My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
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Pondicherry University 2018 M.Sc. Applied Psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My Sincere Thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
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World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
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Pondicherry university 2011 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Pondicherry university 2016 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
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Pondicherry university 2015 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Pondicherry University 2020 M.Sc. Applied Psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
This document contains 53 multiple choice questions related to psychology. The questions cover topics such as theories and theorists in psychology, research methods, learning, cognition, social psychology, psychopathology, and therapies. For each question there are 4 answer options and the correct answer is worth 4 marks with a negative marking of 1 for an incorrect response.
Pondicherry University 2019 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to the topics of psychology, research methods, intelligence, personality, counseling, and more. There are a total of 52 questions testing knowledge across various domains of applied psychology. The questions range from topics like research designs, theories of intelligence and personality, counseling models, memory processes, and more.
Pondicherry university 2017 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Pondicherry university 2018 Ph.d Applied Psychology entrance exam question pa...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare. net
Pondicherry University 2018 M.Sc. Applied Psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My Sincere Thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Pondicherry university 2011 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Pondicherry university 2016 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Pondicherry university 2015 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Pondicherry University 2020 M.Sc. Applied Psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
This document contains 53 multiple choice questions related to psychology. The questions cover topics such as theories and theorists in psychology, research methods, learning, cognition, social psychology, psychopathology, and therapies. For each question there are 4 answer options and the correct answer is worth 4 marks with a negative marking of 1 for an incorrect response.
Pondicherry University 2019 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to the topics of psychology, research methods, intelligence, personality, counseling, and more. There are a total of 52 questions testing knowledge across various domains of applied psychology. The questions range from topics like research designs, theories of intelligence and personality, counseling models, memory processes, and more.
Pondicherry university 2017 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Pondicherry university 2018 Ph.d Applied Psychology entrance exam question pa...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare. net
Interpersonal attraction is influenced by physical attractiveness, proximity, familiarity, and similarity. The triangular theory of love proposes that attraction consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Reinforcement theory states that individuals expect greater benefits relative to their costs in a relationship. Social exchange theory suggests people evaluate fairness in relationships based on equitable contributions and outcomes. Complementary theory proposes that opposite sex attraction fosters reproductive success. Attachment theory posits that seeking attachment figures in times of stress develops from responsive caregiving as a child.
Pondicherry university 2010 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Social psychology has evolved over centuries from early philosophers' theories to modern experimental research. It developed in three stages: [1] social philosophy with discussions but no data; [2] social empiricism with systematic data collection but no experiments; and [3] social analysis with causation studies and experiments. In the 20th century, wartime studies of prejudice and propaganda increased interest. Research expanded to include cognition, attitudes, relationships, and groups. Field studies now complement controlled experiments. Social psychology continues to investigate diverse topics with implications for society such as leadership, terrorism, and cultural influences on behavior.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others. It discusses attitudes, theories of attitude formation and change, and methods of measuring attitudes. It also covers topics like prejudice, group dynamics, conformity, leadership styles and characteristics. Measurement scales discussed include Likert scales, Thurstone scales, and Bogardus social distance scales. Experiments mentioned include Asch's conformity experiments.
The term "cognitive psychology" was first used in 1967 by American psychologist Ulric Neisser in his book Cognitive Psychology. According to Neisser, cognition involves "all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.
It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon."
The MMPI-2 is a widely used psychological assessment that was first published in 1943 and revised in 1989. It consists of 567 true/false questions and measures personality traits and psychopathology. The revision process involved updating outdated items and adding new scales. The MMPI-2 maintains good reliability and comparability to the original MMPI, while improving representation of special populations. Interpretation involves examining validity, clinical, content, and supplemental scale scores.
Methodological Challenges in Qualitative ResearchSameena Siddique
This document discusses several methodological dilemmas and issues that arise in qualitative research. It outlines four main issues: (1) the researcher as the interpreter who brings their own subjectivities; (2) the emergent nature of qualitative research where understanding develops iteratively over time; (3) understanding the experiences of participants through indigenous and analyst-constructed meanings; and (4) ensuring trustworthiness through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The document also discusses issues that can arise at different stages of research including design, data collection, analysis, and writing up results. Power dynamics, sampling biases, and representing large amounts of data are some of the challenges addressed.
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that benefit others or society, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating. It is central to healthy social groups and is motivated by empathy. Research on prosocial behavior originated with studies on bystander effects during crimes and emergencies. Current research examines biological, motivational, cognitive, and social factors influencing prosocial acts through theories like empathy-altruism, negative state relief, kin selection, and reciprocal altruism. Volunteering has been associated with benefits to happiness and health.
1) Social psychologists conduct both correlational and experimental research. Correlational research looks for natural associations between variables in real-world settings, while experimental research manipulates variables under controlled conditions to establish causation.
2) An example is provided of a correlational study finding that obese women had lower incomes even after controlling for other factors, suggesting possible discrimination. An experiment then showed men speaking less warmly to a woman they believed to be obese based on her photo.
3) Similarly, a correlation between children's TV violence viewing and aggression was examined experimentally by exposing some children to a violent TV episode and finding they then displayed more aggression than children who did not watch.
4) Experiments allow social psychologists to test
Applications of statistics in psychologyPOOJA PATIL
Psychological statistics is aplication of statistical formulas, theorems and laws of statistics to psychology.Statistical tools can be used to check effectiveness of a drug or placebo.
This study examined age-related differences in episodic and semantic autobiographical memory retrieval. Younger and older adults were asked to recall life events from different periods of their lives with varying levels of retrieval support. The results showed that older adults recalled fewer episodic details and more semantic details compared to younger adults. Providing specific probes about event details increased recall of episodic information for both age groups, particularly for older adults recalling more remote events. This suggests that retrieval support can reduce some age-related deficits in autobiographical memory retrieval.
Endel Tulving introduced two separate memory systems: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory involves mentally re-experiencing past events and autonoetic awareness, while semantic memory involves meaningful associations without recollection of context. Neurological evidence supports the distinction between the two systems, with episodic memory involving both hemispheres and semantic memory localized to the left hemisphere. Recent studies have examined how episodic memories can become semanticized over time through schematization.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real, imagined, or implied social contexts. Some key topics covered include social influence, conformity, compliance, social norms, and research studies such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The document discusses how social factors like group pressure, authority, and reciprocity can influence individual attitudes and behaviors. In summary, it introduces social psychology concepts relating to how social environments and other people shape individual cognition, interaction, and performance.
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
Cross-cultural psychology involves the systematic comparison of psychological variables across cultures to understand how culture influences human behavior. It examines both observable behaviors and covert behaviors like thoughts and beliefs. While some research emphasizes differences in psychological functioning between cultures, reflecting diverse "modes of being", other work stresses common underlying psychological processes shaped by local culture. Definitions and approaches within the field have evolved, with ongoing debates around issues like universalism vs. cultural relativism.
Cognitive psychology is the study of how people think. This chapter outlines the history of cognitive psychology from its philosophical roots in Plato and Aristotle through approaches like structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and Gestalt psychology. It describes the emergence of cognitive psychology due to challenges to behaviorism from researchers like Chomsky and Turing. The chapter then discusses common research methods in cognitive psychology like experiments, neuroimaging, self-reports, and computer modeling before concluding with key themes such as the interaction of cognitive processes and the need for diverse research methods.
This document discusses interpersonal attraction and why people are drawn to others. There are two main reasons for affiliation - social comparison and social exchange. Social comparison involves evaluating ourselves by comparing to similar others, while social exchange means seeking relationships where rewards outweigh costs. Additionally, people are motivated by five core social motives - belongingness, understanding, controlling, self-enhancement, and trust. Factors like proximity, similarity, and physical attractiveness can influence attraction. People prefer others who are similar in attitudes and validate their self-views due to desires for social comparison, familiarity, and cognitive consistency.
This document discusses helping behavior and why people help others. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. Some reasons people help include social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility, sociobiology, social exchange to receive benefits, empathy and similarity to others. Social norms are social rules that people should help those who help them or depend on them. Social exchange theory suggests people help to maximize benefits and minimize costs. People are more likely to help those they feel empathy for or who are similar. Circumstances like mood, closeness to the person in need, and noticing the need also influence whether and how people provide help.
Overview of major theories of personality in psychology, including:
1) Freud's Psychoanalytic theory,
2) Car Jung's, Eysencks and Cattel's trait theories (includes details on both MBTI and Big5),
3) Skinner's, Bandura's and Rotter's Behavioural and Social Cognitive theories, and
4) Maslow's and Roger's Humanistic theories
Pondicherry university 2015 Ph.D Applied Psychology entrance exam question pa...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Interpersonal attraction is influenced by physical attractiveness, proximity, familiarity, and similarity. The triangular theory of love proposes that attraction consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Reinforcement theory states that individuals expect greater benefits relative to their costs in a relationship. Social exchange theory suggests people evaluate fairness in relationships based on equitable contributions and outcomes. Complementary theory proposes that opposite sex attraction fosters reproductive success. Attachment theory posits that seeking attachment figures in times of stress develops from responsive caregiving as a child.
Pondicherry university 2010 m.sc. applied psychology entrance exam question p...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
Social psychology has evolved over centuries from early philosophers' theories to modern experimental research. It developed in three stages: [1] social philosophy with discussions but no data; [2] social empiricism with systematic data collection but no experiments; and [3] social analysis with causation studies and experiments. In the 20th century, wartime studies of prejudice and propaganda increased interest. Research expanded to include cognition, attitudes, relationships, and groups. Field studies now complement controlled experiments. Social psychology continues to investigate diverse topics with implications for society such as leadership, terrorism, and cultural influences on behavior.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others. It discusses attitudes, theories of attitude formation and change, and methods of measuring attitudes. It also covers topics like prejudice, group dynamics, conformity, leadership styles and characteristics. Measurement scales discussed include Likert scales, Thurstone scales, and Bogardus social distance scales. Experiments mentioned include Asch's conformity experiments.
The term "cognitive psychology" was first used in 1967 by American psychologist Ulric Neisser in his book Cognitive Psychology. According to Neisser, cognition involves "all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.
It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon."
The MMPI-2 is a widely used psychological assessment that was first published in 1943 and revised in 1989. It consists of 567 true/false questions and measures personality traits and psychopathology. The revision process involved updating outdated items and adding new scales. The MMPI-2 maintains good reliability and comparability to the original MMPI, while improving representation of special populations. Interpretation involves examining validity, clinical, content, and supplemental scale scores.
Methodological Challenges in Qualitative ResearchSameena Siddique
This document discusses several methodological dilemmas and issues that arise in qualitative research. It outlines four main issues: (1) the researcher as the interpreter who brings their own subjectivities; (2) the emergent nature of qualitative research where understanding develops iteratively over time; (3) understanding the experiences of participants through indigenous and analyst-constructed meanings; and (4) ensuring trustworthiness through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The document also discusses issues that can arise at different stages of research including design, data collection, analysis, and writing up results. Power dynamics, sampling biases, and representing large amounts of data are some of the challenges addressed.
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that benefit others or society, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating. It is central to healthy social groups and is motivated by empathy. Research on prosocial behavior originated with studies on bystander effects during crimes and emergencies. Current research examines biological, motivational, cognitive, and social factors influencing prosocial acts through theories like empathy-altruism, negative state relief, kin selection, and reciprocal altruism. Volunteering has been associated with benefits to happiness and health.
1) Social psychologists conduct both correlational and experimental research. Correlational research looks for natural associations between variables in real-world settings, while experimental research manipulates variables under controlled conditions to establish causation.
2) An example is provided of a correlational study finding that obese women had lower incomes even after controlling for other factors, suggesting possible discrimination. An experiment then showed men speaking less warmly to a woman they believed to be obese based on her photo.
3) Similarly, a correlation between children's TV violence viewing and aggression was examined experimentally by exposing some children to a violent TV episode and finding they then displayed more aggression than children who did not watch.
4) Experiments allow social psychologists to test
Applications of statistics in psychologyPOOJA PATIL
Psychological statistics is aplication of statistical formulas, theorems and laws of statistics to psychology.Statistical tools can be used to check effectiveness of a drug or placebo.
This study examined age-related differences in episodic and semantic autobiographical memory retrieval. Younger and older adults were asked to recall life events from different periods of their lives with varying levels of retrieval support. The results showed that older adults recalled fewer episodic details and more semantic details compared to younger adults. Providing specific probes about event details increased recall of episodic information for both age groups, particularly for older adults recalling more remote events. This suggests that retrieval support can reduce some age-related deficits in autobiographical memory retrieval.
Endel Tulving introduced two separate memory systems: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory involves mentally re-experiencing past events and autonoetic awareness, while semantic memory involves meaningful associations without recollection of context. Neurological evidence supports the distinction between the two systems, with episodic memory involving both hemispheres and semantic memory localized to the left hemisphere. Recent studies have examined how episodic memories can become semanticized over time through schematization.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real, imagined, or implied social contexts. Some key topics covered include social influence, conformity, compliance, social norms, and research studies such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The document discusses how social factors like group pressure, authority, and reciprocity can influence individual attitudes and behaviors. In summary, it introduces social psychology concepts relating to how social environments and other people shape individual cognition, interaction, and performance.
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
Cross-cultural psychology involves the systematic comparison of psychological variables across cultures to understand how culture influences human behavior. It examines both observable behaviors and covert behaviors like thoughts and beliefs. While some research emphasizes differences in psychological functioning between cultures, reflecting diverse "modes of being", other work stresses common underlying psychological processes shaped by local culture. Definitions and approaches within the field have evolved, with ongoing debates around issues like universalism vs. cultural relativism.
Cognitive psychology is the study of how people think. This chapter outlines the history of cognitive psychology from its philosophical roots in Plato and Aristotle through approaches like structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and Gestalt psychology. It describes the emergence of cognitive psychology due to challenges to behaviorism from researchers like Chomsky and Turing. The chapter then discusses common research methods in cognitive psychology like experiments, neuroimaging, self-reports, and computer modeling before concluding with key themes such as the interaction of cognitive processes and the need for diverse research methods.
This document discusses interpersonal attraction and why people are drawn to others. There are two main reasons for affiliation - social comparison and social exchange. Social comparison involves evaluating ourselves by comparing to similar others, while social exchange means seeking relationships where rewards outweigh costs. Additionally, people are motivated by five core social motives - belongingness, understanding, controlling, self-enhancement, and trust. Factors like proximity, similarity, and physical attractiveness can influence attraction. People prefer others who are similar in attitudes and validate their self-views due to desires for social comparison, familiarity, and cognitive consistency.
This document discusses helping behavior and why people help others. It defines key concepts like altruism and prosocial behavior. Some reasons people help include social norms like reciprocity and social responsibility, sociobiology, social exchange to receive benefits, empathy and similarity to others. Social norms are social rules that people should help those who help them or depend on them. Social exchange theory suggests people help to maximize benefits and minimize costs. People are more likely to help those they feel empathy for or who are similar. Circumstances like mood, closeness to the person in need, and noticing the need also influence whether and how people provide help.
Overview of major theories of personality in psychology, including:
1) Freud's Psychoanalytic theory,
2) Car Jung's, Eysencks and Cattel's trait theories (includes details on both MBTI and Big5),
3) Skinner's, Bandura's and Rotter's Behavioural and Social Cognitive theories, and
4) Maslow's and Roger's Humanistic theories
Pondicherry university 2015 Ph.D Applied Psychology entrance exam question pa...LAKSHMANAN S
My sincere thanks to: - Professor Dr. V.Suresh
Annamalai University
& world class one search engine, Google.com
World Top Professional Social Media, Linkedin.com
& World Top Intellectual Supporter, Slideshare.net
This document discusses inferential statistics and hypothesis testing. It provides examples of researchers formulating hypotheses and collecting data to test them. Researchers take random samples from populations to test if there are meaningful differences between groups. Hypothesis testing involves comparing experimental and control groups after exposing them to different levels of an independent variable. The goal is to determine if the independent variable caused a detectable change in the dependent variable. Inferential statistics are used to test if sample means differ significantly, which would suggest the hypothesis is supported or not supported. Proper sampling and estimating sampling distributions, standard errors, and variability are important concepts for accurately testing hypotheses about populations based on sample data.
PSY520 – Module 5Answer Sheet Submit your answers in the.docxwoodruffeloisa
PSY520 – Module 5
Answer Sheet
Submit your answers in the boxes provided. No credit will be given for responses not found in the correct answer area.
Chapter 13:
13.6It’s well established, we’ll assume, that lab rats require an average of 32 trials in a complex water maze before reaching a learning criterion of three consecutive errorless trials. To determine whether a mildly adverse stimulus has any effect on performance, a sample of seven lab rats were given a mild electrical shock just before each trial.
Question:
Steps:
Calculations or Logic:
Answer:
Given that X 5 34.89 and s 5 3.02, test the null hypothesis with t , using the .05 level of significance.
What is the research hypothesis?
What is the null hypothesis?
Is this a one-tailed or two-tailed test?
What are the degrees of freedom?
What is the t critical for .05 significance?
What is the calculated t?
Do you accept or reject the null hypothesis?
Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the true number of trials required to learn the water maze.
Interpret this confidence interval.
13.8Assume that on average, healthy young adults dream 90 minutes each night, as inferred from a number of measures, including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. An investigator wishes to determine whether drinking coffee just before going to sleep affects the amount of dream time. After drinking a standard amount of coffee, dream time is monitored for each of 28 healthy young adults in a random sample. Results show a sample mean, X, of 88 minutes and a sample standard deviation, s, of 9 minutes.
Question:
Steps:
Calculations or Logic:
Answer:
Use t to test the null hypothesis at the .05 level of significance.
What is the research hypothesis?
What is the null hypothesis?
Is this a one-tailed or two-tailed test?
What are the degrees of freedom?
What is the t critical for .05 significance?
What is the calculated t?
Do you accept or reject the null hypothesis?
If appropriate (because the null hypothesis has been rejected), construct a 95 percent confidence interval and interpret this interval.
13.9In the gas mileage test described in this chapter, would you prefer a smaller or a larger sample size if you were the car manufacturer? Why? a vigorous prosecutor for the federal regulatory agency? Why
Question:
Smaller or Larger?
Why?
In the gas mileage test described in this chapter, would you prefer a smaller or a larger sample size if you were the car manufacturer?
In the gas mileage test described in this chapter, would you prefer a smaller or a larger sample size if you were a vigorous prosecutor for the federal regulatory agency?
13.10Even though the population standard deviation is unknown, an investigator uses z rather than the more appropriate t to test a hypothesis at the .05 level of significance.
Question:
Larger or smaller?
Is the true level of significance larger or smaller than .05
Is the true critical value larger or smaller than that for the cr ...
The document summarizes a case study on treating chronic fatigue syndrome with cognitive behavioral therapy versus relaxation therapy. In the study, 60 patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received cognitive behavioral therapy or a control group that received relaxation therapy. At the 6-month follow up, 70% of patients in the treatment group had a good outcome, compared to only 19% in the control group. While the large difference between groups suggests the treatment was effective, more statistical analysis is needed to determine if the difference was due to chance or a real effect of the therapy. The results may only generalize to patients with similar characteristics as those in the study.
Assessment 3 ContextYou will review the theory, logic, and a.docxgalerussel59292
Assessment 3 Context
You will review the theory, logic, and application of t-tests. The t-test is a basic inferential statistic often reported in psychological research. You will discover that t-tests, as well as analysis of variance (ANOVA), compare group means on some quantitative outcome variable.
Recall that null hypothesis tests are of two types: (1) differences between group means and (2) association between variables. In both cases there is a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis. In the group means test, the null hypothesis is that the two groups have equal means, and the alternative hypothesis is that the two groups do not have equal means. In the association between variables type of test, the null hypothesis is that the correlation coefficient between the two variables is zero, and the alternative hypothesis is that the correlation coefficient is not zero.
Notice in each case that the hypotheses are mutually exclusive. If the null is false, the alternative must be true. The purpose of null hypothesis statistical tests is generally to show that the null has a low probability of being true (the p value is less than .05) – low enough that the researcher can legitimately claim it is false. The reason this is done is to support the allegation that the alternative hypothesis is true.
In this context you will be studying the details of the first type of test. This is the test of difference between group means. In variations on this model, the two groups can actually be the same people under different conditions, or one of the groups may be assigned a fixed theoretical value. The main idea is that two mean values are being compared. The two groups each have an average score or mean on some variable. The null hypothesis is that the difference between the means is zero. The alternative hypothesis is that the difference between the means is not zero. Notice that if the null is false, the alternative must be true. It is first instructive to consider some of the details of groups. Means, and difference between them.
Null Hypothesis Significance Test
The most common forms of the Null Hypothesis Significance Test (NHST) are three types of t tests, and the test of significance of a correlation. The NHST also extends to more complex tests, such as ANOVA, which will be discussed separately. Below, the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis are given for each of the following tests. It would be a valuable use of your time to commit the information below to memory. Once this is done, then when we refer to the tests later, you will have some structure to make sense of the more detailed explanations.
1. One-sample t test: The question in this test is whether a single sample group mean is significantly different from some stated or fixed theoretical value - the fixed value is called a parameter.
· Null Hypothesis: The difference between the sample group mean and the fixed value is zero in the population.
· Alternative hypothesis: T.
Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 EXPERI MENTAL E.docxgitagrimston
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 1
EXPERI MENTAL E PIDE MIOLOGICAL STUDIE S
Epidemiologic studies are either observational or experimental. Observational studies, including ecologic,
cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control designs, are considered “natural” experiments, but experimental
studies are considered true experiments. We will spend the next 2 modules discussing these designs.
Before we begin to discuss study designs, we need a brief introduction to a concept that we will spend more
time discussing in later modules -- bias. The definition of bias is:
“Deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Any trend in the
collection, analysis, interpretation, publication, or review of data that can lead to conclusions that are
systematically different from the truth.” (Last, J.M., A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 4th ed.)
Epidemiologists are naturally concerned whether the results of an epidemiologic study are biased, since many
important public health decisions are often drawn from epidemiologic research. The severity of the bias, that
is - how much it influences or distorts the results, is related to the study design as well as how information is
analyzed.
Experimental Studies
The defining feature of experimental studies is that the investigator assigns exposure to the study subjects.
Experimental studies most closely resemble controlled laboratory experiments and serve as models for the
conduct of observational studies, thus they are the “gold standard” of epidemiologic research. Experimental
studies have high validity (i.e., less bias), and can identify even very small effects. The most well known type of
experimental study is a randomized trial (sometimes referred to as a randomized controlled trial), where the
investigator randomly assigns exposure to the study subjects. In this type of study, the only expected
difference between the experimental and control groups is the outcome variable being studied.
Experimental designs like the randomized trial can assess both preventive interventions, where a prophylactic
agent is given to healthy or high-risk individual to prevent disease, or can assess effects of therapeutic
treatment, such as those given to diseased individuals to reduce their risk of disease recurrence, or to improve
their survival or quality of life.
Preventive intervention: Does tamoxifen lower the incidence of breast cancer in women with high risk profile
compared to high risk women not given tamoxifen?
Therapeutic intervention: Do combinations of two or three antiretroviral drugs prolong survival of AIDS
patients as well as regimens of single drugs?
The investigator can assign exposures (or allocate interventions) to either individuals or to an entire
community.
Individual-level assignment: Do women with stage I breast cancer given a lumpectomy alone survive as long
without recurrence of disease as women given a lumpec ...
This document provides an overview of cross-sectional studies. It defines cross-sectional studies as studies that measure prevalence by observing exposures and outcomes in a population at a single point in time. It discusses key aspects of cross-sectional study design such as sampling, data collection methods, analysis of prevalence data, and potential biases like selection bias.
This document provides an overview of cross-sectional studies, including what they are, their uses, methodology, advantages, and disadvantages. A cross-sectional study involves observing a population at a single point in time to determine prevalence of disease. It is a quick and inexpensive way to describe characteristics of a population and identify associations between variables. However, it cannot determine causation due to its observational nature.
The document discusses key probability concepts including probability, binomial distribution, normal distribution, and Poisson distribution. It provides examples of how each concept is applied in pharmaceutical research and drug development, such as calculating the probability of adverse drug events, modeling drug response rates, and analyzing the number of medication errors at a pharmacy.
Hypothesis Testing Definitions A statistical hypothesi.docxwilcockiris
Hypothesis Testing
Definitions:
A statistical hypothesis is a guess about a population parameter. The guess may or not be
true.
The null hypothesis, written H0, is a statistical hypothesis that states that there is no
difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is no difference between
two parameters.
The alternative hypothesis, written H1 or HA, is a statistical hypothesis that specifies a
specific difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is a difference
between two parameters.
Example 1:
A medical researcher is interested in finding out whether a new medication will have
undesirable side effects. She is particularly concerned with the pulse rate of patients who
take the medication. The research question is, will the pulse rate increase, decrease, or
remain the same after a patient takes the medication?
Since the researcher knows that the mean pulse rate for the population under study is 82
beats per minute, the hypotheses for this study are:
H0: µ = 82
HA: µ ≠ 82
The null hypothesis specifies that the mean will remain unchanged and the alternative
hypothesis states that it will be different. This test is called a two-tailed test since the
possible side effects could be to raise or lower the pulse rate. Notice that this is a non
directional hypothesis. The rejection region lies in both tails. We divide the alpha in two
and place half in each tail.
Example 2:
An entrepreneur invents an additive to increase the life of an automobile battery. If the
mean lifetime of the automobile battery is 36 months, then his hypotheses are:
H0: µ ≤ 36
HA: µ > 36
Here, the entrepreneur is only interested in increasing the lifetime of the batteries, so his
alternative hypothesis is that the mean is greater than 36 months. The null hypothesis is
that the mean is less than or equal to 36 months. This test is one-tailed since the interest
is only in an increased lifetime. Notice that the direction of the inequality in the alternate
hypothesis points to the right, same as the area of the curve that forms the rejection
region.
Example 3:
A landlord who wants to lower heating bills in a large apartment complex is considering
using a new type of insulation. If the current average of the monthly heating bills is $78,
his hypotheses about heating costs with the new insulation are:
H0: µ ≥ 78
HA: µ < 78
This test is also a one-tailed test since the landlord is interested only in lowering heating
costs. Notice that the direction of the inequality in the alternate hypothesis points to the
left, same as the area of the curve that forms the rejection region.
Study Design:
After stating the hypotheses, the researcher’s next step is to design the study. In designing
the study, the researcher selects an appropriate statistical test, chooses a level of
significance, and formulates a plan for conducting the study..
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest level of evidence in clinical research. RCTs involve randomly assigning subjects to experimental and control groups to test clinical interventions. Key aspects of RCTs include formulating a research question, randomization to eliminate confounding factors, blinding of subjects and researchers, monitoring outcomes in both groups, and presenting results including relative risk, efficacy and number needed to treat. Common RCT designs are parallel, cross-over and factorial designs. RCTs aim to discover safety and efficacy of clinical interventions.
The document describes different study designs for observational studies, including matching designs. It provides two examples of matching designs used to study the effects of hurricanes on online friendships and the effects of exercise on mental health using Twitter data. The hurricane study matched universities affected by a hurricane with unaffected universities on variables like size and ranking. The exercise study matched Twitter users who tweeted about exercising with similar users who did not exercise. The document also discusses using propensity score matching and difference-in-differences to study the effect of having an answer accepted on question answering sites like Stack Overflow.
Spot The Study DesignBelow are several real results sectionsChereCheek752
Spot The Study Design
Below are several real results sections
taken
from APA
published
manuscripts. Based on the
excerpts, I want you to do a few things for each study. FIRST, identify the study design (tell me if it is correlational or experimental).
SECOND, if it is experimental, identify the independent
variable. THIRD, if it is experimental, identify the
dependent variables.
FOURTH, tell me what statistical test the author ran
and tell me
how you know they ran that specific test (that is, what features of the results
excerpt
points to it being statistical test
ABC rather than statistical test
XYZ).
FINALLY,
piece together the null and alternative hypotheses for each study excerpt.
Note
#1: In published research, authors might refer to tables for means, so you may not see them in the excerpts below!
Note #2: Sometimes the author specifically mentioned the test they ran
in the excerpt. Since I think you can spot it without being blatantly told what
test they ran, I simple deleted that info (hence the ________ in some of the paragraphs). Hope you don’t mind!
Note #3: I might have included the same kind of
study
design more than once (and omitted some of the
study
designs we covered
this semester). You are forewarned!
____________________________________________________________________________
Study One Results Section:
To measure amount of violent video game play, participants were asked to name their three favorite video games, to indicate how often they play each video game (on a scale from 1 = sometimes to 7 = very often), and to rate how violent the content of each video game was (on a scale from 1=not at all to 7=very). As in previous research (e.g., Anderson & Dill, 2000; Greitemeyer, 2014), for each video game, the frequency of game play was multiplied by violent content. These three violent video game exposure scores were then summed to provide a measure of the amount of violent video game play.
The expanded version of the Comprehensive Assessment of Sadistic Tendencies (Buckels & Paulhus, 2014) was used to assess everyday sadism, which contains 18 items. A sample item is: “I was purposely mean to some people in high school.” To measure narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, we used the Dirty Dozen, with four items per subscale (Jonason & Webster, 2010). Sample items are: “I tend to want others to pay attention to me” (narcissism), “I have used deceit or lied to getmy way“ (Machiavellianism), and “I tend to be cynical“(psychopathy). Both sadistic tendencies and the Dark Triad items were assessed on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). To measure trait aggression, participants responded to the short version of the Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire (Bryant & Smith, 2001),which contains 12 items (e.g., “I have threatened people I know.”) These items were assessed on a scale from 1 (very unlike me) to 5 (very like me). To measure the Big 5, a brief version was employed ...
This document provides an overview of analyzing continuous, categorical, and other types of data using various statistical tests. It discusses how to perform analyses in SPSS including t-tests, ANOVA, linear regression, and chi-square tests. Specific examples are provided to illustrate hypotheses testing using one-sample t-tests, paired t-tests, independent samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. The document also reviews key concepts and assumptions of ANOVA and the overall procedure for conducting ANOVA analyses.
A psychologist conducted a study to determine if adults who were bullied as children have higher levels of empathy compared to the general population. The mean empathy score for the general population was 30.6. A random sample of 25 individuals who were bullied as children had a mean score of 39.5 with a standard deviation of 6.6. Statistical tests were used to analyze the data and determine if the difference in means was statistically significant.
This document discusses determining sample size for research studies. It defines key terms like sample size, population, and discusses factors that affect sample size like desired accuracy and available resources. It describes common methods for calculating sample size like formulas, tables, and software. Formulas use specifications like confidence level, margin of error, and population proportion to determine the needed sample size. The document emphasizes that determining an appropriate sample size is essential for research validity and making inferences to the target population.
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Sample size estimated by Altman's Nomogram and Lehr's formula by S. Lakshmana...LAKSHMANAN S
If you want to download this Altman's Nomogram chart, click the follwing link.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Nomogram-for-the-calculation-of-sample-size-or-power-adapted-from-Altman-1982-2_fig1_46403233
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- J.P.Guilord
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Steps or changes in growth, advancement and improvement
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141. Assertive Tech and Practice explained by S. Lakshmanan, PsychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Many of us don’t handle interpersonal relationships well, particularly at work. Instead of feeling good about ourselves, our reactions and responses to others often make us feel tongue-tied and inadequate, on the one hand, and angry and critical on the other. Here are some of the ways to deal with everyday situations and come out feeling good.
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1954 ஆம் ஆண்டு ஜூலியன் ரோட்டரால் லோக்கஸ் ஆஃப் கன்ட்ரோல் உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. கட்டுப்பாடு என்பது தங்களுக்குள்ளேயே அல்லது வெளிப்புறமாக மற்றவர்களுடன் அல்லது சூழ்நிலையில் உள்ளது என்று நம்பும் மக்களின் போக்கை இது கருதுகிறது.
உடலியல் உள்ளுணர்வுகள் அல்லது உந்துதல்களை ஒரு உந்து சக்தியாக நம்பாமல், ரோட்டர் ஒருங்கிணைந்த நடத்தை மற்றும் ஆளுமை பற்றிய ஆய்வு. ஜூலியன் ரோட்டரின் சமூகக் கற்றல் கோட்பாட்டின் முக்கிய யோசனை என்னவென்றால், ஆளுமை என்பது தனிநபரின் சுற்றுச்சூழலுடன் தொடர்புகொள்வதைக் குறிக்கிறது.
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136. Total psychological study of the students of SVCOPT on 2018LAKSHMANAN S
SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
Ariyur, Puducherry
First Psychological Study for the First Batch of BPT Students 2018
Scales Used:-
1. Dr. Mukta Rani Rastogi’s Self Concept Scale
2. Bell’s Adjustment Inventory - Student Form
3. State Self-Esteem scale (SSES) (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991)
4. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Scale
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Mind mapping is a visual technique for organizing information that uses images, words, and concepts arranged radially around a central concept or theme. It utilizes colors, images, and branches to show relationships between ideas and concepts. Tony Buzan popularized the term "mind map" and promoted the technique through his books and television shows in the 1970s as a way to improve learning, memory, creativity, and problem solving. Mind maps are useful study tools that allow students to summarize key information and concepts and see how they relate to one another.
This document provides information on various writing techniques. It discusses the purpose of writing as a means of communication and self-expression. It then covers different types of writing such as descriptive writing, narrative writing, expository writing, persuasive writing, and objective writing. For each type, it provides definitions and examples. It also discusses techniques for good descriptive, imaginative, and persuasive writing. Overall, the document serves as a guide for different writing styles and how to effectively employ various techniques.
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Market Signals – Global Job Market Trends – May 2024 summarized!Career Angels
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Pondicherry University 2016 Ph.D applied psychology entrance exam question paper solved by s.lakshmanan, psychologist
1. 157 PU Ph D Applied Psychology
1 of 100
100 PU_2016_157N_E
Which of the following is not generally studied by cognitive psychologists?
Problem solving
Memory distortion
Decision making
Social interaction
2 of 100
102 PU_2016_157N_E
_______ memory is memory for personally experienced events, while ______ memory refers to
knowledge about the world.
Episodic; Semantic
Implicit; Explicit
Semantic; Episodic
Explicit; Implicit
3 of 100
140 PU_2016_157_E
Forced Distribution method is a method of __________.
HR Supply forecast
Performance Appraisal
Job Evaluation
Job Analysis
4 of 100
125 PU_2016_157_E
Which of the following type of conflict is extremely disruptive?
Approach-Approach
Avoidance-Avoidance
Relational inconsistency
Approach-Avoidance
5 of 100
116 PU_2016_157_E
Among the following sampling techniques, in which, does the researcher might ask the research
participants to identify other potential participants?
Purposive
Snowball
2. Convenience
Quota
6 of 100
119 PU_2016_157_E
How many dependent variables are used in multiple regression?
Above four
Three
Two
One
7 of 100
111 PU_2016_157N_E
The focus of Fredricksons' broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions is on:-
emotions associated with simple sensory pleasures such as eating and sex.
discrete positive emotions such as joy, love, interest and contentment.
positive feelings associated with being in a good mood.
all of the above
8 of 100
135 PU_2016_157N_E
Which of the following is the type of psychology that explains behaviour in terms of functional brain units,
regardless of their anatomical representation?
cognitive psychology
neuropsychology
behavioral neuroscience
clinical neuropsychology
9 of 100
152 PU_2016_157_E
Psychiatrists endorse _______________ model of illness.
Social
Psychological
Behavioural
Biological
10 of 100
137 PU_2016_157_E
Crowd behavior can be best studied through the method of:-
experimentation
3. case history
observation
survey research
11 of 100
124 PU_2016_157N_E
Low reliability of the variables reduces the correlation coefficient because:-
It adds random noise to the computations.
The Z scores are less likely to follow a normal curve.
It reduces random influences that would otherwise add to the overall variance.
The cross-products of the Z scores are less likely to follow a normal curve.
12 of 100
109 PU_2016_157_E
The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?
Ethnography
Experimental
Causal-comparative
Correlational
13 of 100
149 PU_2016_157_E
Groups that are focused on providing information that can be used to facilitate human growth and
development and prevent problems from occurring:-
Discussion groups
Encounter groups
Growth groups
Psycho education groups
14 of 100
107 PU_2016_157N_E
Which of the following is the best example of a behaviourally based attitude?
Manini votes for her state representative because she likes him.
Pallavi finds herself sketching in her spare time and realizes she must love to draw.
Sheila tastes chocolate for the first time and loves it!
Nageshwari exercises every day because he knows that it is good for his health.
15 of 100
144 PU_2016_157N_E
Counterconditioning is an exposure therapy technique which involves:-
4. Helping the client to see that their behaviour is counterproductive.
Learning that one negative event may be linked to another.
Learning that an event or situation is no longer threatening.
Exposing the client to the feared stimulus.
16 of 100
113 PU_2016_157_E
Among the following, which technique would yield a simple random sample?
Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick cases
from the table
Listing the individuals by department wise and choosing a proportion from within each department at
random
Randomly selecting classes, and then sampling everyone within the class
Choosing students from a particular class room to participate
17 of 100
122 PU_2016_157N_E
The comparison distribution for a t test for independent means is a:-
Distribution of differences between means.
Distribution of proportional variance scores.
Poisson distribution.
Z distribution (that is, a normal curve).
18 of 100
121 PU_2016_157N_E
In the formula for estimating the population variance from the sample, the sum of squared deviations is
divided by:-
The number of participants in the population.
The number of participants in the population minus one.
The number of participants in the sample.
The number of participants in the sample minus one.
19 of 100
156 PU_2016_157_E
Dexamethasone suppression test is associated with ____________ levels.
Dopamine
GABA
Nor epinephrine
Cortisol
5. 20 of 100
155 PU_2016_157N_E
Which of the following nonverbal cues seems to be most important in establishing rapport with a patient?
gestures
nods
body alignment
smiles
21 of 100
121 PU_2016_157_E
GLM refers to which of the following?
General Lab Model
General Logit Model
General Limited Model
General Linear Model
22 of 100
145 PU_2016_157_E
As far as job-designing is considered, which method is most effective?
Job-Engineering
Job Rotation
Job-Enlargement
Job-Enrichment
23 of 100
112 PU_2016_157N_E
The emergence of positive psychology in the late 1990s had much to do with cultural trends, or zeitgeist,
captured in the phrase:-
The misery index.
The paradox of affluence.
Tired of the negative.
Money doesn't buy happiness.
24 of 100
151 PU_2016_157_E
The stage in the process of counseling in which the client and the counsellor come close to each other is
_______________________________.
Intervention
Assessment
Rapport establishment
6. Termination
25 of 100
147 PU_2016_157_E
Type II error appears, if we _________.
Accept the null hypothesis, when it is true
Accept the null hypothesis, when it is false
Reject the null hypothesis, when it is true
Reject the null hypothesis, when it is false
26 of 100
138 PU_2016_157_E
Maxmincon principle refers to:-
maximization of extraneous variance, minimization of error variance and control of systematic
variance
maximization of systematic variance, minimization of error variance, and control of extraneous
variance
maximization of systematic variance, minimization of extraneous variance, and control of error
variance
maximization of extraneous variance, minimization of systematic variance, and control of error
variance
27 of 100
153 PU_2016_157N_E
Which of the following is a dangerous result of non-adherence?
long incubation period
latent content
high self-efficacy
antibiotic resistance
28 of 100
129 PU_2016_157_E
The correct sequence in organizational socialization is ________.
Prearrival→ Metamorphosis →Encounter
Prearrival→ Encounter →Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis →Prearrival→Encounter
Metamorphosis →Encounter →Prearrival
29 of 100
134 PU_2016_157_E
Attempt to praise others by flattering is known as _______.
Identification
7. Ingratiation
Procrastination
Individuation
30 of 100
158 PU_2016_157_E
Cyclothymia is a ____________ disorder as per DSM IV.
Major depression
Unipolar
Substance induced mood
Bipolar
31 of 100
102 PU_2016_157_E
Four-C model of creativity was proposed by:-
Robert Baran
Robert J. Sternberg
James Kauffman
R B Cattel
32 of 100
114 PU_2016_157_E
Among the following which analysis is more suitable when the dependent variable is measured as
categories?
Factor analysis
Structural analysis
Regression analysis
Discriminant analysis
33 of 100
148 PU_2016_157N_E
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is generally perceived as:-
Phenomenological.
Evidence-based.
Psychodynamic.
Humanistic.
34 of 100
105 PU_2016_157_E
Among the following approaches of knowledge generation, to which approach is Rene Descartes is
associated with?
8. Expert opinion
Rationalism
Pragmatism
Idealism
35 of 100
116 PU_2016_157N_E
According to researcheson Integrity, the most frequently occurring ethical offenses involved:-
Completely fabricating (i.e., making up) details of studies that were never actually conducted.
Plagiarizing by claiming that another researcher's data were the offender's own data.
Departing from protocols for randomly assigning participants to groups.
Falsifying or fabricating data.
36 of 100
130 PU_2016_157_E
Linguistic relative hypothesis views that ___________.
Thought shapes language
Thought shapes behaviour
Language shapes thought
Behaviour shapes thought
37 of 100
127 PU_2016_157_E
Maximum resources are used at which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome model ________.
Exhaustion stage
Preparatory Stage
Resistance stage
Alarm stage
38 of 100
154 PU_2016_157_E
A patient comes late to the session many times. From psychodynamics perspective this might be
______________.
Hatred
conditioning
Retardation
Resistance
39 of 100
133 PU_2016_157N_E
9. Which of the following would be used to reveal a dysrhythmia in brain activity?
MRI
EEG
PET scan
CAT scan
40 of 100
160 PU_2016_157_E
Phenomenological approach to patients is emphasized by ________________.
Socio-cultural approach
Psychoanalysis
Behaviourism
Existentialism
41 of 100
123 PU_2016_157_E
A post hoc test is ___.
A follow-up test to the independent t-test
A test to determine regression to the mean
A follow-up test to the analysis of variance when there are three or more groups
A test to compare two or more means
42 of 100
131 PU_2016_157_E
Factorial design is best suited for:-
survey research
experimental study
longitudinal study
field study
43 of 100
132 PU_2016_157N_E
Dr. Ranjan, a psychiatrist, takes a biopsychosocial viewpoint of psychopathology. Which of the following
treatments is he most likely to suggest for Julia's current state of depression?
A combination of psychological therapy and antidepressant drugs
Family therapy and a change in her work environment
A prolonged vacation
Intense psychotherapy
44 of 100
10. 120 PU_2016_157N_E
Based on the scores 1, 9, 3, 6, 1, 2, 6, 2, 2, and 8, a score of 4 is the:-
Mean.
Mode.
standard deviation
Median.
45 of 100
143 PU_2016_157_E
Which of the following journal is published by National Academy of Psychology (India)?
Psychological Studies
Journal of Psychological Researches
Psychology & Developing Societies
Journal of Applied Psychology
46 of 100
127 PU_2016_157N_E
In a counseling relationship, the "Battle for Structure" involves ___________.
motivation for change
client responsibility
issues of administrative control
the physical arrangement of the counseling room
47 of 100
131 PU_2016_157N_E
Antisocial personality problems were first written about and described by the ________.
Ancient Greeks.
Mesopotamians.
Ancient Egyptians.
Hebrews.
48 of 100
128 PU_2016_157N_E
The most successful clients in counseling are often referred to by the acronym __________.
YAVIS
HOUNDS
DUDS
SOLER
49 of 100
11. 105 PU_2016_157N_E
Which of the following is an example of social influence?
You didn't do well on the test because you stayed up all night cramming.
You feel guilty because you lied to your trusting professor about your assignment
You almost fall asleep at the wheel, so you pull off the road to take a short nap.
When you get hungry, you have trouble concentrating
50 of 100
133 PU_2016_157_E
There was a quarrel between the husband and wife. The wife shifted her anger to their small child over a
trivial matter. This is an example of _________.
Reaction formation
Projection
Displacement
Introjection
51 of 100
139 PU_2016_157N_E
Which of the following is a Cluster B personality disorder?
Borderline
Paranoid
Schizoid
Depressive
52 of 100
137 PU_2016_157N_E
The loss in the ability to write is known as _____.
Agraphia
Dyslexia
Alexia
Agrammatism
53 of 100
114 PU_2016_157N_E
From a biological and evolutionary perspective, the effect of negative emotions, like fear and anger, is
described by the idea of specific action tendencies, meaning that negative emotions:-
Depend on the temperament of the person.
Tend to narrow the focus of our thoughts and possible actions.
Result in a consistent pattern of body reactions.
Are usually socially caused, resulting from the specific actions of others.
12. 54 of 100
157 PU_2016_157N_E
The biomedical model of illness is:-
a) reductionistic
b) dualistic
c) monistic
d) reductionistic and dualistic
55 of 100
140 PU_2016_157N_E
While neurological assessment procedures evaluate the brain's physical properties, neuropsychological
assessment focuses on ________.
Brain activity.
Client performance.
Brain functioning.
Self-reported changes in cognitive and perceptual functioning.
56 of 100
109 PU_2016_157N_E
________ are the cognitive structures we use to organize our knowledge of the social world.
Counterfactuals
Schemas
Cognitive filters
Heuristics
57 of 100
118 PU_2016_157N_E
A class of 35 students was separated into two categories, men and women. The total number of
individuals in each category was tallied, and of the 35 students there were 10 men and 25 women. What
scale of measurement was used to organize the data?
Nominal
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
58 of 100
110 PU_2016_157_E
Among the following, which correlation has the strongest value?
-1.00
+.0.2
13. -0.93
+.94
59 of 100
150 PU_2016_157N_E
Which of the following is NOT true of good questions?
they are not leading in any way
they are phrased simply, without medical jargon
they are phrased in a non-accusatory way
they are long and detailed
60 of 100
143 PU_2016_157N_E
Which of the following is not a Behaviour Therapy technique?
Flooding.
Systematic desensitisation
Counter transference.
Counterconditioning.
61 of 100
246 PU_2016_157_M
For which of the following types of tests interscorer reliability is relevant?
1.Objective personality inventories
2. Projective tests
3. Achievement tests with descriptive items
4. Intelligence tests
1 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
2 and 4 only
62 of 100
164 PU_2016_157N_M
A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to
behaviors of six or nine months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n)
________ bias.
impact
distinction
self-serving bias
availability
14. 63 of 100
252 PU_2016_157_M
Oversimplified assumptions about the nature of men and women are:-
Sex differences
Sex roles
Sexual scripts
Gender stereotypes
64 of 100
165 PU_2016_157N_M
Which function of the management process requires a manager to establish goals and standards and to
develop rules and procedures?
staffing
planning
organizing
leading
65 of 100
253 PU_2016_157_M
People who possess the personality traits traditionally called "male" and "female" are called?
Flexible
Adenoidal
Androgynous
Bisexual
66 of 100
162 PU_2016_157N_M
________ is a pure marker of low positive affect.
Nervous
Boredom
Relaxation
Stress
67 of 100
255 PU_2016_157_M
Which of the following are classified as a paraphilia or sexual deviation?
Sexual communication disorder
Lack of sexual desire
Sexual identity disorder
Fetishism
15. 68 of 100
244 PU_2016_157_M
Reliability can be defined as?
(True score variance) / (Total variance)
(Error variance) / (Total variance )
(Error variance) / (Total score variance )
(True score variance) / (Error variance )
69 of 100
251 PU_2016_157_M
The research findings indicate that stress and performance have:-
No correlation
Direct positive relationship
Inverted U relationship
Direct negative relationship
70 of 100
259 PU_2016_157_M
Tamizhmani is below normal intelligence but he is able to tell you the exact day of the week of September
13, 1957. She has __________ syndrome.
Giftedness
Calendar assessment
Savant
Genius
71 of 100
168 PU_2016_157N_M
What is the first step in the recruitment and selection process?
building a pool of candidates
performing initial screening interviews
performing candidate background checks
deciding what positions to fill
72 of 100
257 PU_2016_157_M
Selective breeding for desirable characteristics is called:-
Cretinism
Microcephaly
Eugenics
16. Adaptive behavior
73 of 100
173 PU_2016_157N_M
Which of these statements is true?
Existence needs are the highest order needs.
Maslow is known for his early work on Classical Conditioning
Alderfer developed a needs theory based on Pavlov's early work.
Relatedness reflects people's need to be valued by others.
74 of 100
256 PU_2016_157_M
Pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, and frotteurism are all examples of:-
. Sexual misconduct
Sexual problems
Sexual difficulties
Paraphilias
75 of 100
171 PU_2016_157N_M
__________ refers to the number of factors in an organization's environment and how they are
interrelated.
Environmental uncertainty
Environmental flexibility
Environmental complexity
Environmental stability
76 of 100
170 PU_2016_157N_M
All aspects of the training program come together in the:-
Implementation phase.
Design phase.
Analysis phase.
Development phase.
77 of 100
178 PU_2016_157N_M
The international labor organization was established in:-
April 9, 1919
May 20,1920
17. April 19,1949
April 19,1919
78 of 100
166 PU_2016_157N_M
________ defines the nature of the company's business in terms of how it will match its internal strengths
and weaknesses with its external opportunities and threats in order to maintain a competitive position.
Financial auditing
Employee testing
Employee benchmarking
Strategic planning
79 of 100
177 PU_2016_157N_M
The first union was recognized in:-
1890
1920
1884
1918
80 of 100
258 PU_2016_157_M
Which form of retardation can be controlled by a special diet?
Hydrocephaly
PKU
Microcephaly
Down syndrome
81 of 100
289 PU_2016_157_D
DOI means:-
Direct Odd Identifier
Digital Odd Index
Direct Object Index
Digital Object Identifier
82 of 100
293 PU_2016_157_D
Which of the following is NOT a component of the working memory model?
Central executive
18. Articulatory loop
Visuo-spatial scratchpad
Iconic store
83 of 100
291 PU_2016_157_D
In a single group pretest-posttest design, which one of the following statistical method can be best
employed to evaluate the mean differences of pre and posttests?
Mann-Whitney U test
Chi-Square
Repeated measures ANOVA
Randomized ANOVA
84 of 100
182 PU_2016_157N_D
When working with a family, the clinician must establish a therapeutic alliance with:-
The person who initially sought counseling for the family.
The adults in the family only.
The identified patient.
Each person in the family equally.
85 of 100
188 PU_2016_157N_D
Which theory of counseling has no specific model of human development?
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive
Existentialism
Gestalt
86 of 100
299 PU_2016_157_D
Manimozhi's cherished beliefs are going to come under attack via a persuasive communication. Which of
the following theories would be most relevant in helping Manimozhi resist this imminent challenge to her
beliefs?
Balance theory
Social judgment theory
Inoculation theory
Adaptation-level theory
87 of 100
297 PU_2016_157_D
19. A male robin in his own territory responds aggressively when an intruding male robin challenges him with
a display of red breast feathers. In this situation, the red breast feathers are referred to by ethologists as:-
Negative incentives
Aversive stimuli
Conditioned stimuli
Sign stimuli
88 of 100
294 PU_2016_157_D
The study of unspoken rules for the use of interpersonal space is called:-
Psychoecology
Territoriality
Kinesics
Proxemics
89 of 100
290 PU_2016_157_D
In a journal reference 40(3), 33-39 represents:-
Issue (Volume), Pages
Pages (Issue Number), Journal
Volume (Issue Number), pages
Journal (page), volume
90 of 100
192 PU_2016_157N_D
Mental health counselors focus on the treatment of personal disorders and dysfunctions as well as the
_______________.
modification of the environment
prevention and promotion of mental health
community feedback and dialogue
crisis management
91 of 100
180 PU_2016_157N_D
Research on counseling effectiveness:-
Is difficult to apply to unique situations.
Tends to be biased in favor of counseling.
Shows that counseling is usually effective.
Shows that short-term therapy is more effective than long-term therapy.
20. 92 of 100
181 PU_2016_157N_D
Rogers believed that the highest authority in guiding treatment should be the:-
Clinician's judgment.
Treatment plan developed by the clinician.
Client's life script.
Client's direct experience.
93 of 100
295 PU_2016_157_D
Creation of superordinate goals has been shown to be effective in reducing:-
Intergroup conflict
Cognitive dissonance
Authoritarianism
Social posturing
94 of 100
191 PU_2016_157N_D
Clinical mental health counselors are often employed in _________ organizations.
educational
mental health
depression-oriented
crisis-oriented
95 of 100
186 PU_2016_157N_D
Existential counselors believe that ______ is the primary mechanism of change.
the client's courage
the client's defense mechanism
the counselor's expertise
the relationship
96 of 100
189 PU_2016_157N_D
Which theory of counseling has a PESSIMISTIC view of human motivation?
Gestalt
Neo-analytic
Person-Centered
Reality Therapy
21. 97 of 100
184 PU_2016_157N_D
Stress inoculation training (SIT) assumes that:-
Clients need to re-experience stressors in order to successfully cope with them.
If people can learn to cope with mild stressors, they will eventually be able to cope with more severe
ones.
Most client goals can be accomplished in 6-8 weekly sessions.
External reinforcements are more important than internal reinforcements.
98 of 100
298 PU_2016_157_D
Those who study cognitive development have observed that young children are often unable to separate
their own perspective from another person's point of view and instead confuse the two. According to Jean
Piaget's developmental theory, the confusion results from the youngchild's:-
Immature ego development
Limited short-term memory capacity
Tendency to overregularize
Pervasive egocentrism
99 of 100
199 PU_2016_157N_D
The employment of such words as "good," "bad," "right," and "wrong" are associated with
_________________.
morality
attitude
law
criminal liability
100 of 100
296 PU_2016_157_D
An individual's misuse of valuable natural resources could be an example of:-
Compliance
Group sanctions
Groupthink
A social trap