Natural soil bricks stabilized with small amounts of cement or lime provide a strong, safe and reliable low-cost building material for rural housing. The document summarizes a study that assessed the suitability of bricks made from two different stabilized soil samples in Tanzania. Laboratory tests found that both soil samples produced bricks meeting the minimum compressive strength standard when stabilized with a 1:1:15 ratio of cement:lime:soil. Field tests of walls constructed with the bricks also exceeded requirements. The study concludes that stabilized soil brick technology can enable low-income groups to build homes affordably while being environmentally friendly.
A detailed presentation on the components, parts , types , usage and application of bricks in brick masonry structures useful for civil engineering students
*contents
Ceramics (classification)
Clay products employed in building industry.
Tiles
Terracotta
Earthenware
Stoneware
Porcelain
Bricks
Manufacturing process of common tiles.
Types of common tiles used in building industries.
Characteristics of good tiles
A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure.
Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities. They have been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.
Brick ppt (building construction & management -bcm)-IV semSakshi Srivastava
A short presentation on BRICK & its characteristic,types, manufacturing process,composition of bricks,quality of good bricks,classification on class & shape of bricks, testing etc.
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
A detailed presentation on the components, parts , types , usage and application of bricks in brick masonry structures useful for civil engineering students
*contents
Ceramics (classification)
Clay products employed in building industry.
Tiles
Terracotta
Earthenware
Stoneware
Porcelain
Bricks
Manufacturing process of common tiles.
Types of common tiles used in building industries.
Characteristics of good tiles
A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure.
Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities. They have been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.
Brick ppt (building construction & management -bcm)-IV semSakshi Srivastava
A short presentation on BRICK & its characteristic,types, manufacturing process,composition of bricks,quality of good bricks,classification on class & shape of bricks, testing etc.
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
This test helps in determining the porosity and density of bricks to be used for construction of load bearing walls. The method involves dimensional measurement and mass to determine density, followed by measuring the increase in mass when soaked in water for a standard period.
Flash Industries is basically an environment friendly start up wherein we will be introducing the business of manufacturing Fly Ash Bricks with a view point of eliminating Fly Ash from the ecosystem as an environmental pollutant, which will provide huge benefits to organizations as well as to the environment.
Solar Roadways is a completely new and revolutionary technology that would prove itself to be the green technology, saving a lot of fossil fuels and would also be helpful for a much smarter transportation system as it would provide smarter roads.
Brick Masonary ppt presentation by Abhishek BagulAbhishek Bagul
With the inclusion of animations, it was my submission for my bachelor's. it has many of the important concepts of the brick masonry. all the closers and bats concepts are included in it. even some bonds like Flemish bond, English bond, stretcher bond & header bond are added with the animation effect. each brick has its own animation effect and it helps us to easily understand the concepts of the bond.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Experimental Study on Interface Behaviour of Masonry Structuresijsrd.com
Masonry structures are durable in nature and are resistant to variations in climatic conditions. In Civil Engineering Projects, nowadays the usage of different types of structural blocks (Clay bricks, fly ash bricks and solid blocks) are increasing. Masonry structures accommodate minor earth disturbances and normally will not lead to failure in differential settlement of foundations. This thesis work is an experimental study of Compressive strength, Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for different mix proportions. Tests were conducted for mix proportions 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 for masonry prisms. The type of bond used for the experiment is English bond. Dimensions of masonry prisms were 230mmx230mmx 300mm. The specimens prepared were tested on 7th and 28th day of curing. Specimens of 3 each in all mix ratios were tested which made a total of 63 prisms. The results were verified using the model created in ANSYS. The experimental results were compared and plotted which proved that the prism with fly ash brick masonry achieved maximum young's modulus and Poisson's ratio.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying...Scientific Review SR
Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.
Experimental Characterization of Mortar Made From Local Fine Aggregate Used F...ijceronline
Mortar as a building component has been in use in Nigeria and many nations for a very long time. However, the high and increasing cost of the constituent materials has contributed to the nonrealization of adequate housing for both urban and rural dwellers in many African countries. But, mortar like any typical building component, has properties that are used for their classification, quality determination and hence, their application. In this research, tests were performed on mortar blocks containing cement and sand in varying mix proportions, i.e. mix ratios of 1:4, 1:3, 1:2 and 1:1 and water/cement ratios of 0.75, 0.66, 0.44 and 0.38, respectively (CEMEX mortars testing) were used to determine the effect of sand from Coscone in Awka, Niger Bridge River Sand in Onitsha, Obichuluekwe river sand in Nimo and NAU(Unizik) soil, all in Anambra State on compressive strength of mortar cubes. A total of 144 mortar cubs (48 mortar cubs from each soil sample) were tested to determine the effect of sand on compressive strength. The tests include sieve analysis, compressive strength and specific gravity. The main variables in this investigation were the sand and mix proportions. All tests were carried out in accordance with the British Standards. For the mortar samples, the tests results showed that, depending on the mix proportions, the mortars have different compressive strengths. The test results also indicated that the improvement in these engineering properties (i.e. compressive strength) of the mortars increased as the ratio of sand to cement decreased. This shows that, the more of sand added to the same quantity of cement, the lower the compressive strength of mortar.
Cost Effectiveness of Replacing Sand with Crushed Granite Fine (CGF) In the M...IOSR Journals
The economic gain of replacing sand with Crushed Granite Fines in the production of concrete was investigated. Compressive strength and slump tests were performed on fresh and hardened concrete using two nominal mixes of 1:1:2 and 1:1½: 3 with the sand component being partially replaced with Crushed Granite Fines. Compressive strength values above 30 N/mm² and 35 N/mm² were obtained for nominal mixes of 1:1:2 and 1:1½: 3 respectively when sand was partially replaced with 25 – 37.5% Crushed Granite Fines. Based on the economic analysis of the test results, replacement of sand with 25 – 37.5% Crushed Granite Fines is recommended for use in concrete production.
Comparative Study on Fly Ash Bricks and Conventional Clay BricksBhagyashreeNagpure2
Fly ash bricks are well known bricks. Fly ash bricks are slow but surely replacingconventional clay bricks for wall construction. It is green and environmental friendlymaterial.Fly ash brick is real good option against clay brick. The fly ash bricksarecomparatively lighter in weight and stronger and less costly than common clay brick.This paper represents the comparison of fly ash bricks and clay bricks.The outcome of this paper found to be the compressive strength of fly ash bricks are more than the clay bricks and fly ash bricks absorb less water than clay bricks that means dampness is more in clay bricks. So,we conclude that the fly ash bricks is better than clay bricks for construction purpose.
Segregation in Concrete
The main explanation of this report of Segregation in concrete in terms of
concrete and self-compacting. The aim was to find an analytical relation to
estimating the risk of sedimentation, using the characteristics of the particles
and those of the mortars. The prediction of surface effect segregation (i.e.
transportation of different particle size fractions during heap formation) has
been the subject of a significant level of study.
Explanation of the type of segregation in term size, dry, wet, and water separate
and effect segregation in concrete in term strength and cracks, and
Prevention of Segregation in Concrete.
I brought up an example that supports segregation in concrete which is used
in Kurdistan Region, and explaining the example in term caused segregation
the effect in concrete.
IRJET - Comparative Study on Strength of M-Sand Brick
Strength of Natural Soil Bricks
1. STRENGTHS OF NATURAL
SOIL BRICKS
By Dr-Ing. John K. Makunza
University of Dar es Salaam
Department of Structural Engineering
12th December 2006
1
2. 1.0 Introduction
An adequate shelter is a basic human need, yet about 80%
of the rural population in developing countries still live in
spontaneous low quality settlements, as they cannot afford
the high cost of building materials which could produce
better shelters. One alternative for the expensive materials
is to use natural soil stabilized bricks because they have
been identified as low cost material with the potential of
reducing the problem of living in poor or sub-standard
houses. The technology uses the available soil on site, which
is stabilized with a small amount of cement or/and lime
depending on the characteristics of the soil so as to improve
the engineering properties of the produced bricks.
2
3. Problem Statement
Residents of most areas of Southern Highlands in Tanzania
have been using mud bricks and interwoven timber,
saplings or bamboo daubed with mud to build their houses
and sometimes they apply cement plaster on the walls.
Problems of the houses:
- vulnerable to weather especially during rain season
- soil material can expand and loose cohesiveness,
particularly with cement plaster
- they are not sufficiently strong, although they somehow
last long even for more than ten years.
- it has been learnt that thieves can easily chop-out some
bricks or part of the mud wall and break-in then steal
properties.
Therefore the houses are not safe and are less reliable.
Examples of the houses are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3.
3
6. Figure 3: Pure soil brick-wall in which part of the cement
plaster has fallen away 6
7. 2.0 Objectives
The main objective of this study was to assess the
suitability of bricks made of stabilized soil, as to
whether they can be used for the construction of
strong, safe and reliable low cost houses, or otherwise.
7
8. 3.0 Adopted Methodology
The methodology adopted in carrying out the study
included the following:
• literature review: Through reading different
books, journals, some publications, and
information obtained about properties of soils
and soil stabilization,
• site visits and sample collection in which
samples S1 and S2 were collected
• laboratory tests and data analysis in which
the samples were tested and the data
obtained analyzed to check the characteristics
and adequacy of the soils as well as the bricks.
8
9. 4.0 Soil Stabilization
In many developing countries especially in rural areas, soil is used
for the construction of houses. Natural compacted soil has good
insulation and fire resistant properties[1]. It is, however,
vulnerable to moisture and the erosive effects of weather. Walls
constructed out of well compacted soil, have adequate
compressive strength under dry conditions; however they will
loose their strength under adverse moisture content. Soil durability
and strength can also be improved by:
(i) Changing the distribution of grain size; gradation control
(ii) Compacting the soil;
(iii) Adding stabilizers or chemicals;
(iv) Mixing all of the above.
Soil can be improved and used as a building material for various
types of structures by adding substances known as stabilizers,
and the product is called stabilized soil. A properly stabilized,
consolidated, well-graded soil that is adequately moisturized,
mixed, and cured will provide a strong, stable, waterproof and
long-lasting building bricks. 9
10. Functions Stabilizers in Soils
Stabilizer material in the soil will do the following;
(i) cementing/binding the soil particles together making
the product stronger
(ii) water proofing - reducing the amount of voids and
water which can be absorbed by the soil
(iii) reducing the shrinkage and swelling properties of soil
(iv) increase the tensile strength of soil.
Some Commonly Used Stabilizers are;
(i) cement
(ii) lime
(iii) combination of lime and cement
(iv) combination of lime and Pozzolana
(v) asphalt
(vi) burning clay bricks*** 10
11. 5.0 Soil Tests and Results
5.1 Bottle test
The aim of this test was to determine the approximate amount of
clay, silt, sand and gravel presence in the soils.
Table 5.1 Summary of bottle test results
Soil description S1 S2
Height of clay/silt content (mm) 250 220
Total height of the content (mm) 480 480
Percentage of clay/silt (%) 52.1 48.5
5.2 Atterberg limits
Soils can have various states of consistency, liquid, plastic or solid.
The boundaries separating the limits and indices, are expressed as
percentages by weight of the moisture content.
Table 5.2: Summary of Atterberg limit test
Soil sample S1 S2
Liquid limit (wL) % 43 37.6
Plastic limit (wP)% 21 20
Plasticity index (IP)% 22 17.6 11
12. 5.3 Box (linear shrinkage) test
This test is used to determine the amount of cement or lime to
be used for stabilizing a particular soil. The test results for soil
samples S1 and S2 were as follows;
Table 5.3: Summary of linear shrinkage test results
Sample soil S1 S1
Shrinkage (mm) 12 18
5.4 Grain size distribution
Table 5.4: Summary of particle size distribution
Soil description S1 S2
Clay (%) 34 25
Silt (%) 23 23
Sand (%) 40 51.3
Gravel (%) 3 0.7
Solid density (kg/dm³) 2.65 2.65
Soil description Gravelly silty Gravelly silty
clayey SAND clayey Sand
12
13. 6.0 Production of Bricks
(a) (b) brick size: 300 x 114 x 145 mm
Figure 4: (a) Hand steel mould, (b) Stabilized soil bricks
Mix Ratio: Cement: lime: soil 1:1:15 batch by volume
cement: water 1:4 (water cement ratio) 13
14. 7.0 Testing of Bricks
Compressive Strength Test
This test was done in order to determine the
compressive strength of the bricks against
vertical loading. The procedure for testing
each brick was done as follows:à External
dimensions of each sampled brick were
taken and the brick was marked for
identification
• The brick was weighed and recorded in
grams
• The brick was placed into the machine
and all set-up procedures were properly
Fig. 5: A Brick under test
done
• The brick was gradually loaded until it
failed
• The ultimate load was recorded.
14
16. Co m pre ssive stre n gth o f S oil Brick s - S 1
T e st Re sults BS 562 8 Va lue
6
5
Stress [N/m m ²]
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sa m ple No
Figure 7: Compressive strength for bricks from sample S1
16
17. Results - Sample S2
Densities of Soil Bricks - S2
2
1.8
Density [g/cm³]
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sample No []
Figure 8: Densities of soil bricks from soil sample S1
17
18. Compressive strength of Soil Bricks - S2
Test results BS 5628 Value
6.00
5.00
Stress [N/mm²]
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sample No []
Figure 9: Compressive strength for bricks from sample S2
18
19. Water absorption test results
The test was carried out in order to assess the water
absorption of the bricks.
Results:
Average water absorption for bricks from sample S1 = 12.3%
Average water absorption for bricks from sample S2 = 9.86%
Specification control values : not greater than 20%
19
20. 8.0 Compressive Strength Test
of Sample Walls
Load bearing walls
may be designed to
carry in plane
horizontal loads
induced by wind,
bracing effects or
earthquake; the
loads are transferred
to the walls
primarily via
diaphragms such as
floors or roofs.
Figure 10: Wall specimen under test
20
21. Results:
Average maximum load: 137.00 kN
Average compressive strength: 1.22 N/mm2
From practical point of view, the strength of
walls for normal residential buildings is less than
0.60 N/mm2
21
23. 9.0 Concluding Remarks
• Basing on the results obtained in this study, it has been
found that bricks made from stabilized soil with a mix
ratio of 1:1:15 for cement: lime: soil have
compressive strengths greater than that specified in the
British Standard (BS 5628 Part 1) of 2.80 N/mm2.
• It has also been learnt that this technology uses less
amount of cement in the production of bricks when
compared with cement sand blocks
• Building with stabilized soil bricks is a technology which
offers a good possibility for enabling low income groups
to build their own houses at low cost
• stabilized soil bricks have more advantage when
compared to burnt bricks because they are
environmentally friendly since there is no felling of trees
for burning the bricks.
23
25. Recommendations
To achieve a successful dissemination of this technology,
the following recommendations should be implemented.
• Promoting stabilized soil bricks through advertising and
pilot housing, so that many people could have much
knowledge about this technology.
• To prepare operation manual for the soil preparation,
use of the bricks press and building process.
• Training people about the production of these bricks.
• Further research on use of stabilized soil bricks for low-
rise buildings is required. In this case a study on the
strength of walls against lateral loading and earthquake
effects is deemed necessary.
25
26. Steel Mould for Bricks Production
Figure 13: Steel mould for bricks production 26