This document summarizes a thesis analyzing stress concentrations around doors and windows on the Boeing 787 aircraft under uniform shear loading. It presents analytical solutions using complex variable and Schwarz alternating techniques to model openings as rectangular holes in an infinite plate. Finite element analysis is also conducted and results show good agreement with analytical solutions. Stress concentrations are highest at corners and depend on geometry. Door and window interaction increases window stresses up to 4.8% but negligibly impacts door stresses.
This is my M.Tech Project presentation. The project was carried out at R.V College of Engineering and B.M.S College of Engineering, Bangalore. In this project, the axial load carrying capacity of CFST Columns was studied and the experimental results were compared with Eurocode-4 and AISC-LRFD-2005. The flexural capacity of CFST frames was also carried out.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in India with annual consumption exceeding 100 million cubic meters.
High performance concrete is a concrete in which certain characteristics are developed for a particular application and environment, so that it will give excellent performance in the structure in which it will be placed.
A high-strength concrete is always a high performance concrete, but a high-performance concrete is not always a high-strength concrete.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many countries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable
standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as International Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in large quantities..
Prsentation on structural health monitoringLakshmi K N
Structural health monitoring (SHM) uses sensors and data analysis techniques to monitor structures for damage or changes over time. The document discusses using an Internet of Things approach for SHM, extracting structural features from sensor measurements. It then defines SHM as monitoring engineering structures over time using sensor data to determine the current health state. The proposed system would recognize earthquake vibrations, detect damage from earthquakes or rain, and reduce power consumption in buildings depending on occupancy. It uses different sensor modules connected wirelessly to monitor vibrations, damage, and power use.
Project report file on construction of flexible pavement by Harshit Prakash Gargharshit315
This document is a project report on the construction of a flexible pavement. It includes chapters on the different layers of a flexible pavement cross-section, surveying and leveling of the construction site, important tests to be conducted, the proposed methodology, design approach and criteria, estimation of quantities and costs, types of failures that can occur in flexible pavements, overview of required plant and machinery. The report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering and includes certificates, declarations and acknowledgements.
Self-compacting concrete was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve problems with inadequate compaction of traditional concrete. It uses a high paste content and superplasticizers to create a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. Tests were developed to evaluate properties like filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Self-compacting concrete provides benefits like easier placement, faster construction, better surface finish, and improved durability. However, it also has higher costs associated with materials and mix design development.
This document discusses structural health monitoring (SHM). It defines SHM as monitoring the health of engineering structures to detect damage. The key steps in SHM are data acquisition using sensors, feature extraction from the sensor data, and statistical modeling to detect damage. SHM can be used to enhance structural performance, monitor structures affected by external factors, and improve future designs. Vibration-based SHM techniques analyze changes in frequencies, mode shapes or responses over time. Model-based techniques use finite element models while data-based techniques use statistical models to identify damage from sensor data without physical models. Uncertainties remain in modeling, environmental effects, and non-unique solutions which are areas of ongoing research. Case studies demonstrate using SHM
This document summarizes a thesis analyzing stress concentrations around doors and windows on the Boeing 787 aircraft under uniform shear loading. It presents analytical solutions using complex variable and Schwarz alternating techniques to model openings as rectangular holes in an infinite plate. Finite element analysis is also conducted and results show good agreement with analytical solutions. Stress concentrations are highest at corners and depend on geometry. Door and window interaction increases window stresses up to 4.8% but negligibly impacts door stresses.
This is my M.Tech Project presentation. The project was carried out at R.V College of Engineering and B.M.S College of Engineering, Bangalore. In this project, the axial load carrying capacity of CFST Columns was studied and the experimental results were compared with Eurocode-4 and AISC-LRFD-2005. The flexural capacity of CFST frames was also carried out.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in India with annual consumption exceeding 100 million cubic meters.
High performance concrete is a concrete in which certain characteristics are developed for a particular application and environment, so that it will give excellent performance in the structure in which it will be placed.
A high-strength concrete is always a high performance concrete, but a high-performance concrete is not always a high-strength concrete.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many countries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable
standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as International Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in large quantities..
Prsentation on structural health monitoringLakshmi K N
Structural health monitoring (SHM) uses sensors and data analysis techniques to monitor structures for damage or changes over time. The document discusses using an Internet of Things approach for SHM, extracting structural features from sensor measurements. It then defines SHM as monitoring engineering structures over time using sensor data to determine the current health state. The proposed system would recognize earthquake vibrations, detect damage from earthquakes or rain, and reduce power consumption in buildings depending on occupancy. It uses different sensor modules connected wirelessly to monitor vibrations, damage, and power use.
Project report file on construction of flexible pavement by Harshit Prakash Gargharshit315
This document is a project report on the construction of a flexible pavement. It includes chapters on the different layers of a flexible pavement cross-section, surveying and leveling of the construction site, important tests to be conducted, the proposed methodology, design approach and criteria, estimation of quantities and costs, types of failures that can occur in flexible pavements, overview of required plant and machinery. The report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering and includes certificates, declarations and acknowledgements.
Self-compacting concrete was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve problems with inadequate compaction of traditional concrete. It uses a high paste content and superplasticizers to create a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. Tests were developed to evaluate properties like filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Self-compacting concrete provides benefits like easier placement, faster construction, better surface finish, and improved durability. However, it also has higher costs associated with materials and mix design development.
This document discusses structural health monitoring (SHM). It defines SHM as monitoring the health of engineering structures to detect damage. The key steps in SHM are data acquisition using sensors, feature extraction from the sensor data, and statistical modeling to detect damage. SHM can be used to enhance structural performance, monitor structures affected by external factors, and improve future designs. Vibration-based SHM techniques analyze changes in frequencies, mode shapes or responses over time. Model-based techniques use finite element models while data-based techniques use statistical models to identify damage from sensor data without physical models. Uncertainties remain in modeling, environmental effects, and non-unique solutions which are areas of ongoing research. Case studies demonstrate using SHM
This document discusses metakaolin, which is produced by calcining kaolin clay between 650-800°C. It has pozzolanic properties and can partially replace cement in high strength concrete. Metakaolin increases the strength and durability of concrete by reacting with calcium hydroxide to produce additional calcium-silicate-hydrate gel. It improves the physical and chemical properties of concrete, leading to applications in infrastructure like bridges, dams, and buildings where high strength and durability are important.
Mini projects for_civil_engineering_(3)_(1) (1) (1)arun naga sai
This document lists 163 potential mini project topics for civil engineering students in their second, third, or fourth year. The topics cover a wide range of areas related to civil engineering, including air and water pollution monitoring, use of industrial waste materials in construction, soil testing and stabilization, traffic studies, structural analysis, and municipal infrastructure design. The mini projects are intended to provide hands-on learning opportunities for students in their undergraduate studies.
introduction to soil stabilization and introduction to geo textiles and synth...husna004
This document provides definitions and information about soil stabilization techniques. It discusses mechanical and additive stabilization, including the uses of stabilization to improve soil quality and reduce pavement thickness. Key additive stabilization methods described are portland cement, lime, fly ash, and bitumen. The document provides guidance on selecting additive stabilizers based on soil type and properties. It also discusses considerations for using stabilized soils in frost areas and determining the appropriate stabilizer content.
This document provides an introduction to Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC), including its key properties. UHPC has very high compressive and tensile strengths due to its reduced porosity and improved microstructure from the addition of discontinuous fibers. It also has enhanced durability and dimensional stability. Some key properties discussed include UHPC's high compressive strength above 21.7 ksi, tensile strength above 0.72 ksi, lower drying shrinkage compared to normal concrete, and improved resistance to chloride ion penetration and carbonation. In conclusion, UHPC exhibits high strength, dimensional stability, durability and toughness due to its dense microstructure and inclusion of fibers.
BOUSSINESQ THEORY
VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO POINT LOAD
TABLE FOR VALUES OF BOUSSINESQ’S COEFFICIENT (퐼_퐵)
SOME POINTS FOR USING THE BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATION.
LIMITATIONS OF BOUSSINESQ’S SOLUTION.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many ountries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as international Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried
out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of
training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One
primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites
and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in
large quantities..
General steps of the finite element methodmahesh gaikwad
General Steps used to solve FEA/ FEM Problems. Steps Involves involves dividing the body into a finite elements with associated nodes and choosing the most appropriate element type for the model.
1. The stiffness method is used to analyze the beam by determining its degree of kinematic indeterminacy, selecting unknown displacements, restraining the structure, and generating a stiffness matrix.
2. A 4m beam with supports at 1.5m and 3m is analyzed using a stiffness matrix approach. The displacements selected are the rotations at joints B and C.
3. The stiffness matrix is generated by applying unit rotations at each joint and calculating the actions. This matrix is then used along with the applied loads in a superposition equation to solve for the unknown displacements.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Jerin Johnson to the University of Calicut in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report provides a review of basalt fiber reinforced concrete, including the properties, production process, advantages, and applications of basalt fiber and basalt fiber reinforced concrete. The report finds that basalt fiber reinforced concrete offers benefits like light weight, good fire resistance, and strength. Basalt fiber is produced from basalt rock through an extrusion process and has properties making it a viable alternative to other reinforcing fibers like steel, glass, and carbon fibers in concrete applications.
Analysis and design of multi-storey building using staad.Progsharda123
This document presents a minor project report on the analysis and design of a four-storey building (ground plus three floors) using STAAD Pro software. It was submitted by five civil engineering students at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report covers various topics related to structural analysis and design including different analysis methods, design of building elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. It also discusses assumptions, design codes, loads, and materials used for the building design.
This document outlines a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using bagasse ash. It begins with an introduction on soil stabilization and properties of black cotton soil. The objectives are to determine the effectiveness of different percentages of bagasse ash on engineering properties of black cotton soil. The methodology involves tests on natural soil properties and treated soils. Literature discusses using bagasse ash and additives to improve soil strength. The results show 8% bagasse ash increases the CBR and UCS values of black cotton soil. The conclusion is that bagasse ash can be used to stabilize black cotton soil.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
Stiffness method of structural analysisKaran Patel
This method is a powerful tool for analyzing indeterminate structures. One of its advantages over the flexibility method is that it is conducive to computer programming.
Stiffness method the unknowns are the joint displacements in the structure, which are automatically specified.
The document discusses properties and testing of concrete. It provides information on the constituents of concrete including cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. It also discusses properties of concrete and reinforcements, including their relatively high compressive strength and lower tensile strength. Various tests performed on concrete are mentioned, including tests on workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and fresh/hardened concrete. Design philosophies for reinforced concrete include the working stress method, ultimate strength method, and limit state method.
This course outline provides details for the Design of Steel Structures course, which will teach students how to design common steel structural elements according to Indian codes, including axial, bending, and combined load members, as well as bolted, welded and eccentric connections, through lectures, tutorials, assignments and exams. The course will cover the properties of steel, loads on structures, design philosophies, plastic and limit state design of tension and compression members, beams, beam columns, plate girders and other elements. Students will be evaluated based on a midterm exam, tutorials, and a comprehensive final exam.
The document discusses different types of pavements. It describes flexible pavements as having multiple layers that distribute loads through aggregate interlock. Rigid pavements distribute loads through the beam strength of concrete slabs. Flexible pavements are composed of surface, base, and sub-base layers over a subgrade, while rigid pavements typically only require a concrete surface layer. Both pavement types are designed to reduce loads from vehicles to prevent damage to the subgrade. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of flexible and rigid pavements.
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
A Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil with Flyash and Marble DustIRJET Journal
This study examines the properties of black cotton soil stabilized with fly ash and marble dust. Black cotton soil is problematic as it becomes very hard when dry but loses all strength when wet. To address this, the soil was mixed with fly ash obtained from a local power plant and marble dust obtained from a marble industry, with varying proportions from 5-50% by weight. Tests were conducted to determine the liquid limit, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio of the soil-additive mixtures. The results showed that addition of fly ash and marble dust decreased the plasticity of the soil and increased the workability. Up to 15% additive content, the unconfined compressive strength increased, but
IRJET-Soil Stabilisation by Utilising Phosphogypsum and Calcium Carbide ResidueIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using phosphogypsum and calcium carbide residue. Black cotton soil samples were mixed with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of phosphogypsum and calcium carbide residue individually, and together. Standard compaction, unconfined compression, and California bearing ratio tests were conducted. Results showed that maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased with increasing residue content. Unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio values initially increased with residue content but then decreased at higher contents. Stabilizing with both residues together gave higher strength values than individual residues. The study demonstrated the potential of using these industrial wastes for economically improving soil engineering properties.
This document discusses metakaolin, which is produced by calcining kaolin clay between 650-800°C. It has pozzolanic properties and can partially replace cement in high strength concrete. Metakaolin increases the strength and durability of concrete by reacting with calcium hydroxide to produce additional calcium-silicate-hydrate gel. It improves the physical and chemical properties of concrete, leading to applications in infrastructure like bridges, dams, and buildings where high strength and durability are important.
Mini projects for_civil_engineering_(3)_(1) (1) (1)arun naga sai
This document lists 163 potential mini project topics for civil engineering students in their second, third, or fourth year. The topics cover a wide range of areas related to civil engineering, including air and water pollution monitoring, use of industrial waste materials in construction, soil testing and stabilization, traffic studies, structural analysis, and municipal infrastructure design. The mini projects are intended to provide hands-on learning opportunities for students in their undergraduate studies.
introduction to soil stabilization and introduction to geo textiles and synth...husna004
This document provides definitions and information about soil stabilization techniques. It discusses mechanical and additive stabilization, including the uses of stabilization to improve soil quality and reduce pavement thickness. Key additive stabilization methods described are portland cement, lime, fly ash, and bitumen. The document provides guidance on selecting additive stabilizers based on soil type and properties. It also discusses considerations for using stabilized soils in frost areas and determining the appropriate stabilizer content.
This document provides an introduction to Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC), including its key properties. UHPC has very high compressive and tensile strengths due to its reduced porosity and improved microstructure from the addition of discontinuous fibers. It also has enhanced durability and dimensional stability. Some key properties discussed include UHPC's high compressive strength above 21.7 ksi, tensile strength above 0.72 ksi, lower drying shrinkage compared to normal concrete, and improved resistance to chloride ion penetration and carbonation. In conclusion, UHPC exhibits high strength, dimensional stability, durability and toughness due to its dense microstructure and inclusion of fibers.
BOUSSINESQ THEORY
VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO POINT LOAD
TABLE FOR VALUES OF BOUSSINESQ’S COEFFICIENT (퐼_퐵)
SOME POINTS FOR USING THE BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATION.
LIMITATIONS OF BOUSSINESQ’S SOLUTION.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many ountries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as international Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried
out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of
training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One
primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites
and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in
large quantities..
General steps of the finite element methodmahesh gaikwad
General Steps used to solve FEA/ FEM Problems. Steps Involves involves dividing the body into a finite elements with associated nodes and choosing the most appropriate element type for the model.
1. The stiffness method is used to analyze the beam by determining its degree of kinematic indeterminacy, selecting unknown displacements, restraining the structure, and generating a stiffness matrix.
2. A 4m beam with supports at 1.5m and 3m is analyzed using a stiffness matrix approach. The displacements selected are the rotations at joints B and C.
3. The stiffness matrix is generated by applying unit rotations at each joint and calculating the actions. This matrix is then used along with the applied loads in a superposition equation to solve for the unknown displacements.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Jerin Johnson to the University of Calicut in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report provides a review of basalt fiber reinforced concrete, including the properties, production process, advantages, and applications of basalt fiber and basalt fiber reinforced concrete. The report finds that basalt fiber reinforced concrete offers benefits like light weight, good fire resistance, and strength. Basalt fiber is produced from basalt rock through an extrusion process and has properties making it a viable alternative to other reinforcing fibers like steel, glass, and carbon fibers in concrete applications.
Analysis and design of multi-storey building using staad.Progsharda123
This document presents a minor project report on the analysis and design of a four-storey building (ground plus three floors) using STAAD Pro software. It was submitted by five civil engineering students at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report covers various topics related to structural analysis and design including different analysis methods, design of building elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. It also discusses assumptions, design codes, loads, and materials used for the building design.
This document outlines a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using bagasse ash. It begins with an introduction on soil stabilization and properties of black cotton soil. The objectives are to determine the effectiveness of different percentages of bagasse ash on engineering properties of black cotton soil. The methodology involves tests on natural soil properties and treated soils. Literature discusses using bagasse ash and additives to improve soil strength. The results show 8% bagasse ash increases the CBR and UCS values of black cotton soil. The conclusion is that bagasse ash can be used to stabilize black cotton soil.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
Stiffness method of structural analysisKaran Patel
This method is a powerful tool for analyzing indeterminate structures. One of its advantages over the flexibility method is that it is conducive to computer programming.
Stiffness method the unknowns are the joint displacements in the structure, which are automatically specified.
The document discusses properties and testing of concrete. It provides information on the constituents of concrete including cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. It also discusses properties of concrete and reinforcements, including their relatively high compressive strength and lower tensile strength. Various tests performed on concrete are mentioned, including tests on workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and fresh/hardened concrete. Design philosophies for reinforced concrete include the working stress method, ultimate strength method, and limit state method.
This course outline provides details for the Design of Steel Structures course, which will teach students how to design common steel structural elements according to Indian codes, including axial, bending, and combined load members, as well as bolted, welded and eccentric connections, through lectures, tutorials, assignments and exams. The course will cover the properties of steel, loads on structures, design philosophies, plastic and limit state design of tension and compression members, beams, beam columns, plate girders and other elements. Students will be evaluated based on a midterm exam, tutorials, and a comprehensive final exam.
The document discusses different types of pavements. It describes flexible pavements as having multiple layers that distribute loads through aggregate interlock. Rigid pavements distribute loads through the beam strength of concrete slabs. Flexible pavements are composed of surface, base, and sub-base layers over a subgrade, while rigid pavements typically only require a concrete surface layer. Both pavement types are designed to reduce loads from vehicles to prevent damage to the subgrade. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of flexible and rigid pavements.
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
A Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil with Flyash and Marble DustIRJET Journal
This study examines the properties of black cotton soil stabilized with fly ash and marble dust. Black cotton soil is problematic as it becomes very hard when dry but loses all strength when wet. To address this, the soil was mixed with fly ash obtained from a local power plant and marble dust obtained from a marble industry, with varying proportions from 5-50% by weight. Tests were conducted to determine the liquid limit, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio of the soil-additive mixtures. The results showed that addition of fly ash and marble dust decreased the plasticity of the soil and increased the workability. Up to 15% additive content, the unconfined compressive strength increased, but
IRJET-Soil Stabilisation by Utilising Phosphogypsum and Calcium Carbide ResidueIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using phosphogypsum and calcium carbide residue. Black cotton soil samples were mixed with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of phosphogypsum and calcium carbide residue individually, and together. Standard compaction, unconfined compression, and California bearing ratio tests were conducted. Results showed that maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased with increasing residue content. Unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio values initially increased with residue content but then decreased at higher contents. Stabilizing with both residues together gave higher strength values than individual residues. The study demonstrated the potential of using these industrial wastes for economically improving soil engineering properties.
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES IMPROVEMENT OF BLACK COTTON SOIL BY USING IRON ORE TAI...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that aimed to improve the engineering properties of black cotton soil by adding iron ore tailings and polypropylene fibers. Various tests were conducted on black cotton soil samples with fiber contents ranging from 0.2% to 0.6% and a constant 10% addition of iron ore tailings. The maximum dry density increased and optimum moisture content decreased with the additions. Unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio values increased initially with fiber content but reached an optimal level at 0.4% polypropylene fiber. The plastic limit, liquid limit, and free swell index all decreased with the iron ore tailings and fiber additions, indicating improved soil properties.
This document discusses a study on green concrete called geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete reduces cement usage and emissions by using industrial byproducts like fly ash and slag as binders activated by alkaline liquids instead of ordinary Portland cement. The study evaluated different mixes with fly ash, slag, or a combination as the binder. Sodium hydroxide concentration was also varied from 6M to 14M. Specimens were tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days as well as sorptivity and XRD analysis at 28 days. Results showed geopolymer concrete has potential to provide a more sustainable alternative to traditional concrete.
STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL BY USING STEEL SLAG POWDERTushar Thombre
The document discusses the stabilization of black cotton soil using steel slag powder as an additive. Black cotton soil is problematic for construction due to its high swelling and shrinkage properties. The study aims to improve the engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil through mixing it with steel slag powder, an industrial waste product, at various percentages. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples mixed with 5-30% steel slag powder. The tests showed significant increases in unconfined compressive strength and reductions in liquid limit, indicating improved strength and reduced expansiveness with the addition of steel slag powder. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using an industrial byproduct to stabilize problematic soils for construction purposes.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar iosrjce
The document summarizes research conducted on utilizing foundry waste sand as a masonry mortar. Three types of foundry waste sand were tested: burnt black sand, weathered sand, and currently used sand. Their physical properties were compared to local construction sand. Specimens were cast to test compressive strength of masonry mortar mixes with the different sands. Compressive strengths for local sand were 5.10, 3.70, and 3.80 N/mm2, while strengths for weathered sand were 4.60, 2.95, and 3.23 N/mm2, meeting the required minimum of 3-5 N/mm2. This indicates foundry waste sand can be
The document summarizes research conducted on utilizing foundry waste sand as a masonry mortar. Three types of foundry waste sand were tested: burnt black sand, weathered sand, and currently used sand. Their physical properties were compared to local construction sand. Specimens were cast to test compressive strength of masonry mortar mixes with the different sands. Compressive strengths for local sand were 5.10, 3.70, and 3.80 N/mm2, while strengths for weathered sand were 4.60, 2.95, and 3.23 N/mm2, meeting the required minimum of 3-5 N/mm2. This indicates foundry waste sand can be
IRJET-Study on Strength and Durability Aspects of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength and durability properties of geopolymer concrete using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as binders to replace cement. Various mix designs were tested with different ratios of fly ash to GGBS. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the geopolymer concrete cubes increased with an increasing percentage of GGBS in the mix. The highest compressive strength of 66MPa was observed for a mix with a 60% fly ash and 40% GGBS ratio. Additionally, sorptivity tests found that geopolymer concrete has lower water absorption than traditional concrete, indicating better durability. The study demonstrates that geopolymer concrete
A Study on Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Use of Fly Ash, Ferric Chlor...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IRJET- Effect of Chrome Tanning Effluent on Cohesive SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of chrome tanning effluent on cohesive soils. The researchers collected chrome tanning effluent from a tannery in India and mixed it with natural clay soil at different percentages to test how the effluent impacts the soil properties. Their results showed that the liquid limit and plastic limit of the clay soil increased as the percentage of tannery effluent added increased. They also tested how adding waste stone powder and lime to the contaminated soil could increase its unconfined compressive strength. The goal of the study was to evaluate how tannery effluent impacts engineering properties of soil and how industrial byproducts can be used to stabilize contaminated soils.
This document discusses the development and optimization of mix designs for low calcium fly ash and slag based geopolymer concrete of grades G30 and G50, equivalent to conventional concrete grades of M30 and M50. The mix designs were developed based on parameters such as alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio, sodium hydroxide molarity, curing method, temperature, and curing time. Specimens were cast and tested according to code procedures at 3, 7, and 28 days to evaluate compressive strength. An optimum mix design was selected for each grade based on a comparative study of the compressive strength results for the different parameters.
Effect of pH and Curing Time Behaviour on Strength Properties of SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pH and curing time on the strength properties of soils. Laboratory experiments were conducted on clay soils from Telangana, India, mixing the soils with varying percentages of lime (1-7%) and allowing curing times of 7-45 days. The results showed that maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased with higher lime content and longer curing times. Unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus increased significantly with 7% lime and a 30 day curing time. Additional tests examined the effect of pH variations (3-9) of pore fluids on shear strength, finding that untreated and lime-treated soils exhibited higher cohesion and friction angles at pH levels of 3
This report summarizes an experimental study on modifying the geotechnical properties of expansive soil through coconut fibre and lime. Laboratory tests were conducted on expansive soil samples with additions of 4% lime and varying amounts (0.5-2%) of coconut fibre. Results showed increases in the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the stabilized soil samples compared to the expansive soil alone, with the highest CBR values obtained with 4% lime and 2% coconut fibre. The study concluded that lime and coconut fibre are effective and economical materials for stabilizing expansive soils by reducing their shrinkage and swelling behavior.
Improving the characteristics properties of sulfate infected BC soil using GG...IRJET Journal
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3. Introduction:
Roads are having different layers which provide strength for sustaining
the heavy loads due to vehicular movement. Among these, Sub-grade is
the most important one as it provides support to all the above layers.
Sub-grade is nothing but the natural soil and different types of soil are
having different properties. If Sub-grade soil has poor properties, it
needs modification or stabilization to improve its properties.
Soil stabilization is a process of treating a soil in such a manner as to
maintain, alter or improve the performance of the soil as a construction
material.
Potential uses of waste materials.
Fly ash –use for bulk filler
Lime-use for Widening material
Phosphogypsum-Use for reduce the quantity of lime
4. Objective:
To study behaviour of Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum with Black
cotton soil,samples are collected from surrounding area of Uttar
Pradesh region (Jhansi,Mahoba, Hamirpur,Lalitpur) and experimental
works carried out for evaluation of Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum.
The study for soil characteristics, Free Swell Index, Standard Proctor
Test, Specific Gravity, CBR and UCS are conducted for natural and
treated soil samples.
To improve the Soak CBR for CH type of soil earlier is 3.1% which
improves about 16.5% With Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum
Treatment. UCS Value with CH type of soil earlier is 1.5 Mpa which
improves to 5.1 Mpa with Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum Treatment
5. Need of the study:
The property of volumetric changes with the change of atmospheric
conditions makes black cotton soil dangerous to be founded Pavements
& buildings. It swells excessively when wet and shrinks excessively
when dry resulting terrible cracks in soil without any warning. It has a
great affinity to water. This tendency of soil is on account of the
presence of fine clay particles. Cracks are formed due to movement of
the ground on account of alternate swelling and shrinkage. The cracks
thus formed are sometimes 15 to 20 cm wide and 2.5 to 4 m deep.
In addition to that total production of their waste materials are as
2000-2200 thousand metric tonne, 1200-1400 metric tonne & 1800-2200
metric tonne for fly ash, lime, Phosphogyspum respectively. The
Research work done on copper slag by Anish shah but not any research
work done yet on fly ash, lime & Phosphogyspum as an alternative in
pavement Sub-grade layer construction. So, the study needs to done.
7. Study Objectives:
To Study the different properties of Soil in south Uttar Pradesh
Region.(Black Cotton soil)
To Study the proportion mix of material (Phosphogyspum) for soil
stabilization.
To Study Different mix proportion at different moisture content with
types of soil available. (Black Cotton soil)
To optimize cement proportion with replacement of waste material
(Phosphogyspum).
Study approach:
Step 1:Identification of the study area and definition in which the area
of interest or study is selected.
Step 2: Objectives and scope of work are defined..
Step 3: Various literatures like books, research papers, thesis reports
etc. regarding the study are referred.
Step 4: Collection of soil samples from the study area is carried out and
various tests are performed.
8. Continue…
Step 5: Laboratory tests are carried out on collected soil samples from
the study area (Uttar Pradesh region). The tests are performed to
evaluate physical and engineering properties of the soil.
Step 6The samples are tested for Sieve Analysis, Specific gravity, Free
swell index, Atterberg’s Limit, Standard Proctor Test, CBR and
Unconfined compressive strength without treatment Soil and Modified
Proctor, CBR and Unconfined compressive Strength test carried out for
treated soil.
Step 7: On the basis of Laboratory test results analysis carried out and
improvement in various engineering properties of the soil due to
material of soil stabilization is identified.
Step 8: Finally the summary of the study carried out and the inferences
drawn with respect to the study objectives are contained in the
conclusions.
9. Material and Experimental Investigation:
Fly Ash
Fly ash is a waste by product from Thermal power plants which use coal as fuel.
Generally, fly ash can be classified as Class-C fly ash and Class-F fly ash. This
classification is based on the percentage of calcium oxide available in fly ash. At
present about 100 Thermal power plants in India produce about 130million
tonnes of fly . Table no 1 and 2 represent the chemical and physical properties
of fly ash
Table No 1 Table No.2
Sr. No. Parameters Percentage
(%)
1 Silicon oxide 32 - 35
2 Aluminium
oxide
17 - 21
3 Iron oxide 5 - 6.5
4 Sulphur
trioxide
1.5 - 2
5 Calcium oxide 26 - 29
6 Loss on
Ignition
0.2 - 0.80
Sr. No. Parameters Percentage
(%)
1 Finesse 12 - 20
2 Soundness(Au
toclave
Expansion)
0.04 - 0.17
3 Drying
shrinkage(at
28 days)
0.01- 0.02
4 Density 2- 2.70
10. Phosphogypsum:
Phosphogypsum is the by-product of phosphoric acid industry, consists of
CaSO4.2 H2O and contains some impurities such as Phosphorus pent
oxide (P2O5), F and organic substances. These impurities seriously restrict the
industrial use of Phosphogyspum in cement industry as a retarder.Table no 1
and table no 2 give the chemical and physical properties .
Table No. 1 Table No.2
Sr. No. Parameters Percentage
(%)
1 Calcium oxide
(Cao)
40 – 43
2 Silica(sio2) 1 - 3
3 Alumina
(Al2o3)
1.5 – 3
4 Fe2O3 0.05 – 1.0
5 Magnesium
oxide Mgo
1. 0.
05
6 Sulphate
trioxide So3
48 - 51
Sr. No. Parameters Percentage
1 Hardness 2
2 Density 2.30 -2.45
3 Specific gravity 31. -
2.33
11. Lime:
A General term for burned limestone, also known as quicklime,
hydrated lime and unslaked or slaked lime. Its predominant usage
(90%) is as a basic industrial chemical. It still enjoys its traditional
building use .
Table no.1 Table no.2
Sr. No. Parameters Percentage (%)
1 Calcium oxide
(Cao)
38 – 42
2 Silica(sio2) 20 – 25
3 Alumina
(Al2O3)
2 – 4
4 Other oxides
(Na, Mg)
1.5 – 2.5
5 Loss on ignition 30 – 32
Sr.No. Parameters Percentage
1 Hardness 3 - 4
2 Density 2.5 - 2.65(%)
3 Compressive
Strength
1800-2100
kg/sq.cm
4 Water
absorption
>1%
12. Experimental Investigations:
Specific Gravity
Free Swell Index
Atterberg Limits
Modified Proctor test
Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS)
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
TEST MIX PROPORTIONS: TEST MIX PROPORTIONS SHOWN IN THE NEXT
SLIDE
14. Data Analysis and Discussion:
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal
volume of distilled water at that temperature both weights taken in air
Gs=Ps/Pw. This test is useful in determining the specific gravity of the
materials and is carried out according to IS: 2720 (part 3, section I).
Result of specific gravity Test:
Sr. No Specific Gravity test
1 Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh ) 2.58
2 Fly Ash 2.42
3 Phosphogyspum 2.33
25. Observations On Material Characteristics
The following observations are made for the various materials that are
tried for different combinations. Observations are solely dependent on
the laboratory investigations discussed earlier.
From the laboratory experiment it is clearly identify that the treatment
improves CBR and UCS Values.
The literature clearly shows that the treatment of a soil with the Fly
ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum improve the properties of the soil.
The Fly ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum treated soils shrinks after
treatment which slightly increase the density and results shows that
there is no considerable effect on OMC.
The use of Fly ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum provide a clear advantage of
improvement of the engineering performance of the sub grade soil.
26. Conclusion:
• The study has focussed on finding the suitable application of
Phosphogyspum, Fly ash & Lime in the non-bituminous layers of the
flexible pavement based on the geotechnical characterization of mix
comprising Phosphogyspum, Fly ash & Lime and soils. Black cotton
soil was considered for the study purpose.
• The most probable laboratory investigations required to be
performed and material specifications needed in order to explore its
suitability were identified via a thorough literature review and
available technical know-how.
27. Recommendations For Future work:
Although this work successfully covered a wide area of research on the
potentiality of Phosphogyspum as a road construction material, there are still
some important areas to be covered in future research studies. The most
important research points are summarized as following:
The current work is limited to study the feasibility of Fly ash, Lime,
Phosphogyspum in non-bituminous layers of flexible pavement. Further
investigations should be carried out to study its feasibility in rigid pavements as
well as in bituminous layers of flexible pavement.
28. REFERENCES
[1] Ambaries Ghosh and Chillara Subbarao “Strength Characteristics of
Class F Fly Ash Modified with Lime and Gypsum”. Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering,Vol.133,No.7,July2007,pp.757-7662007,
[2] R. Sathish Kumar “Experimental Investigation on the Stabilization
of Black Cotton Soil using Cement, Fly Ash and Lime” 2007.
[3] Vijay Kumar Sureban “Improving CBR Characteristics of Black
Cotton Subgrade For Better Pavement Performance”, 2009.
[4] Dr. Robert m. Brooks “Soil Stabilization with Fly ash and Rice husk
ash international journal of research and reiew in appliedscience
2009,ISNN-209-217
[5]D K Soni, geotechnical engineering jounral “Effect of Freezing-
Thawing and Wetting-Drying on Tensile Strength of Lime-Fly ash
Stabilized Black Cotton Soil.” .ISNN-00465-8828,2008
29. [6] M. Jayakumar and Lau Chee Sing “Experimental Studies on Treated
Sub-Base Soil with Fly Ash and Cement For Sustainable Design
Recommendations”, 3rd international conference cotse nov.8-9 2006.
[7] M. Anjan Kumar, D. S.V. Prasad and G. V. R. Prasada Raju,
“Performance Evaluation of Stabilized Fly Ash Sub bases” IOSRTEN
2011.ISNN 2250-3021
[8] V G. Havanagi, A.K. Sinha, V.K. Arora, S. Mathur “Waste Materials
for Construction of Road Embankment and Pavement Layers”, ISOR
journal mechnical and civil engineering IOSR 2009,ISNN-2320-334X
[9] Ravin M. Tailor, Dr M.D. Desai “Application of Lime-Fly ash
Stabilization for Standardization of Urban Road Construction at Surat,
South Gujarat”, international conference on infrastructure
development in India 2009,IN-635109
[10] M. Jayakumar and Lau Chee Sing ‘Experimental Studies on Treated
Sub-Base Soil with Fly Ash and Cement For Sustainable Design
Recommendations” ,world academy of science engineering and
technolgy 2012.vol.-6
30. Continue:
Codes:
IRC: 37-2001, “Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavement”.
IS: 2720-1983, “Methods of Tests for Soil”
Books:
“Highway Engineering” by S.k.Khnna and C.E.G.Justeo
Punamia B.C., “Soil Mechanics and Foundations,” Laxmi Publications,
New Delhi
Kadiyali L.R. “Principles and Practices of Highway Engineering,
Khanna Publishers Delhi-2006.
Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering “by Dr.K.R.Arora
31. Publication :
International Journal :
[1] shelendra kumar “A study on high Expansive black cotton soil to find
out the properties with the help of mixing other soil stabilising
material”International journal research in technological studies
Volume-2,Issue-4 March 2015 ISSN:2348-1439,2014
[2] Shelendra Kumar“Experimental investigation, on High Expansive
black cotton soil by using phosphogypsum,lime”Fly ash , International
journal research and science, Industrial Science Volume-1,Issue-7 Oct
2014 ISSN:2347-5420,2014
Conference:
[1] Shelendra Kumar“Experimental Analysis on High Expansive soil with
the help of fly ash for Flexible pavement Design’” International
conference on Innovative Advancement in Engineering And
Technology ,Jaipur National University, Jaipur ,7-8 March 2014