This document provides an overview of various aquatic ecosystems. It begins by defining key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and biotic and abiotic components. It then describes different types of freshwater ecosystems like ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands. Next it covers marine ecosystems like estuaries, mangrove swamps, salt marshes, rocky shores, and oceans. Within oceans it distinguishes zones like intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic and the organisms found in each. The document concludes by outlining ecosystem goods and services provided by aquatic environments.

1. Dr. P. SURESHKUMAR, M. Sc., M. Phil., M.B.A., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor in Environmental Sciences
Faculty of Marine Sciences
Annamalai University
Parangipettai-608 502
Mob. 8903041579
sure2004@gmail.com
ByBy
Aquatic Ecosystem

2. ENVIRONMENT
The living and nonliving
things that surround a
living thing make up its
environment.

3. Ecology
Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and
the environment.

4. Ecosystem
• A group of living things and their physical surroundings.

5. Parts of an Ecosystem
An ecosystem is made up of all the living and
nonliving things in an environment.

6. Different types of organisms live in an
ecosystem.
Individual living things
can be grouped into higher
levels of organization.
 A group of organisms of
the same kind living in the
same place is a population.

7. All the population that live in an ecosystem at the same
time form a community.

8. • Different communities form ecosystems.
• A Biome is a collection of related ecosystems.

10. Living Components
Producer
Consumer – Herbivores, Carnivore, Omnivore and Decomposer

11. Living being

12. Non Living Components
 Intensity of light
 Range of temperatures
 Amount of moisture
 Type of substratum (soil or rock type)
 Availability of inorganic substances such as minerals
 Supply of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
 pH ,etc.

13. Abiotic factors acting as limiting factor

15. Ecosystem Classification
1. Natural ecosystem
2. Artificial ecosystem

16. Artificial /Man made ecosystem
Artificial ecosystems are created by humans.
Ex.
Animal reserve or a giant terrarium e.g. zoo
Gardens are also artificial ecosystem
Crop lands like maize, sugarcane, rice-fields, wheat,
orchards,
Dams, aquarium, cities, and manned spaceship.

17. Man Made/Artificial ecosystem

18. Natural Ecosystems
 Terrestrial
 Aquatic

20. Grass land and Shrub land

21. Deciduous forest

22. Rain forest

23. Rain Forest

24. Rivers and streams

26. Ecosystem goods and services
 Direct Values:
These are resources that people depend upon directly and are easy to
quantify in economic terms.
Consumptive Use Value - Non-market value of fruit, fodder, firewood,
etc.
Productive Use Value – Commercial value of timber, fish, medicinal
plants, etc. that people collect for sale.

27.  Indirect Values:
These are uses that do not have easy ways to quantify them in
terms of a clearly definable price.
Non-consumptive use value - scientific research, bird watching,
ecotourism, etc.
Option value - maintaining options for the future, so that by
preserving them one could reap economic benefits in the future.
Existence value - ethical and emotional aspects of the existence
of wildlife and nature.

28. Aquatic Ecosystems

30. Aquatic Ecosystem
 Aquatic biomes cover about 75% of the earth’s surface.
 Plants and animals live in water.
 These species are adapted to live in different types of aquatic habitats.
 The special abiotic features are its physical aspects such as the quality of
the water, which includes its clarity, salinity, oxygen content and rate of
flow.

31. Types of Aquatic Ecosystems
Lakes &
Ponds
Rivers &
Streams
Wetlands
Estuaries
Marine
Groundwater

32. • Aquatic ecosystems are determined primarily by the
depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the
overlying water.

34. Freshwater ecosystems
Covers 0.80% of the Earth's surface
Occupies 0.009% of earths total water
3% of earths net primary production
41% of the world's known fish species are in Fresh water
ecosystem

35. • There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems
1. Lentic: slow-moving water, including pools, ponds, and
lakes.
2. Lotic: rapidly-moving water, for example streams and
rivers.
3. Wetlands: areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for
at least part of the time

36. The three main types of freshwater wetlands are bogs,
marshes, and swamps.
Bogs are wetlands that typically form in depressions where
water collects.
Marshes are shallow wetlands along rivers.
 Swamps, which often look like flooded forests, water flows
slowly.

37. Freshwater aquatic system
A Pond A Lake

38. A Stream A River

39. POND ECOSYSTEMS
•A pond is a small fresh water aquatic ecosystems, where
water is stagnant.
•May be seasonal
•A pond can sustain a wide range of life, from micro-
organisms to mammals.
•Plants and animals that that live in or near the pond have
special adaptations, or ways to survive in their
environment.
•Animals such as frogs, snails and worms remain dormant
in the mud, awaiting the next monsoon.
•Ex. algae, aquatic plants, insects, fishes , birds, etc.

40. Producer ex.
Consumer ex.
Detrivores/ decomposers ex.

41. Lakes
Can form naturally where groundwater reaches the Earth’s
surface.
Humans intentionally create artificial lakes by damming
flowing rivers and streams to use them for power, irrigation,
water storage, and recreation (reservoir).
Structured into horizontal and vertical zones. The types of
organisms present depend on the amount of sunlight available.

42. A Lake ecosystem

43. Divisions of Lentic System
Littoral zone: near shore Nutrient rich, lots
of plant and animal life Warm
Limnetic zone: near surface, open
water,Lots of light, Lots of plankton
Profundal zone: deeper, little light
Benthic zone: the bottom, little light, low
oxygen

44. Running water/flowing water

45. Streams & Rivers
• Bodies of flowing water moving in one direction found
everywhere-they get their start at headwaters, which may be
springs, snowmelt or even lakes.
• Travel all the way to their mouths, usually another water
channel or the ocean

46. River or stream?

47. The characteristics of rivers and streams change during
the journey from the source to the mouth.

48. • Characteristics change during the journey from the
source to the mouth.
• Temperature is cooler at the source than it is at the
mouth.
• Water is also clearer, has higher oxygen levels, and
freshwater fish such as trout and heterotrophs can be
found there.

49. Towards the middle part of the stream/river, the width
increases, as does species diversity-numerous aquatic green
plants and algae can be found.

50. • Toward the mouth the water becomes murky from all the
sediments that it has picked up upstream.
• Decreasing the amount of light that can penetrate through the
water.
• Less light
less diversity of flora
 lower oxygen levels
fish that require less oxygen, such as catfish and carp, can be
found

51. Water Shed
Describes an area of
land that contains a
common set of streams
and rivers.
Drains into a single
larger body of water,
such as a larger river, a
lake or an ocean.

52. Streams & RiversStreams & Rivers

53. Marine Ecosystems

54. Marine Ecosystems
Located mainly in coastal areas and in the open
ocean.
Organisms that live in coastal areas adapt to changes
in water level and salinity.
Organisms that live in the open ocean adapt to
changes in temperature and the amount of sunlight
and nutrients available.

55. Estuaries
Estuary is an area where fresh water from rivers
mixes with salt water from the ocean.
Very productive because they constantly receive nutrients
from the river and ocean while the surrounding land protects
the estuaries from the harsh force of ocean waves.
Called marine nurseries.

56. Estuaries

57. Biodiversity
 Light and nutrients support large populations of rooted plants as
well as plankton.
 Plankton in turn provide food for fish, which can then be eaten
by larger animals such as dolphins.
 Oysters and clams live anchored to rocks and feed by filtering
plankton from the water.
 Organisms that live in estuaries are able to tolerate variations in
salinity because the salt content of the water varies as fresh water
and sat water mix when tides go in and out.

58. Mangrove Swamps
Mangrove swamps are tropical or subtropical marine swamps
that are characterized by the abundance of low to tall mangrove
trees.
Help protect the coastline from erosion and reduce the damage
from storms. They also provide a home for about 2,000 animal
species.
Mangrove swamps have been filled with waste and destroyed
in many parts of the world.

59. Mangrove Swamps

60. Salt Marshes
 Salt marshes are maritime habitats characterized by grasses,
sedges, and other plants that have adapted to continual, periodic
flooding and are found primarily throughout the temperate and
subarctic regions.
 The salt marsh supports a community of clams, fish, aquatic
birds, crabs, and shrimp.
 Salt marshes, like other wetlands, also absorb pollutants to
protect inland areas.

61. Mangrove

62. Rocky and Sandy Shores
Mangrove belt

64. OceansOceans
largest of all the ecosystemslargest of all the ecosystems
dominate the Earth’s surfacedominate the Earth’s surface
separate zonesseparate zones
IntertidalIntertidal
PelagicPelagic
AbyssalAbyssal
BenthicBenthic
great diversity of speciesgreat diversity of species
 richest diversity of species even though it contains fewer species thanrichest diversity of species even though it contains fewer species than
there are on landthere are on land

67. Intertidal ZoneIntertidal Zone
Where the ocean meets the landWhere the ocean meets the land
Sometimes submerged and at other timesSometimes submerged and at other times
exposedexposed
waves and tides come in and outwaves and tides come in and out
Communities are constantly changingCommunities are constantly changing

68. Intertidal ZoneIntertidal Zone
Rocky coastsRocky coasts
stratified verticallystratified vertically
Where only highest tides reachWhere only highest tides reach
a few species of algae and mollusksa few species of algae and mollusks
 submerged during high tidesubmerged during high tide
more diverse array of algae and small animals, such asmore diverse array of algae and small animals, such as
herbivorous snails, crabs, sea stars, and small fishesherbivorous snails, crabs, sea stars, and small fishes
bottom of the intertidal zonebottom of the intertidal zone
only exposed during the lowest tides, many invertebrates,only exposed during the lowest tides, many invertebrates,
fishes, and seaweed can be foundfishes, and seaweed can be found

69. Intertidal ZoneIntertidal Zone
Sandier shoresSandier shores
not as stratifiednot as stratified
waves keep mud and sand constantly movingwaves keep mud and sand constantly moving
 very few algae and plants can establish themselvesvery few algae and plants can establish themselves
the fauna include worms, clams, predatory crustaceans, crabs, andthe fauna include worms, clams, predatory crustaceans, crabs, and
shorebirds.shorebirds.

71. Wave RegionsWave Regions
much stronger than windmuch stronger than wind
decide what grows wheredecide what grows where
shores classified by amount of wave actionshores classified by amount of wave action
Exposed shoresExposed shores – receive full brunt of the ocean for most or at– receive full brunt of the ocean for most or at
least some of the timeleast some of the time
Semi-exposed shoresSemi-exposed shores – sheltered by barrier islands but still have– sheltered by barrier islands but still have
to cope with wavesto cope with waves
Sheltered shoresSheltered shores – shelter of peninsulas and inshore islands– shelter of peninsulas and inshore islands
Enclosed shoresEnclosed shores
river mouths and estuariesriver mouths and estuaries
completely sheltered by either a protective rocks or a sand barcompletely sheltered by either a protective rocks or a sand bar

72. Pelagic – Open OceanPelagic – Open Ocean
 Waters further from the land, basically the open oceanWaters further from the land, basically the open ocean
 Generally cold though it is hard to give a general temperature rangeGenerally cold though it is hard to give a general temperature range
since, just like ponds and lakes, there is thermal stratification with asince, just like ponds and lakes, there is thermal stratification with a
constant mixing of warm and cold ocean currentsconstant mixing of warm and cold ocean currents

74. Epipelagic – Open OceanEpipelagic – Open Ocean
 extends down to around 200mextends down to around 200m
 lowest depth that light can penetratelowest depth that light can penetrate
 flora in the epipelagic zone include surface seaweedsflora in the epipelagic zone include surface seaweeds
 fauna include many species of fish and some mammals, such as whales andfauna include many species of fish and some mammals, such as whales and
dolphinsdolphins
 many feed on the abundant planktonmany feed on the abundant plankton

76. Mesopelagic ZoneMesopelagic Zone
""twilight zonetwilight zone" of the ocean" of the ocean
photic zone abovephotic zone above
darkness belowdarkness below
food becomes scarcefood becomes scarce – some animals– some animals
migrate up to the surface at night to feedmigrate up to the surface at night to feed
rely on food that falls down from aboverely on food that falls down from above
eat each othereat each other
sometimes the only things to eat may be bigger than the huntersometimes the only things to eat may be bigger than the hunter
developed long sharp teeth, expandable jaws and stomachsdeveloped long sharp teeth, expandable jaws and stomachs

77. ctenophore – related to jellyfish
Big Scale - ambush predator cilia can be illuminated
Firefly squid
three kinds of
photophores
Hatchet Fish
only a few inches long
Viperfish
specially adapted hinged skull
Dragonfish -
stomachs hold
big meals

78. Bathypelagic ZoneBathypelagic Zone
extends down from 1000 to 4000mextends down from 1000 to 4000m
only light is from bioluminescent organismsonly light is from bioluminescent organisms
 only food is what trickles down from above, or from eating otheronly food is what trickles down from above, or from eating other
animalsanimals
water pressure at this depth is considerable (~100 – 400water pressure at this depth is considerable (~100 – 400
atmospheres)atmospheres)
most animals are either black or red in colormost animals are either black or red in color
very little blue/green light penetrates this deep – red is notvery little blue/green light penetrates this deep – red is not
reflected and looks blackreflected and looks black

79. Narcomedusa
Vampire Squid
Snake Dragon
Angler Fish
Amphi - crustacean
Ctenophore – voracious predator
Deepstaria very slow
swimmers, no tentacles, close
flexible bells (up to a meter
across) around their prey
Big Red
grows to over
a meter across

80. Abyssopelagic Zone - the AbyssAbyssopelagic Zone - the Abyss
4000m to the sea floor4000m to the sea floor
only zone deeper than this is the hadal zoneonly zone deeper than this is the hadal zone
 areas found in deep sea trenches and canyonsareas found in deep sea trenches and canyons
 home to pretty inhospitable living conditionshome to pretty inhospitable living conditions
 near- freezing temperaturesnear- freezing temperatures
crushing pressurescrushing pressures

81. DeepWater SquidDeepWater Squid
BasketstarBasketstar
Sea Pig Sea SpiderSea Pig Sea Spider
ShrimpShrimp
MedussaMedussa
Winged Sea CucumberWinged Sea Cucumber
Deep-sea AnemoneDeep-sea Anemone
Deep Sea Smoker - 648°FDeep Sea Smoker - 648°F

82. Plants and Animals of Oceans
 Overall, the types of organisms that may be found in the layers
of the ocean at various depths is dependent on available
sunlight.
 Phytoplankton grow only in areas where there is enough light
and nutrients; open ocean is one of the least productive of all
ecosystems.
 Zooplankton (sea’s smallest herbivores), jellyfish and tiny
shrimp, live near the surface with the phytoplankton they eat.

83.  Fish feed on the plankton as do marine mammals such as
whales.
 Most food at the ocean floor consists of dead organisms that
fall from the surface.
 Decomposers, filter feeders, and the organisms that eat them
live in the deep areas of the ocean.

84. Coral Reefs

85. Marine coral Ecosystem

86. Coral Reefs
Limestone ridges found in tropical climates and composed of
coral fragments that are deposited around organic remains.
Thousands of species of plants and animals live in the cracks and
crevices of coral reefs, which makes coral reefs among the most
diverse ecosystems on Earth.

87. What Is a Coral Reef?What Is a Coral Reef?
 A structure formed by coral polyps, tiny animals that live inA structure formed by coral polyps, tiny animals that live in
colonies.colonies.
 Coral polyps form a hard, stony, branching structure made ofCoral polyps form a hard, stony, branching structure made of
limestone.limestone.
 New polyps attach to old coral and gradually build the reef.New polyps attach to old coral and gradually build the reef.
Corals are predators that use stinging tentacles to capture small
animals, such as zooplankton, that float or swim close to the
reef.

88. Types of Coral ReefsTypes of Coral Reefs
 Fringing reefsFringing reefs
Submerged platforms of living coral extending from theSubmerged platforms of living coral extending from the
shore into the seashore into the sea
 Barrier reefsBarrier reefs
Follow the shore but are separated from it by waterFollow the shore but are separated from it by water
Great Barrier Reef is world’s largestGreat Barrier Reef is world’s largest

89. Types of Coral ReefsTypes of Coral Reefs
AtollsAtolls
Ring-shaped islands of coral in open seaRing-shaped islands of coral in open sea
Form on submerged mud banks or volcano cratersForm on submerged mud banks or volcano craters
Surround a seawater lagoonSurround a seawater lagoon
Channels connect lagoon to the seaChannels connect lagoon to the sea

91. Coral Reef ClimateCoral Reef Climate
Usually found near land in shallow, warm salt waterUsually found near land in shallow, warm salt water
Lots of lightLots of light
Tropical temperatures, averaging 70°-85° FTropical temperatures, averaging 70°-85° F
Most coral cannot survive below 65° FMost coral cannot survive below 65° F

92. Coral Reef PlantsCoral Reef Plants
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton
MicroscopicMicroscopic
Basis for all ocean foodBasis for all ocean food
chainschains

93. Coral Reef PlantsCoral Reef Plants
AlgaeAlgae
GreenGreen
RedRed
Brown algaeBrown algae
takes many formstakes many forms

94. Coral Reef PlantsCoral Reef Plants
Seaweed and Sea grassesSeaweed and Sea grasses
Brown seaweedBrown seaweed
Sea grassSea grass
Shoal grassShoal grass
Turtle grassTurtle grass

95. World’s largest coral reefWorld’s largest coral reef
Over 1257 milesOver 1257 miles
longlong
Off the northeastOff the northeast
coast of Australiacoast of Australia
Only grows aboutOnly grows about
one inch per yearone inch per year
Fascinating Fact: The GreatFascinating Fact: The Great
Barrier ReefBarrier Reef

96. 1500 species of fish1500 species of fish
400 different types of coral400 different types of coral
4,000 mollusks4,000 mollusks
500 species of seaweed500 species of seaweed
215 species of birds215 species of birds
16 species of sea snake16 species of sea snake
6 species of sea turtle6 species of sea turtle
Whales visit during winterWhales visit during winter
The Great Barrier Reef: Home to…The Great Barrier Reef: Home to…

97. Coral Reef CreaturesCoral Reef Creatures
Coral polypsCoral polyps
TentaclesTentacles
DigestiveDigestive
sacsac
ConnectingConnecting
filamentsfilaments
Skeletal bodySkeletal body

98. Coral Reef CreaturesCoral Reef Creatures
SymbioticSymbiotic relationshipsrelationships
Coral withCoral with
algaealgae
Clown fishClown fish
with seawith sea
anemonesanemones

99. Coral Reef CreaturesCoral Reef Creatures
Tropical fishTropical fish
Angel fishAngel fish
John DoryJohn Dory
Butterfly fishButterfly fish
Sea horse
Octopus
Reef shark

100. Very weak swimmersVery weak swimmers
Female lays eggs, male carries them inFemale lays eggs, male carries them in
pouch till birthpouch till birth
Only animal in which the father gives birthOnly animal in which the father gives birth
Body covered with armored platesBody covered with armored plates
Fascinating Fact: The Sea HorseFascinating Fact: The Sea Horse

101. Food ChainFood Chain
Moray Eel
Octopus
Coral
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Starfish

102. Endangered Coral ReefsEndangered Coral Reefs
Major threats to coral reefs include:Major threats to coral reefs include:
Ocean pollutionOcean pollution
Dredging off theDredging off the
coastcoast

103. Endangered Coral ReefsEndangered Coral Reefs
Other dangers:Other dangers:
Careless collection of coral specimensCareless collection of coral specimens
SedimentationSedimentation
Inhibits growth of coral polypsInhibits growth of coral polyps
Inhibits algae growthInhibits algae growth
Upsets balance of the biomeUpsets balance of the biome

104. Hydrothermal vent

105. Hydrothermal vent
Is a place where seawater
circulates inside the earths
crust and is ejected as thermal
springs warmer than ambient
water. Water may be merely
warm , (20 degree C) or very
hot above 380 degree C )

106. Hydrothermal smokers (White and Black
smokers)

107. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents of volcanic origin on mid-
oceanic ridges are surrounded by unique chemoautotrophic
prokaryotes, as well as echinoderms and arthropods.
hydrothermal vents (where chemosynthetic sulfur bacteria
form the food base).
Benthic communities include invertebrates and fishes also
found

109. Lentic system classification based on Temperature
Based on the temperature/Thermal stratification

110. Upwelling
Up welling is caused as a result of thermal stratification

111. Classification
Based on number of times / Frequency
MONOMICTIC - upwelling occur once in a year e.g. in
Nigeria, it occur during rain of July - Oct.
DIMITIC - upwelling that occurs twice in a year. During
rain and harmatan e.g. North Nigeria.

112. POLYMICTIC - upwelling occurring several times in a year.
Most ideal for aquaculture.
MEROMICTIC - uncompleted upwelling only some partial,
not reach lower part.
HOLOMICTIC - complete mixing of both lower and upper
part.

113. Oligotrophic lakesOligotrophic lakes -- deep, nutrient-poor lakes in which thedeep, nutrient-poor lakes in which the
phytoplankton is not very productive. The water is usuallyphytoplankton is not very productive. The water is usually
clear.clear.
Eutrophic lakesEutrophic lakes -- shallow, nutrient-rich lakes with veryshallow, nutrient-rich lakes with very
productive phytoplankton. The waters are usually murkyproductive phytoplankton. The waters are usually murky
due to large phytoplankton populations. the large amountsdue to large phytoplankton populations. the large amounts
of matter being decomposed may result in oxygenof matter being decomposed may result in oxygen
depletion.depletion.

114. The waters are usually murky due to large phytoplanktonThe waters are usually murky due to large phytoplankton
populationspopulations
the large amounts of matter being decomposed may result inthe large amounts of matter being decomposed may result in
oxygen depletion.oxygen depletion.

115. Freshwater biomes have suffered mainly from pollution.Freshwater biomes have suffered mainly from pollution.
Runoff containing fertilizer and other wastes, and industrialRunoff containing fertilizer and other wastes, and industrial
dumping enter into rivers, ponds, and lakes tend to promotedumping enter into rivers, ponds, and lakes tend to promote
abnormally rapid algae growth-abnormally rapid algae growth- ARTIFICAILARTIFICAIL
EUTROPHICATIONEUTROPHICATION
When algae die, dead organic matter ends up in the water.When algae die, dead organic matter ends up in the water.
This makes the water unusable, and it kills many of theThis makes the water unusable, and it kills many of the
organisms living in the habitat.organisms living in the habitat.

116. Oligotrophic lake Eutrophic Lake

117. Increase of N and P through – (natural/ anthropogenic)
Industrial waste, Agricultural run off, Volcano, etc.
Increase the growth of algae and plants,
Depletes the oxygen content.
This kills oxygen loving aerobic organisms.
This condition accelerates highly anaerobic and
outrageous condition.

118. Energy flow
Simplistically:
This pattern of energy flow among different organisms is
the TROPHIC STRUCTURE of an ecosystem.
heat
Producers Consumers
Decomposers
heat

120. Food web

121. pyramids
producers
herbivores
carnivores
biomass of producers
biomass of herbivores
biomass of carnivores

122. Where is our water ?
Oceans 97.23%
Glaciers & Icecaps 2.14%
Ground water 0.61%
Fresh water lakes 0.009%
Inland seas 0.006%
Soil moisture 0.004%
Atmosphere 0.001%
Rivers 0.0001%
LESS THAN 3% OF ALL WATER IS FRESH

124. Global Water Crisis
Water-related disease kills 1 child every 8 s!
50% of people in developing countries suffer from one or
more water-related diseases
50% of population lacks adequate sanitation
contaminated water
causes 80% of developing world diseases
has pushed 20% of freshwater fish species to the edge of
extinction

125. 125
Management
WhyWater Quality Matters
 Human Health
 Sustainable management
 Restoration
 Remediation

126.  Physical
Turbidity, Color, Odour, Total solids, Temperature
 Chemical
BOD, DO, COD, TOC, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Chlorides, Sulfates,
Alkalinity, pH, Hardness, Fluorides, Iron and Manganese, Heavy metals,
trace elements, and Priority pollutants.
Health problem which caused by chemical factors ex.
Methemoglobenemia / blue baby syndrome (Nitrogen)
Minamata-Pollutant
 Biological
Pathogenic Organisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi) measured by fecal
coliforms
flora and fauna
Water quality parameters

127. Disease Morbidity
(cases/yr)
Mortality
(deaths/yr)
Relationship to water supply
Diarrhoeal diseasesDiarrhoeal diseases 1 billion1 billion 3.3 million3.3 million unsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene, unsafeunsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene, unsafe
drinking waterdrinking water
Intestinal helminthsIntestinal helminths 1.5 billion1.5 billion11
100 000100 000 unsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygieneunsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene
SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis 200 million200 million11
200 000200 000 unsanitary excreta disposal, lack of nearby safeunsanitary excreta disposal, lack of nearby safe
water sourceswater sources
DracunculiasisDracunculiasis 100 000100 000 00 unsafe drinking waterunsafe drinking water
TrachomaTrachoma 150 million150 million22
00 poor hygiene (face washing), lack of nearby safepoor hygiene (face washing), lack of nearby safe
water sourceswater sources
MalariaMalaria 400 million400 million 1.5 million1.5 million poor water management and storagepoor water management and storage
Dengue feverDengue fever 1.75 million1.75 million 20 00020 000 poor solid wastes management, water storagepoor solid wastes management, water storage
PoliomyelitisPoliomyelitis 114 000114 000 00 unsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene, unsafeunsanitary excreta disposal, poor hygiene, unsafe
drinking waterdrinking water
TrypanosomiasisTrypanosomiasis 275 000275 000 130 000130 000 lack of nearby sources of safe water sourceslack of nearby sources of safe water sources
Bancroftian filariasisBancroftian filariasis 72.8 million72.8 million11
00 poor water management and storagepoor water management and storage
OnchocerciasisOnchocerciasis 17.7 million17.7 million1, 31, 3
40 00040 00044
poor water management in large-scale projectspoor water management in large-scale projects
1Peoplecurrentlyinfected.
2Casesofactivedisease;approximately5,900,000casesofblindnessorseverecomplicationsannually
3Includesanestimated270,000blind
4Mortalitycausedbyblindness

128. Well known water borne diseases
Jaundice
Cholera
Typhoid
Diarriohea

129. Need for testing water quality
For drinking water:
To assess safety and palatability of water for consumption
For raw water sources:
To select treatment systems; to establish pollution control
monitoring systems
For wastewaters:
To select type and degree of treatment; to control treatment
plant operation
For receiving waters:
To evaluate their ability to accept pollution loads; to monitor
self-purification

130. Types of Examination
Physical examination:
To determine aesthetic quality
Chemical examination:
To test for chemicals which affect the water quality and/or
which are indicative of pollution
Bacteriological/Biological examination:
To test for the presence of bacterial indicators of pollution and
hence safety for consumption

131. Sl.No.Sl.No. ParameterParameter MethodMethod Instruments/EquipmentInstruments/Equipment
A. Physico-chemical
1. pH Electrometric pH Meter
2. Conductivity Electrometric Conductivity Meter
3. TDS Electrometric Conductivity/TDS Meter
4. Alkalinity Titration by H2SO4 -
5. Hardness Titration by EDTA -
6. Chloride Titration by AgNO3 -
7. Sulphate Turbidimetric Turbidity Meter
8. Nitrate Ultraviolet screening UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
9. Phosphate Molybdophosphoric acid UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
10. Fluoride SPADNS UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
11. Sodium Flame emission Flame Photometer
12. Potassium Flame emission Flame Photometer
13. Calcium Titration by EDTA -
14. Magnesium Titration by EDTA -
15. Boron Carmine UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
16. BOD 5 days incubation at 20o
C BOD Incubator
17. COD Digestion followed by titration COD Digestor
B Bacteriological
18. Total coliform Multiple tube fermentation
technique
Bacteriological Incubator
19. Faecal coliform
C. Heavy Metals
20. Iron, Manganese, Copper, Nickel,
Chromium, Lead, Cadmium, Zinc
Digestion followed by Atomic
spectrometry
Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer
D. Pesticides and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
21. Pesticides and Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Gas chromatography Gas Chromatograph with ECD
and FID
Overview of analysis

132. Pathogens
 Testing for pathogens is very difficult, and it is impossible to monitor
water for every single pathogen:
A wide variety of pathogens
Tests for pathogens difficult and time consuming
The number of pathogens present is small
 Indicator organisms:
Organisms normally present in the feces of human are used as indicator organisms.
If present in water, they indicate the presence of fecal material and hence the
presence of intestinal pathogens.
 Coliforms as indicator organisms:
The number of coliforms in feces is very great; 125 - 400 billion per capita daily
discharge
Rates of removal/decay/death of coliforms are parallel to that of pathogens
Tests are simple
Easy numerical evaluation
 Other Indicator organisms

133. Bacteriological examination
Bacteriological examination of water actually employs three different
techniques:
(1) total count,
(2) membrane filter method and
(3) multiple tube method
Interest of organisms : Indicator organisms, coliforms, faecal coliforms and
faecal streptococci.
1. Total count - pour plate method,
 A known volume of water sample is mixed with the moltenYeast-ExtractAgar
in petridishes and allowed to set.
Incubate @ 37°C for 24 hours and observe
2. Membrane filter method
bacterial cells are filtered through a membrane
membrane are placed on a suitable solid medium.
On incubation these cells produce visible colonies which can be counted

134. Multiple tube fermentation
technique
 In the presumptive test,
 The samples are inoculated, each in 10ml
of the corresponding broth.
 If the sample volume is 10ml or more, then
the medium used should be of double
strength.
 After 24-48 hours of incubation at the
specified temperature the results are noted
based on acid production and/or gas
production in the tubes

135. MPN summary

139. BSI, ISO, ISI, CPCB, FAO,WHO, etc.

140. Air borne diseases
Diphtheria - Corynebacterium diphtheriae
 Only humans serve as a reservoir for this microorganism
Part of DPT vaccine
o Diphtheria
o Pertussis
o Tetanus
Administered at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months, and again at
4-6 years with boosters every 10 years recommended
(especially if traveling to areas where diphtheria is
endemic – Asia, Africa, Central and South America and
Russia)

141. Treatment
Antitoxin administered to neutralize the toxin
Immediate administration based on symptoms rather
than waiting for laboratory results
Also administer penicillin or erythromycin

142.  Prevention
Immunization (vaccination)
Has protected USA from this disease
Toxoid made from diphtheria toxin
Part of DPT vaccine
o Diphtheria
o Pertussis
o Tetanus
Administered at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months, and
again at 4-6 years with boosters every 10 years
recommended (especially if traveling to areas
where diphtheria is endemic – Asia, Africa,
Central and South America and Russia)

143. 2. Legionnaires’ Disease (Legionellosis)
Caused by Legionella pneumophila

144. 1976 – American Legion convention in Philadelphia
in one of the city’s largest hotels
 29 fatalities (182 participants)
1985 – Stafford, England
 Cooling system
 39 fatalities out of 163 people exposed

145. Not spread person-to-person
Bacteria normally found in soil and aquatic
ecosystems
Bacteria also found in air-conditioning systems and
shower stalls
Infection causes cytotoxic damage to lung alveoli

146. Virulence factors/pathogenicity
Mist inhaled from poor water cooling systems and
mist machines in supermarkets
Soil  dust??

147. Endotoxin in cell wall
Hemolysin generated
Cytotoxin produced
Bacteria divide within alveolar macrophages
Inhibition of fusion of phagosome with lysosome
Mediated by mip gene product (macrophage
infectivity potentiator)
Important in establishing pneumonia

148. Symptoms
Chest pain, dry (non-productive) cough
Fever
Headache
Neuralgia
“Atypical pneumonia” (bronchopneumonia)
Abdominal cramping and gastrointestinal symptoms
may also occur

149.  Laboratory culture
Mueller-Hinton agar
1% Hemoglobin + 1% Isovitalex (vitamins)
5% CO2
Cell culture
Grown in animals
Guinea pigs
Chick embryos
Can survive in free-living amoebae (another
potential source)

150. Increased susceptibility
Smokers
Alcoholism
Endotracheal intubation
Chronic pulmonary diseases
Patients on immunosuppressive therapy
Transplant patients
Autoimmune patients
Anesthesia

151.  Diagnosis and treatment
Isolation and serological identification needed
Direct immunofluorescence (organisms cultured or obtained
from sputum)
Indirect immunofluorescence (patient’s serum – antibodies
to organism)
Agglutination tests
ELISA
RIA on urine
Erythromycin and/or rifampin

152. Meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis*, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae*, Salmonella choleraesuis (invades from GI tracts), Listeria
monocytogenes*

153. Neisseria meningitidis
(epidemic meningitis)
Gram negative dipolococci (meningococci) /meningococci
Causes 2000-3000 cases of meningitis annually in USA

154. Air micro organisms
There are different methods to isolate the microorganism
from the air
1-solid impingement
2-liquid impingement
It is not collects and counts all the microorganisms in the air
sample tested. Some microbial cells are destroyed and some
entirely pass through in all the processes.

155. Impingement in liquids
 In this method, the air drawn is through a very small opening
tube and bubbled through the liquid. The organisms get
trapped in the liquid medium.Aliquots of the liquid
 then plated to determine microbial content

156. Impingement on solids:
In this method, the microorganisms are collected on the solid
surface of agar medium. Colonies develop on the medium
where the organism impinges

157. procedure
1-pour melted ,cooled Czapek dox agar
With steptomycen and nutrient agar in petri dishes.
2-allow them to solidify.
3-remove cover and expose the petri dishe for 5-10minute at
differnet location.
4-cover the lid and incubate the plate.

158. 5- Czapek dox agar in25°c for7days,and nutrient agar in 35°c
for 24-48 hours

159. observation
1-observe the plates and count the distribution of fungal and bacterial
colonies on Czapek dox agar
and nutrient agar .
2-record your result for the total number of colonies using colony counter
and fungi each plate.

160. Fungi isolated Location number of colonies Mean Percen
tage

161. Bacterial count
Percentage occurrence = number of colonies of individual species
__________________________________
Total number of colonies of all species

163. Thank you