Conceptual perspectives of stress
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This document presents conceptual perspectives of stress from Anjali Rai. It discusses stress as derived from the Latin word "stringere" and how an optimum level is necessary for good performance. Three perspectives are discussed: the stimulus perspective sees environmental stressors as causing a stress reaction; the response perspective looks at how individuals handle stressors through defenses and reactions; and the transactional perspective views stress as a transaction between a person and their environment involving cognitive appraisal and coping responses. Stress is defined as a deviant psycho-physiological state resulting from a situation cognitively appraised as excessively demanding and requiring adaptive efforts to cope with it.
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Stress is the body's response to perceived threats or demands. It involves physiological reactions like increased heart rate and hormones like cortisol. Prolonged stress can negatively impact health. Early pioneers like Walter Cannon studied stress and identified the fight or flight response. Later, Hans Selye proposed the general adaptation syndrome model of stress involving alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages. The transactional model views stress as resulting from an imbalance between demands and one's ability to cope, determined through cognitive appraisals. Acute and chronic stress can have positive or negative impacts depending on factors like duration and perception.
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It is sincerely hoped that after you complete this course you'll continue to think about psychology and apply its ideas to what’s going on in the world and to aid in your critical thinking. The purpose of this exercise is to find a NEWSPAPER article (not from a magazine or psychology website) that illustrates psychological concepts. Your assignment is to prepare one recent newspaper article (feature article or editorial) from a mainstream newspaper (e.g., Santa Cruz Sentinel, San Jose Mercury, San Francisco Chronicle, New York Times; it can be printed off the Web) since February 2017.
On 1-2 typewritten pages (double-spaced, 1-inch margins, 12-font):
1. Identify the source and date of the article.
2. Summarize (briefly) the newspaper article.
3. Write a description or explanation of how the article relates to a theory, concept, or research finding presented in class or in the textbook. Be sure to include a summary of the material from the lecture or the book and make sure the relevance is clear.
4. Discuss specific ways the newspaper article could have been improved or was misleading. For example, did you find information in the textbook that contradicted the newspaper article or would have helped explain the topic more clearly? If you think the newspaper article did a good job of reporting on its topic, explain fully why you think so and support your argument with examples.
5. Include the newspaper article (e.g., taped to a piece of paper if it is cut out from the newspaper). Make sure your assignment is fastened together with a paper clip or staple.
You can consider any of following concepts or terms:
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· Areas of specialization (e.g., Industrial/Organizational, Clinical/Counseling, etc.)
· Assumptions of science
· Scientific method: Theory, hypothesis, hypothesis testing, variables
· Experimental method: Independent and dependent variables, generalizability, validity
· Descriptive methods: Observation, self-report data (e.g., surveys), case studies
· Correlational research: Correlational coefficient, positive correlation, negative correlation
· Ethics in research
· Central nervous system
· Peripheral nervous system
· Somatic nervous system
· Autonomic nervous system
· Sympathetic nervous system
· Parasympathetic nervous system
· Endocrine system
· Hormones
· Pituitary gland
· Neurons: Types and structure (e.g., cell body, dendrites, axon)
· Action potential
· Synapse
· Neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, endorphin)
· Receptors
· Brain imaging techniques (e.g., PET scan, MRI)
· Brain structures (e.g., amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebrum, cerebral cortex)
· Lobes of the brain (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
· Somatosensory cortex, motor cortex
· Corpus callosum
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The document discusses the history and theories of stress. It describes Hans Selye's theory of the general adaptation syndrome consisting of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages. Walter Cannon's work on homeostasis and the fight or flight response is also discussed. Theories by Richard Lazarus on cognitive appraisal of stressors and physiological responses involving the sympathetic nervous system, HPA axis, and immune system are summarized.
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Conceptual perspectives of stress
- 1. CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVES OF STRESS PRESENTED BY- ANJALI RAI ROLL NO.-07 MPMIR 4th SEMESTER
- 2. STRESS • Derived from Latin word “stringere” • Optimum level of stress is necessary for good performance • Selye(1956) GAS: Alarm Resistance Collapse
- 3. CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVES STIMULUS PERSPECTIVE RESPONSE PERSPECTIVE TRANSACTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
- 4. STIMULUS PERSPECTIVE • Environmental situations as new, rapid changing, sudden, demanding... • External stressor gives rise to stress reaction, or strain within the individual(Cox, 1978) • Social situations which require the focal person to make excessive adoptive effort • 8 types of stressful situation(Weitz)- speeded information processing, noxious environmental stimuli, perceived threat, disrupted psychological function, isolation, confinement, frustration, group pressure, blocking
- 5. RESPONSE PERSPECTIVE • The way in which the individual handles the perceived stressors-the defences it mobilizes and the alarm reactions ignited • STRESS –an imbalance between the requirements to make an adoptive response and the repertoire of the focal person • “Stress is the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it”-Selye(1966)
- 6. TRANSACTIONAL PERSPECTIVE • Transaction between the person and his environment • Demand to which there are no readily available adaptive responses • Cognitive appraisal • Coping responses • “Stressfulness of stimulus exposure or event is dependent upon the pattern of stimulus-organism interaction in a particular time and a particular place”- Appley & Trumbell STRESS=CAD>CAS
- 7. STAGES OF STRESS • Perception of noxious, problematic, demanding situation • Cognitive appraisal • State of emotional disequilibrium followed by psycho-physiological and bio-chemical responses • Adoptive or coping efforts
- 9. STRESS STRESS is Deviant psycho-physiological state of the individual resulted from a situation cognitively appraised as excessively demanding and requiring the focal person to make some adoptive efforts to cope with it.”
- 10. CONCLUSION
- 11. THANKYOU...