This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. For moulding, it describes hand and machine methods, and for burning it explains the three stages of dehydration, oxidation, and vitrification. The document provides details on each stage of the manufacturing process.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
This document provides an introduction and overview of bricks, including their composition, types, properties, and uses. It discusses the main ingredients that make up clay bricks, such as alumina, silica, lime, and iron oxide. Bricks are classified based on their quality after burning, with first class bricks being the hardest and used for important structures. Other types discussed include hollow bricks, fly-ash bricks, refractory bricks, and perforated bricks. The properties of good burnt clay bricks are that they are uniformly burnt and hard with high compressive strength.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
Brick masonry has a long history, dating back to at least 4000 BC when the earliest civilizations used sun-dried bricks. Over time, innovations like kilns for firing bricks and lime mortar improved the strength and durability of brick buildings. Major historical civilizations and periods contributed advances, like the Romans developing masonry arches and vaults, and medieval Europeans building fortresses and cathedrals with pointed vaults. Modern developments include Portland cement, cavity walls, and reinforced concrete, allowing masonry construction of even taller buildings. Today, masonry is commonly used for foundations, low-rise structural walls, and facing materials like brick and stone veneers.
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
Bricks are artificial rectangular blocks made from clay that are dried and fired. They are used widely in construction due to properties like light weight, durability, and flexibility. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay material, shaping bricks, drying, and firing. Good bricks are uniform in color, shape, size and have high compressive strength and resistance to weathering. Various types of bricks exist for different applications like plinth bricks, hollow bricks, and fire bricks.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. For moulding, it describes hand and machine methods, and for burning it explains the three stages of dehydration, oxidation, and vitrification. The document provides details on each stage of the manufacturing process.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
This document provides an introduction and overview of bricks, including their composition, types, properties, and uses. It discusses the main ingredients that make up clay bricks, such as alumina, silica, lime, and iron oxide. Bricks are classified based on their quality after burning, with first class bricks being the hardest and used for important structures. Other types discussed include hollow bricks, fly-ash bricks, refractory bricks, and perforated bricks. The properties of good burnt clay bricks are that they are uniformly burnt and hard with high compressive strength.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
Brick masonry has a long history, dating back to at least 4000 BC when the earliest civilizations used sun-dried bricks. Over time, innovations like kilns for firing bricks and lime mortar improved the strength and durability of brick buildings. Major historical civilizations and periods contributed advances, like the Romans developing masonry arches and vaults, and medieval Europeans building fortresses and cathedrals with pointed vaults. Modern developments include Portland cement, cavity walls, and reinforced concrete, allowing masonry construction of even taller buildings. Today, masonry is commonly used for foundations, low-rise structural walls, and facing materials like brick and stone veneers.
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
Bricks are artificial rectangular blocks made from clay that are dried and fired. They are used widely in construction due to properties like light weight, durability, and flexibility. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay material, shaping bricks, drying, and firing. Good bricks are uniform in color, shape, size and have high compressive strength and resistance to weathering. Various types of bricks exist for different applications like plinth bricks, hollow bricks, and fire bricks.
This document provides information about building stones. It begins by defining stone and rock. It then discusses different ways stones can be classified, including by geology, physical properties, chemistry, and hardness. Specific rock types that make good building stones are mentioned, such as granite, limestone, marble, and slate. The document outlines various tests used to evaluate stones, including acid resistance, water absorption, impact resistance, and crushing strength. Finally, it briefly discusses the processes of quarrying, dressing, and seasoning stones for construction.
This document discusses building stones used for construction. It defines building stones as those suitable for structures like retaining walls, abutments, dams, and roads. Building stones must have strength and durability. Stones are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Common building stones include marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, chalk and laterite. Properties like hardness and durability depend on a stone's mineral composition and resistance to weathering. Stones are obtained from rocks through quarrying and are used in construction in various forms such as rubble, dimension stone, flagstone and crushed stone.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
Brick ppt (building construction & management -bcm)-IV semSakshi Srivastava
A short presentation on BRICK & its characteristic,types, manufacturing process,composition of bricks,quality of good bricks,classification on class & shape of bricks, testing etc.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica in the form of quartz. Sand is classified based on its formation, size, and composition. Different types of sand like pit sand, river sand, sea sand, and masonry sand are used for various construction purposes like bricks, plastering, mortar, and concrete. Properties of good sand include being clean, coarse, chemically inert, durable, and well graded with a range of particle sizes. Sand is tested for quality using sieve analysis and tests for organic impurities and clay/silt content.
Ceramic Presentation of Building MaterialsI'mMiss Lily
The document provides information about ceramics, including:
1. It lists the 11 group members of the ceramic group and provides a brief history of ceramics dating back to 24,000 BC.
2. It describes the main compositions of clay which are feldspar minerals comprising 60% of the earth's crust. Clays are divided into primary and secondary types.
3. The manufacturing process of ceramics includes various molding techniques like injection molding and isostatic pressing. Characteristics of ceramics include high hardness, resistance to chemicals and temperatures up to 2400°C.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
This document discusses various clay products used in construction, focusing on bricks, tiles, and roofing. It provides details on the manufacture and properties of bricks, tiles, and different types of clay roofing tiles. Bricks are made from clay or other materials and are used for walls, foundations etc. Tiles are thin clay slabs used for floors and walls, and are made through molding and firing. The document outlines the manufacturing process for tiles and desirable properties for flooring and roofing tiles. It also defines roofing terminology and provides diagrams of wooden roof structures and different types of clay roof tiles.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Plastering involves applying plaster, a mixture of lime or gypsum, sand, and water, to rough or uneven surfaces to make them smooth. The objectives of plastering are to provide an even, durable finished surface and protect the underlying structure. Several tools are used in plastering including trowels, floats, and hawks. There are different types of plaster like lime, cement, mud, and stucco plaster. Cement plaster is suited for damp conditions while lime plaster uses lime as the binding agent. Issues that can arise with plaster include cracking, efflorescence, plaster falling out, and blowing.
The document discusses properties and uses of stone as a building material. It describes different types of stones based on their geological and physical characteristics. Key properties discussed are structure, texture, density, appearance, strength, hardness, and toughness. Finally, it outlines various civil engineering applications of stone, including use in foundations, walls, flooring, paving, and as an aggregate in concrete and railway ballast.
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
This document discusses the properties and classification of bricks. It defines bricks as being regularly shaped objects that are convenient to handle. Bricks can be made of clay, sand and lime, or concrete. Standard brick sizes are listed. Good brick earth contains clay, sand, lime and iron oxide. Bricks are classified into four classes based on their quality. First class bricks are best for permanent structures. Second class have minor cracks but are also suitable for plastered buildings. Third class have rough surfaces and are for unimportant temporary structures. Fourth class are overburnt for uses like aggregates. Bricks are widely used in construction for buildings, roads, and more.
1. Bricks are made from clay and are one of the oldest and most widely used building materials. They are inexpensive, durable, and easy to work with.
2. The document discusses the manufacturing process of bricks including preparing the brick earth by blending clay with additives, molding, drying, and burning the bricks.
3. Bricks are classified based on their quality, strength, size, method of manufacture, and degree of burning. Special types of bricks include perforated, hollow, circular, and paving bricks used for specific construction purposes.
This document provides information about building stones. It begins by defining stone and rock. It then discusses different ways stones can be classified, including by geology, physical properties, chemistry, and hardness. Specific rock types that make good building stones are mentioned, such as granite, limestone, marble, and slate. The document outlines various tests used to evaluate stones, including acid resistance, water absorption, impact resistance, and crushing strength. Finally, it briefly discusses the processes of quarrying, dressing, and seasoning stones for construction.
This document discusses building stones used for construction. It defines building stones as those suitable for structures like retaining walls, abutments, dams, and roads. Building stones must have strength and durability. Stones are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Common building stones include marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, chalk and laterite. Properties like hardness and durability depend on a stone's mineral composition and resistance to weathering. Stones are obtained from rocks through quarrying and are used in construction in various forms such as rubble, dimension stone, flagstone and crushed stone.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
Brick ppt (building construction & management -bcm)-IV semSakshi Srivastava
A short presentation on BRICK & its characteristic,types, manufacturing process,composition of bricks,quality of good bricks,classification on class & shape of bricks, testing etc.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica in the form of quartz. Sand is classified based on its formation, size, and composition. Different types of sand like pit sand, river sand, sea sand, and masonry sand are used for various construction purposes like bricks, plastering, mortar, and concrete. Properties of good sand include being clean, coarse, chemically inert, durable, and well graded with a range of particle sizes. Sand is tested for quality using sieve analysis and tests for organic impurities and clay/silt content.
Ceramic Presentation of Building MaterialsI'mMiss Lily
The document provides information about ceramics, including:
1. It lists the 11 group members of the ceramic group and provides a brief history of ceramics dating back to 24,000 BC.
2. It describes the main compositions of clay which are feldspar minerals comprising 60% of the earth's crust. Clays are divided into primary and secondary types.
3. The manufacturing process of ceramics includes various molding techniques like injection molding and isostatic pressing. Characteristics of ceramics include high hardness, resistance to chemicals and temperatures up to 2400°C.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
This document discusses various clay products used in construction, focusing on bricks, tiles, and roofing. It provides details on the manufacture and properties of bricks, tiles, and different types of clay roofing tiles. Bricks are made from clay or other materials and are used for walls, foundations etc. Tiles are thin clay slabs used for floors and walls, and are made through molding and firing. The document outlines the manufacturing process for tiles and desirable properties for flooring and roofing tiles. It also defines roofing terminology and provides diagrams of wooden roof structures and different types of clay roof tiles.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Plastering involves applying plaster, a mixture of lime or gypsum, sand, and water, to rough or uneven surfaces to make them smooth. The objectives of plastering are to provide an even, durable finished surface and protect the underlying structure. Several tools are used in plastering including trowels, floats, and hawks. There are different types of plaster like lime, cement, mud, and stucco plaster. Cement plaster is suited for damp conditions while lime plaster uses lime as the binding agent. Issues that can arise with plaster include cracking, efflorescence, plaster falling out, and blowing.
The document discusses properties and uses of stone as a building material. It describes different types of stones based on their geological and physical characteristics. Key properties discussed are structure, texture, density, appearance, strength, hardness, and toughness. Finally, it outlines various civil engineering applications of stone, including use in foundations, walls, flooring, paving, and as an aggregate in concrete and railway ballast.
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
This document discusses the properties and classification of bricks. It defines bricks as being regularly shaped objects that are convenient to handle. Bricks can be made of clay, sand and lime, or concrete. Standard brick sizes are listed. Good brick earth contains clay, sand, lime and iron oxide. Bricks are classified into four classes based on their quality. First class bricks are best for permanent structures. Second class have minor cracks but are also suitable for plastered buildings. Third class have rough surfaces and are for unimportant temporary structures. Fourth class are overburnt for uses like aggregates. Bricks are widely used in construction for buildings, roads, and more.
1. Bricks are made from clay and are one of the oldest and most widely used building materials. They are inexpensive, durable, and easy to work with.
2. The document discusses the manufacturing process of bricks including preparing the brick earth by blending clay with additives, molding, drying, and burning the bricks.
3. Bricks are classified based on their quality, strength, size, method of manufacture, and degree of burning. Special types of bricks include perforated, hollow, circular, and paving bricks used for specific construction purposes.
Brick is a common building material made from clay, sand, and water. There are several types of bricks based on their manufacturing process, including pressed clay bricks which have indentations called frogs, and wire cut bricks which have holes. Bricks are classified based on their quality, such as first class bricks which are well-burnt and pass certain tests. They are used widely in construction for walls, pavements, and other applications. Properties like hardness, water absorption, and strength can vary between brick types and quality.
In presentation I have covered all the topics of building materials which are used in construction work of any building like stone,brick,sand,cement,etc.
This document provides an overview of various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It discusses naturally available materials like stone, brick, lime, cement and timber. It describes the composition, types, properties and uses of each material. For stone, brick and lime, it specifically outlines the requirements and specifications of different varieties. The document serves as a reference for civil engineers to understand the nature and behavior of various materials used in building and infrastructure development.
Civil Engineering Materials Brick Field .pptalaminakhnd079
Bricks are artificial stones made from clay that harden when heated to high temperatures. The quality of bricks depends on the clay composition and manufacturing process. Good brick clay contains silica, alumina, iron oxide, magnesia, lime, and organic matter in specific percentages. The constituents impact properties like plasticity, density, color, shrinkage, and fusion. Bricks are tested based on hardness, strength, water absorption, and efflorescence. Standard bricks measure 9.5x4.5x2.75 inches and are classified by quality and use in construction.
Clay and clay products are formed through the weathering and erosion of rocks. Clay is composed mainly of fine particles of hydrous aluminum silicates and other minerals. Bricks are a common clay product used in construction. Good brick earth contains 20-30% alumina, 35-50% silica, and 20-30% silt. Bricks are manufactured through molding, drying, and burning clay at high temperatures. Proper firing leads to high strength bricks with less than 20% water absorption. Common defects in bricks include over or under burning, black cores, and efflorescence.
This document provides an overview of various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It begins by discussing naturally available materials like stone, brick, lime, and timber. It then covers industrial materials like cement and metals. For each material, the document outlines the composition, requirements, types, properties and common uses. Stone is described in more detail, covering the different types of stone and their uses in hydraulic structures, retaining walls, and more. The document also provides a detailed breakdown of the production of bricks and their various classifications, as well as the properties and uses of lime, cement, and timber. It discusses the seasoning process for timber to reduce moisture content.
This document summarizes information about bricks, including their composition, types, manufacturing process, quality standards, and uses. Bricks are made from clay and are a common building material used worldwide in structures. The document outlines the various classes of bricks based on their quality and burning, and describes how bricks are manufactured through processes of clay preparation, molding, drying, and burning. It also discusses tests conducted on bricks to assess properties like absorption, strength, and size. Bricks have many applications in construction as basic building blocks for walls, floors, and other structural elements.
This document provides information on bricks, including their definition, size, constituents, manufacturing process, types, bonding, and advantages and disadvantages. Bricks are clay construction materials that are durable and low-cost. They are standardized at 9 1/2 x 4 1/2 x 2 3/4 inches in Bangladesh. Bricks are made through processes of preparation, molding, drying, and burning. Their quality depends on factors like composition, strength, and water absorption. Bricks are used in various bond patterns and structures.
The document discusses different construction materials used in building, focusing on bricks and cement. It defines bricks as rectangular blocks made by molding clay that are dried and burnt. Good bricks are uniformly colored, sized, and strong. Cement is defined as a binding material made by burning lime, silica, clay and other materials. When water is added to cement, a chemical reaction called hydration occurs, forming compounds that give cement strength and hardness over time. Different types of cement include ordinary Portland cement and rapid hardening cement.
This document provides an overview of building materials and construction planning. It discusses naturally available materials like stone, brick, lime, cement, and timber. It also discusses industrial materials like metal, ceramics, sand, aggregates, and mortar. For each material, the document outlines requirements, types, uses, and properties. It also provides details on concrete, paints and varnishes, glass, plastics, and cement admixtures. The goal is to introduce the basic materials used in construction projects and planning.
This document provides an overview of building materials and construction planning. It discusses naturally available materials like stone, brick, lime, cement, and timber. It also discusses industrial materials like metal, ceramics, sand, aggregates, and mortar. For each material, the document outlines requirements, types, uses, and properties. It also provides details on concrete, paints and varnishes, glass, plastics, and cement admixtures. The goal is to introduce the basic materials used in construction projects and planning.
1) Bricks are a key construction material in civil engineering used for making walls, pavements, and other brick structures.
2) Good bricks are composed of 50-60% silica, 20-30% alumina, 2-5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide to impart strength, prevent cracking, and determine color.
3) Bricks are classified based on their quality, from first class bricks that are finely shaped with sharp edges to lower quality third and fourth class bricks used for temporary construction.
Bricks are building materials used in masonry construction that are traditionally composed of clay but can also be made of concrete or other materials. They are produced in bulk quantities in various classes, types, sizes, and materials depending on region and time period. Bricks have been used throughout history by many ancient civilizations as one of the first building materials and continue to be widely used today due to their durability, compressive strength, and fire resistance.
Bricks notes Bricks are rectangular in shape and can be easily handled with o...kumar42249
Bricks are a common building material that are durable, fire resistant, and inexpensive. They are typically rectangular solids that can be easily handled. There are various classifications of bricks based on their physical properties and intended uses. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay through processes like weathering and tempering, moulding the clay into bricks through hand or machine methods, and drying or burning the bricks in kilns or clamps. Proper preparation and firing results in high quality bricks with desired properties.
types of Bricks details and manufacture.pptxalpnarohatgi1
There are several types of bricks:
- Wire cut bricks are made by slicing clay into brick-sized pieces using wires.
- Hand moulded bricks involve shaping prepared brick earth by hand.
- Bricks are classified into four classes based on properties like strength and water absorption. First class bricks are of the highest quality while fourth class are overburnt and brittle.
- Common types include modular bricks which have nominal dimensions that are multiples of tens, and non-modular bricks which have specified but not nominal dimensions.
The document discusses various types of building materials used in construction including stones, bricks, cast stones, and fire bricks. It describes the characteristics and properties of good building stones and bricks, such as durability, hardness, resistance to weathering and fire. The causes of decay of stones and methods to preserve them are explained. The composition, manufacture and testing process of different types of bricks are also summarized.
Clay product By Nausad Ansari for studentsNausadAnsari4
Clay products like bricks are made from clay through processes of molding, drying, and firing. Bricks are commonly used construction materials due to their uniform size and shape which allows for efficient arrangements in buildings. To make bricks, clay is molded into rectangular blocks and then dried and fired at high temperatures to become hard and durable. Firing causes chemical reactions that form new crystalline compounds and results in strong, compact bricks suitable for use in construction.
This document provides an overview of common construction materials. It begins by defining building materials as materials used for structures like buildings, dams, roads, and bridges. It then discusses the historical evolution of materials from the Stone Age to the Iron Age to modern times. The document primarily focuses on natural materials like stone, sand, wood, clay and their uses in construction. It provides classifications, properties, and examples of how these materials are used.
The document discusses quality control procedures for construction projects. It outlines that designers, manufacturers, and contractors must ensure minimum quality standards are met. Quality inspectors should inspect all construction processes according to the contractor's method statements and contract documents. The document also discusses ISO standards, quality assurance programs, and sources of technical information for quality control procedures in architecture, engineering, site management, and inspection.
BIM can improve project management in several ways:
1) As an integrated model, BIM facilitates improved communication, coordination, and collaboration between project managers and other teams.
2) BIM supports integrated project delivery (IPD), bringing all parties together under a single framework to increase project success. It facilitates information exchange to reduce costs, errors, and redundancy.
3) BIM enables technical capabilities like clash detection to resolve design inconsistencies, constructability reviews, 4D and 5D modeling for schedule and cost analysis, and quantity take-offs for accurate cost estimation.
Lean construction is an approach that adapts lean manufacturing principles to construction projects. It aims to minimize costs and maximize value for customers. Lean construction identifies and eliminates waste at every stage of design and construction. The key principles include identifying value from the customer's perspective, defining the project workflow, eliminating sources of waste like defects and waiting, ensuring smooth information flow, pull-based scheduling, and driving continuous improvement. By applying these lean principles, construction projects can be completed on time, on budget, and with the expected value for customers.
Common causes of cost overruns in construction projectsSANJEEV Wazir
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Periodical meeting report and progress reportSANJEEV Wazir
This document discusses periodic progress reports and meetings. It explains that progress reports update supervisors on the status of long-term projects, summarizing what has been, is being, and will be accomplished. Periodic activity reports summarize contributions over a specific time period. Progress meetings are held regularly during construction to discuss status updates, issues, costs, and next steps with contractors and clients. Meeting minutes are prepared and construction progress reports are provided to clients.
Record keeping is important for construction projects to document what occurred over the course of the project. This establishes a record that can be referred back to later for disputes or reviewing events. Good records also need to be kept for legal and contractual requirements. The type and extent of records depends on the project, but they should be dated, signed, and stored systematically. Record keeping helps control work, provide future data, and hand over important information to the client.
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TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF FORMWORK AND STAGING
COMMON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
MODULAR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF SLIP FORMING FOR TALL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS BRIDGES
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This document summarizes the field work conducted by a teacher over 21 days, where each day covers a different topic taught to students. The topics included means of transport, nouns, addition, living vs non-living things, the Devanagari alphabet, sense organs, adjectives, uses of water, parts of a plant, multiplication, pronouns, alphabets, density experiment with water, vowels and consonants, fruits, angles, singular and plural nouns, word formation in Hindi, missing numbers, vegetable names, and the water cycle.
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PLANING
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
5 STEPS TO THE PERFECT CONSTRUCTION PLANNING PROCESS
PRE TENDER PLANNING
PRE CONTRACT PLANNING
ROLE OF CLIENT
ROLE OF CONTRACTOR
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS
PLANNING A PROJECT
INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULING
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
BAR CHARTS (GANTT CHARTS)
NETWORK TECHNIQUES
ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW NETWORK
DUMMY ACTIVITIES
DANGLING ACTIVITY
CYCLE IN NETWORK
PRECEDENCE NETWORKS
TIME ESTIMATES
MILESTONES IN PROJECT
TIME ANALYSIS
CRITICAL PATH, SLACK AND FLOAT
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND BAR CHART
WHAT IS NETWORK
PERT / CPM Techniques
TERMS USED IN A NETWORK
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
NETWORK SYMBOLS
WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT (CPM) MEAN?
THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
FEATURES OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
PHASES OF PROJECT
AGENCIES INVOLVED AND THEIR METHODS OF EXECUTION
WEIRS VERSUS BERRAGE
TYPES OF WEIRS
COMPONENT PARTS OF A WEIR
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WEIRS & THEIR REMEDIES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN FOR SURFACE FLOW
DESIGN OF BARRAGE OR WEIR
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The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
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This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. CONTENTS
Bricks
Qualities of brick earth
Composition of good brick earth
Classification of bricks
Uses of bricks
3. BRICKS
A bricks is regular in shape and of size that can be conveniently
handled with one hand.
Bricks My be Makes of burnt clay or mixture of sand and lime and
sand or of Portland cement concrete.
Clay bricks are commonly used since these are economical and
easily available.
Size of a standard bricks ( also known as modular bricks) should be
19*9*9 cm and 19*9*4 cm. when placed in masonry the 19*9*9 cm
bricks with mortar becomes 20*10*10 cm.
It is light, easily available, uniform in shape and size and relatively
cheaper except in hilly areas.
Bricks are easily moulded from plastic clays, also known as bricks
clay or brick earth.
4. QUALITIES OF BRICK EARTH
A good bricks should be such a mixture of pure clay and sand that
when prepared with water.
It can be easily moulded and dried without cracking or warping.
It should contains a small quantity of lime which causes the grains
of sand to melt and helps bind the particles of bricks clay together.
It should also contain small amount of oxide of iron which acts in
the same way as lime and moreover lends bricks its pecullar red
colour
5. COMPOSITION OF GOOD BRICK EARTH
S.No INGRIDENTS PROPORTIONS FUNCTION
1 Silica 50-60% adds durability, prevents shrinkage and warping
2 Alumina 20-30% Absorbs water and renders the clay plastic
3 Lime 10% Reduces shrinkage, lower the fusion point and helps in
binding of clay and silica.
4 Magnesia <1% Give colour ( yellow) and reduces warping.
5 Ferric oxide <7% Give colour red, lower the fusion point and give strength,
hardness, durability and improves permeability.
6 Alkalis <10% Act as hygroscopic substance
7 Carbon dioxide Traces Effects the texture of raw clay
8 Sulphur
trioxide
Traces Helps in oxidation
9 Water Traces Act as a solvent
6. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
first class bricks:- these bricks of standard shape and they are burnt
in kilns.
1. The surface and edges of the bricks are sharp, square, smooth and
straight.
2. They are free from flaws, crack and stones.
3. These should have uniform texture.
4. No impression should be left on the bricks when a scratch is made
by a finger nail.
5. A metallic or ringing sound should come when two bricks are struck
against each other.
6. The crushing strength of the bricks should not be less than 10
N/mm
2
2.
7. These bricks are used for superior works of permanent nature.
7. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
Second class bricks:- are supposed to have the sane requirement as
the first class one except that.
1. Small cracks and their edges may not be sharp and uniform.
2. A little higher water absorption of about 16-20% of its dry weight is
allowed.
3. The surface of these bricks is somewhat rough and shape is also
slightly irregular.
4. These bricks are commonly used at place where brickwork is to be
provided with a coat of plaster.
8. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
Third class bricks
1. These bricks are not hard and they have rough surface with
irregular and distorted edges.
2. These bricks give dull sound when struck together.
3. They are used unimportant and temporary structure and at place
where rainfall in not heavy.
9. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
Fourth class bricks
1. These are overburnt bricks with irregular shape and dark colour.
2. These bricks are used as aggregates for concrete in foundation,
floors, roads etc.
10. USES OF BRICKS
The first class and second class bricks are widely used for all sorts of
sound work especially of permanent nature. These structure include
building, dams, roads, sewers, bridge piers, tunnels etc.
The third class and sun dried bricks are used for construction work of
temporary nature. These bricks are not used in damp situation or at
place subjected to heavy rains.
The fourth class bricks are used as road metal and as aggregates in
the foundation concrete.