & extent
5. Mastoid cavity
53. Management
History:
1. Hearing loss
2. Otorrhea: malodorous
3. Otalgia
4. Tinnitus
5. Vertigo
Progressive unilateral hearing loss with a chronic foul smelling
otorrhea should raise suspicion.
⦁ Previous history of middle ear disease
1. Chronic otitis media
2. Tympanic membrane perforation: Pars flaccida
3. Prior surgery
54. Examination:
⦁ Otoscopy
⦁ Microscopy
⦁ Positive fistula (pneumatic otoscopy will result in
nystagmus and vertigo) response suggests erosion
of the semicircular canals or cochlea
⦁ 512Hz tuning fork exam
- Always relate with audiometry results
56. Imaging
⦁ Preoperative imaging with computed tomographies (CTs
) of temporal bones (2mm ) section without contrast in
axial and coronal planes.
1. Allows for evaluation of anatomy
2. May reveal evidence of the extent
3. Screen for asymptomatic complications
57. Medical - Conservative
• Topical ear drops + frequent suction clearance
• Indications:
– Early disease with shallow retraction pocket
– Only hearing ear with cholesteatoma
– Elderly patients
– Pts who are not fit for surgery under G.A.
– Pts who can regularly come for follow up
Treatment Options
58. Management
Cholesteatoma is a surgical problem
Goals of surgery include:
1) To make the ear safe by eradicating the
cholesteatoma and infection
2) To conserve residual hearing Improvement of
hearing when possible
3) To provide acceptable cosmetic appearance
4) To reconstruct the ear in a manner that reduces
the chances of recurrence
59. Surgeries
• Grommet insertion (to manage early
retraction pockets)
• Canal wall down procedure
• Canal wall up procedure
60. Canal wall down procedure
• Most commonly used
• Good access
• Middle ear space reduced
• Large cavity (cavity problems)
61. ⦁ Classic CWD operation is the modified
radical mastoidectomy in which middle ear
space is preserved
⦁ Radical mastoidectomy is CWD operation
in which: Middle ear space is eliminated ,
Eustachian tube is plugged
62. Canal wall down procedure
• Posterior canal wall is reduced up to the
level of vertical portion of facial nerve
• Middle ear, attic, antrum,and mastoid are
exteriorized and made into a single cavity
• Attic is obliterated
• Large meatoplasty is performed
63. Indications of canal wall down
• Cholesteatoma in the only hearing ear
• Erosion of posterior canal wall
• H/o vertigo suggesting labyrinthine fistula
• Recurrent cholesteatoma after canal wall
up surgery
• Poor Eustachean tube function
• Sclerosed mastoid with poor access to
attic region
64. Canal wall down procedure :
Advantages :
• Residual disease is easily
detected
• Recurrent disease
is rare
• Facial recess is
exteriorized
Disadvantages :
• Open cavity is created
• Takes longer time to heal
• Mastoid bowl maintenance
can be life long problem
• Shallow middle ear space
makes OCR (Ossicular Chain
Reconstruction) difficult
• Dry ear precautions are
essential
65. Bondy’s operation
⦁ A type of modified radical mastoidectomy in which
the mastoid cavity is exteriorized without disturbing
the intact ossicular chain and pars tensa.
⦁ Indication: epitympanic cholesteatoma with intact
ossicular chain, normal pars tensa, and good
hearing.
⦁ The advantages of the technique are one-stage
surgery with preservation of preoperative hearing
levels, which is not possible with any other
procedure.
66. Canal wall up surgery
• More conservative procedure
• Posterior canal wall is retained
• Middle ear space is maintained
• Normal physiology is maintained
• Usually is performed as a staged
procedure
67. Canal -Wall Up :
⦁ CWU procedure developed to avoid problems and
maintenance necessary with CWD procedures
⦁ CWU consists of preservation of posterior bony
external auditory canal wall during simple
mastoidectomy with or without a posterior with
tympanotomy
⦁ Staged procedure often necessary with a scheduled
second look operation at 6 to 18 months for:
- Removal of residual cholesteatoma
- Ossicular chain reconstruction if necessary
⦁ Procedure should be adapted to extent of disease as
well as skill of otologist
68. Indications of canal wall up procedure
• In patients with well pneumatized mastoid
• Patients with good Eustachean tube
function
• In patient’s with limited disease (confined
to the attic)
69. Contraindications of CWU
• Patients with poor Eustachean tube
function
• Patient with labyrinthine involvement
• Long standing ear disease
• Patients with intra cranial complications
70. Advantages of CWU
• Rapid healing time
• No cavity problems
• Hearing aids can be used without
problems