This document discusses various traditional mud construction methods that have been used for thousands of years. It describes techniques like COB (curved mud walls), rammed earth (compacted layers between wooden frames), adobe (sun-dried bricks), wattle and daub (mud plaster over a bamboo frame), and pressed bricks. Advantages of mud construction include using locally available natural materials with minimal energy needed. Examples of historic mud structures from around the world are also provided.

1. Mud
Architecture…..
SeeMA MAkwAnA
priyAnShi deSAi
krupA prAjApAti
ShriyAl jAin

2. introduction...
 Mud has been the most essential of building
materials since the dawn of the man.
 Approximately 58% of all buildings in India are
mud brick and a growing construction boom in
India.
 Mud is a building material which has already
being tested and tried for thousands of years.
 It is used in modern day construction and the
method of using it is very different.

3. introduction…
 Mud has its own limitations which can be
overcome.
 The main advantage of mud is we do not
need lot of energy to manufacture it unlike
brick, cement, steel, concrete, etc.
 Mud construction is mainly found in places
which are relatively dry and have mud in
abundance.

4. VAriouS conStruction
MethodSAre:
 COB: COB is good for anything except height. It is
particularly good for curved or round walls.
 PISE OR RAMMED EARTH : PISE OR RAMMED
EARTH is strong and ideal for solid, squat, single storey
houses.
 ADOBE: ADOBE or SUN DRIED BRICKS can easily
cope with two storey houses.
 PRESSED BRICKS: PRESSED BRICKS smooth and
very strong and can build three storey.
 WATTLE & DAUB METHOD: WATTLE & DAUB is
elegant and fine for Seismic Zones.

5. COB..
 A very stiff mud is prepared by mixing mud and water in the
proportion of 1:3 and it is moulded into huge elongated egg shape.
 The elongated egg shape mud is 12 to 18-inches, (30 to 40-cm) long
and about 6-inches (15-cm) in diameter.
 For making a wall ,a row of cob is placed in proper line and is
pressed to avoid gaps n crack.
 In this way two to three layers of cobs are placed one above the other
and the sides are smoothed to avoid cracks n gap.
 For making openings of door wooden frame or kerosene tins are
used to make the openings.

6. COB..

7. RAMMED EARTH
 This is a method in which the strength of the wall can be
increased by increasing the thickness of the wall.
 Two parallel planks are held firmly apart by metal rods
and clips or bolts, or by small crosspieces of wood.
 Stiff mud is thrown in between these two planks and
rammed down with either a wooden or metal ramrod.
 When one section is completed and hard, the two planks
are then raised up and a second course of rammed earth
is repeated over the first.

8. RAMMED EARTH

9. ADOBE
 Blocks are kept covered with air tight polythene sheets for
first 48 hrs with relative humidity up to 100.
 Polythene sheets shall be removed after 48 hrs and the
blocks shall be kept in shaded area like having enough air
circulation.
 Sprinkle water over blocks daily, as many times needed,
during 28 days.
 Write date of production on block corner.
 Cover stacks top with coconut leaves or any other cover to
avoid direct sunlight.
 Principle is that blocks shall not dry for 4weeks.

10. ADOBE

11. WATTLE AND DAUB
 Wattle and daub method is an old and common
method of building mud structures.
 Bamboo and cane frame structure that supports
the roof.
 Mud is plastered over this mesh of bamboo cane
and straws
 Due to excessive rainfall the Wattle and Daub
structures gets washed off.
 However, the mesh of cane or split bamboo
remains intact and after the heavy rain is over the
mud is plastered on again.

12. WATTLE AND DAUB

13. Taos Pueblo (New Mexico) Arg-e bam (southeastern Iran,)
ExamplEs of mud construction

14. ExamplEs of mud construction
Djinguereber Mosque (West Africa.) West Africa (Uzbekistan)

15. advantagEs of mud…
 Environmental impact
 To save natural resources.
 Using neither cement nor rock (Save our mountains.
 To save building materials
 Main materials are soil and water, mixed to be mud, if the
mud is too sticky, we can add up with paddy husky or rice
straw or local fiber weed or bamboo.
 Energy use
 To save energy
 Cool in summer (Inside building temperature is about 24°c to
26°c

16. disadvantagE…
 Humidity
 Humidity is the crucial factor, mud-house
will easily be fungus.
 Foul odour
 The brand- new mud-house may have foul
odor of crushed green leaves