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The Food Security-Energy-Water Nexus in Mozambique – Insights from analyzing improved cook stoves and small-scale irrigation
- 1. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Food Security-Energy-Water Nexus in Mozambique – Insights from analyzing improved cook stoves and small-scale irrigation Stefan Meyer November 20, 2014 Maputo, Mozambique
- 2. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 2 Overview I. Concept of the Food Security-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus II. Details of the HH Survey III. Overview of the study area – Food, Water and Energy IV.Analyzing the drivers of WTP for improved cook stoves and WTC for small-scale irrigation
- 3. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Concept of the FEW Nexus I Page 3
- 4. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Concept of the FEW Nexus II The FEW nexus encompasses synergies and trade-offs between food, energy, and water security which are impacted by endogenous and exogenous drivers and cannot be captured if these sectors are analyzed in isolation. Page 4 Definition of the FEW Nexus:
- 5. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Details of the HH survey • June to July 2014 • Angonia, Tete • 507 Households (30 villages) • Main Agricultural Decision Maker and Spouse • WTP for improved cook stoves and WTC for small-scale irrigation Page 5
- 6. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Food – Agricultural Production 0 .1.2.3.4 Density 0 5 10 15 PTAREA Page 6 Average farmsize: 2.75 ha; Median: 2.01 Histogram of the farmsizes within the sample
- 7. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Food - Shortages Food Shortages Experienced in Previous Year Page 7 Frequency Percentage of HH Not at all 55% A few days a year 19% Several days per year 17% Several days per month 6% Several days per week 4%
- 8. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Food – Food consumption Food group Frequency Cereals 98% White tubers, roots 35% Vegetables 75% Fruit 19% Meat 11% Eggs 9% Fish, seafood 16% Legumes, nuts, seeds 31% Milk, dairy products 2% Oils, fats 45% Sugar, sweets 16% Spices, condiments, beverages 15% Page 8 Consumption Rates of Food Groups Among Households (last 24 hours)
- 9. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Water – Irrigation practices Page 9 Percent Bucket 84% Treadle pump 5% Motorized pump 1% Canal irrigation (gravity fed) 9% Bound basin flooding (paddy) 2% • 99 of the 507 HHs use irrigation • Improved irrigation may: • increase yields (food security) • allow for consecutive harvests in one year Irrigation technologies applied
- 10. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Water – Irrigation practices II Page 10 Too expensive Not enough water Do not need irrigation Not sufficient organization Lack of knowledge Bucket x x x Treadle Pump x x x Motorized pump x x x Canel/gravity fed x x x x Drip irrigation x x x x Bound basin flooding x x Main reasons for not using an irrigation technology
- 11. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Water - Willingness to contribute to hypothetical irrigation schemes Page 11 Percentage on histogram indicates energy/time saving compared to traditional cookstove • Farmers become the main stakeholders, take ownership over schemes: construct, maintain, manage • Some difficulties in management transfer: what exactly are farmers willing to contribute?
- 12. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Water - Willingness to contribute to hypothetical irrigation schemes Page 12 Technology Frequency Bucket/Watering can 76 Treadle pump 172 Motorized pump 242 Canal irrigation 13 Drip irrigation 11 Bound basin flooding 4 Preferred Technologies for Hypothetical Irrigation Scheme
- 13. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Water - Willingness to contribute to hypothetical irrigation schemes Page 13 Construction/Set-up Maintenance Management Temporal Monetary Temporal Monetary Temporal Monetary Technology Unpaid labor hours per week Total (MZN) Unpaid labor hours per year Annual (MZN) Unpaid labor hours per year Annual (MZN) Bucket 60 94.5 60 50 50 Treadle pump 200 156 200 104 200 Motorized pump 6 250 160 300 144 200 Canal/gravity fed 6 100 104.5 150 96 100 Drip irrigation 6 100 104 100 96 100 Bound basin/paddy 6 100 195.25 100 208 112.5 Willingness to Contribute (Median) to Hypothetical Irrigation Scheme
- 14. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Energy - Fuel sources Frequency Rainy Season Dry Season Firewood 95% 95% Charcoal 2% 3% Crop residues 3% 2% Page 14 Main fuel source of HH: Rainy Season Dry Season time 59.49 58.92 Average walking distance to fuelsource (one way) in minutes
- 15. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Energy – Cookstove ownership Clay Stove Metal (wood) Metal (charcoal) 0 1 30 Page 15 Cookstove ownership (total 507 HH) Reasons for small number of improved cookstoves ownership 6% own a charcoal metal stove Cannot afford an improved cookstove Not interested/ satisfied with traditional stove Did not know about improved cookstoves Not available in the village 37% 2% 38% 22%
- 16. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Energy – Cooks toves and health Page 16 Affliction Frequency Illness with a cough 35% Cough with short, rapid breaths 19% Cough affected ability to work 14% Burns from the stove 8% Eye infections 14% • Stove related health issues • People present in the same room as the stove while the fire is active • Occured at least once within the six months preceeding the survey
- 17. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Energy – WTP for fuel efficient cook stoves Page 17 WTP for a clay stove (in MZN) Mean: 100,91 MZN; Median: 80 MZN RCT Selling price: 90 MZN 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
- 18. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Energy – WTP for fuel efficient cook stoves Mean: 188.08 MZN; Median: 150 MZN RCT Selling price: 150 MZN Page 18 WTP for a clay stove (in MZN) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
- 19. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Analyzing WTC for small-scale irrigation Page 19
- 20. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Analyzing WTP for improved cook stoves Page 20
- 21. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Discussion Page 21
- 22. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Thank you for your attention Page 22