This document discusses the complex interactions between bioenergy and food security. It raises several key cross-cutting questions about this topic, including how the integration of biofuels could affect food security, what role productivity improvements play in synergies between food and bioenergy production, and if bioenergy can be deployed to enhance rather than degrade the resilience of the global food system. The document also discusses using different analytical tools at different scales to understand these issues and highlights complexity as both an obstacle and an opportunity in the bioenergy sector.
One of the challenges of ecological intensification is to move agricultural research out of a focus on singular focal areas – e.g., improved seed, pest control, water management – to solutions that integrate all components of the farming system. As such, the canon of knowledge supporting ecological intensification is transdisciplinary, focusing on the biological components of farming systems and agroecological practices but extending as well to considerations of policy and farmer
and societal benefits. As the biodiversity benefits of ecological intensification, along with the negative externalities of conventional agriculture are an important motivation for ecological intensification, we have included literature on these topic, as well as references that relate climate change to ecosystem services in agriculture.
The annotated bibliography presented here is compiled on this basis, to identify the literature relevant to ecological intensification, with respect to the following categories:
1. Ecosystem services
2. Agroecology and agroecological practices
3. Farmer and societal benefits from enhancing ecosystem services
4. Biodiversity benefits of ecological intensification
5. Agriculture-induced impacts
6. Climate change
7. Policy
Within the category of ecosystem services, it has been noted in the keywords if the relevant study addresses one or several of the key ecosystem services underpinning ecological intensification in agriculture: pollination, pest regulation or soil nutrients/cycling. (Bommarco et al. 2013)
Presentation at the 5th Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture.
Title: Building Resilient Food and Agriculture Systems: Advancing actions from UN Climate Action Summit
Speaker: David Howlett
Presentation by Jeremy Bird, DG, International Water Management Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at University of Copenhagen, 13 June 2012. Visit www.ccafs.cgiar.org for more.
One of the challenges of ecological intensification is to move agricultural research out of a focus on singular focal areas – e.g., improved seed, pest control, water management – to solutions that integrate all components of the farming system. As such, the canon of knowledge supporting ecological intensification is transdisciplinary, focusing on the biological components of farming systems and agroecological practices but extending as well to considerations of policy and farmer
and societal benefits. As the biodiversity benefits of ecological intensification, along with the negative externalities of conventional agriculture are an important motivation for ecological intensification, we have included literature on these topic, as well as references that relate climate change to ecosystem services in agriculture.
The annotated bibliography presented here is compiled on this basis, to identify the literature relevant to ecological intensification, with respect to the following categories:
1. Ecosystem services
2. Agroecology and agroecological practices
3. Farmer and societal benefits from enhancing ecosystem services
4. Biodiversity benefits of ecological intensification
5. Agriculture-induced impacts
6. Climate change
7. Policy
Within the category of ecosystem services, it has been noted in the keywords if the relevant study addresses one or several of the key ecosystem services underpinning ecological intensification in agriculture: pollination, pest regulation or soil nutrients/cycling. (Bommarco et al. 2013)
Presentation at the 5th Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture.
Title: Building Resilient Food and Agriculture Systems: Advancing actions from UN Climate Action Summit
Speaker: David Howlett
Presentation by Jeremy Bird, DG, International Water Management Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at University of Copenhagen, 13 June 2012. Visit www.ccafs.cgiar.org for more.
Presentation by Robert Zougmore, CCAFS Regional Program Leader, West Africa, at the at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Food systems and natural resources-2016 Food Security and Climate change im...New Food Innovation Ltd
"We are what we eat, they say . Our Existence and, therefore, any of aspirations we might have as a society depend on the availability of , and access to, food. At the same time , our food depends on the state of natural resources .The Food we grow, harvest and trade , transport , store , sell and consumer is therefore one of the essential connecting threads between culture and wellbeing, their health and that of the planet
The relevance of a food systems approach based on Agroecology elements for in...Francois Stepman
Presentation of Emile Frison, International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems (IPES-Food) at the Online Forum on Building climate resilient food systems based on the 10 Agroecology elements 27 October 2020. Organized jointly by the Secretariat of the Thematic Working Group (TWG) on Agriculture, Food Security and Land Use at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Biovision Foundation and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), this online forum was the second of a series that addressesed the adaptation and mitigation potential of agroecology in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Climate-smart agriculture: panacea or propaganda? CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Todd Rosenstock & Christine Lamanna was given at a session titled "Using climate-smart technologies to scale up climate-smart agriculture practices" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 7, 2014.
The panel presentation and discussion focused on how these climate-smart technologies can be scaled-up to benefit smallholder farmers. This was followed by a public debate.
The dilemma of the global food system is a deeply existential one . On one hand we have a moral imperative to ensure we have uninterrupted food supply ,on the other , doing so based on the expansion of current practices will have a devastating impact on the environment
Presentation by Prof. Dr. Chinwe IFEJIKA SPERANZA. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
Web Archivierung - MUSS oder Nice to Have? Rechtliche und andere Gründe, welche für die Archivierung von Web-Inhalten sprechen. Referat anlässlich des ISSS Lunch vom 15.3.12
Presentation by Robert Zougmore, CCAFS Regional Program Leader, West Africa, at the at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Food systems and natural resources-2016 Food Security and Climate change im...New Food Innovation Ltd
"We are what we eat, they say . Our Existence and, therefore, any of aspirations we might have as a society depend on the availability of , and access to, food. At the same time , our food depends on the state of natural resources .The Food we grow, harvest and trade , transport , store , sell and consumer is therefore one of the essential connecting threads between culture and wellbeing, their health and that of the planet
The relevance of a food systems approach based on Agroecology elements for in...Francois Stepman
Presentation of Emile Frison, International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems (IPES-Food) at the Online Forum on Building climate resilient food systems based on the 10 Agroecology elements 27 October 2020. Organized jointly by the Secretariat of the Thematic Working Group (TWG) on Agriculture, Food Security and Land Use at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Biovision Foundation and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), this online forum was the second of a series that addressesed the adaptation and mitigation potential of agroecology in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Climate-smart agriculture: panacea or propaganda? CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Todd Rosenstock & Christine Lamanna was given at a session titled "Using climate-smart technologies to scale up climate-smart agriculture practices" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 7, 2014.
The panel presentation and discussion focused on how these climate-smart technologies can be scaled-up to benefit smallholder farmers. This was followed by a public debate.
The dilemma of the global food system is a deeply existential one . On one hand we have a moral imperative to ensure we have uninterrupted food supply ,on the other , doing so based on the expansion of current practices will have a devastating impact on the environment
Presentation by Prof. Dr. Chinwe IFEJIKA SPERANZA. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
Web Archivierung - MUSS oder Nice to Have? Rechtliche und andere Gründe, welche für die Archivierung von Web-Inhalten sprechen. Referat anlässlich des ISSS Lunch vom 15.3.12
Garrigues Human Capital Services | Presentación EspañolGarrigues abogados
Garrigues es el primer despacho ibérico de servicios jurídicos y fiscales por volumen de negocio y número de profesionales. Conocemos el sector en profundidad y aportamos valor añadido a cada uno de nuestros clientes. Garrigues Human Capital Services se ubica principalmente en las oficinas de Madrid, Barcelona y Lisboa, y cuenta con profesionales asignados en todas las oficinas de la península ibérica.
Alfred Lambremont Webre: El Omniverso - La ciencia del multiverso, dimensiones, ETs, almas reincarnacion, vida después de la muerte y Dios
Alfred Lambremont Webre: The Omniverse - The science of the Multiverse, dimensions, ETs, souls, reincarnation, afterlife & God
www.montededis.us
https://www.facebook.com/montedediosusa
7 mujeres estériles que dieron a luz porque Dios abrió su vientre milagrosamente, dandoles la bendición del fruto.
Balancing Your Internet Cyber-Life with Privacy and Securityevolutionaryit
A quick yet expansive overview of internet security and privacy basics in plain English. The digital world can be a dangerous place, this presentation will give you the practical knowledge to protect yourself.
ConferenceseriesLLC with the great pleasure and honour wouls like to welcome you at the CME Accredited 3rd International Conference on Sports Medicine and Fitness which is going to be held during May 01-03, 2017 in Barcelona, Spain
The main theme of the conference is “Boost your health with sports and fitness"
Sports Medicine-2017 that aims at bringing together the Sports Medicine and Fitness professionals and students to provide an international forum for the dissemination of original research results, new ideas and practical development experiences which concentrate on both theory and practices in our International Meetings. Sports Medicine-2016 is a multi-disciplinary conference of sports medicine physicians and sports medicine professionals dedicated to work, education, research, advocacy and the care of athletes of all ages.
Systems Approach to Modelling Food Sustainability: From Concepts to PracticeBioversity International
Systems Approach to Modelling Food Sustainability: From Concepts to Practice - Presentation by Ariella Helfgott. This presentation was given as part of the 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems Symposium, co-organized by Bioversity International and CIHEAM-IAMM, November 4th -5th 2014, Agropolis International, Montpellier
Visit 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems' Symposium webpage.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/metrics-sustainable-diets-symposium/
Agroecology: The Foundation for Food System SustainabilityExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Key note presentation of Steve Gliessman, from University of California Santa Cruz, on agroecology as the foundations for food system sustianability. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Wake up before it´s too late! Agriculture at the crossroads: Assuring food se...SIANI
Presented by Ulrich Hoffmann during the seminar How to Feed Nine Billion within the Planet’s Boundaries - Agroecology for Food Security & Nutrition organised by the SIANI Expert group on Agriculture Transformation on March 10, 2015. Read more here: http://www.siani.se/expert-groups/agriculture-transformation-low-income-countries-under-environmental-change
What is Climate-Smart Agriculture? Background, opportunities and challengesCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Alexandre Meybeck of the FAO was given at a session titled "Using climate-smart technologies to scale up climate-smart agriculture practices" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 7, 2014.
The panel presentation and discussion focused on how these climate-smart technologies can be scaled-up to benefit smallholder farmers. This was followed by a public debate.
The role of mixed crop-livestock farming systems in ensuring food securityILRI
Presented by Philip Thornton and Mario Herrero at the 67th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, Belfast UK, 29 August –2 September 2016
Plenary presentation on Bioenergy for Sustainable Development by Gerad Ostheimer, Global Lead Sustainable Bioenergy High-Impact Opportunity Sustainable Energy For All
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
1. Cross-cutting issues
biofuels and food security
Jeremy Woods (Imperial College London / Climate-KIC)
&
Glaucia da Souza (University of São Paulo & SCOPE Bioenergy)
IFPRI, Washington DC, 20th November 2014
2. Energy Security
Biofuels and Food Security – ‘a wicked problem?’
Environmental
(e.g. Climate Change,
soils, water, air)
Development &
Governance
Availability
Access
Foodsecurity
Food Security
Usability
(safety &
nutrition)
Stability
Cross-cutting
3. SYSTEM DYNAMICS OF THE ‘THREE RESPONSES’ OF FOSSIL FUEL
SYSTEMS TO RENEWABLE ENERGY (FOSTER, 2014)
9. Complexity as an opportunity
• Different tools for different scales (local, international, global)
• Different tools / approaches for different land types / areas
• Different tools / instruments / approaches for different places,
cultures, people
• Need to think across temporal and spatial scales and actively
seek resilient integrational outcomes
Complexity is both the biggest obstacle but also the biggest
opportunity for bioenergy. Do we have the human ingenuity to
make it work?
11. Key cross-cutting questions
Important questions that need to be addressed by research and which are
indicative of the complex interactions between bioenergy and food production
include:
• What is the potential for diversifying value streams, market substitutions,
implicit investment risks and the interactions with food production?
• How can the integration of biofuels within food supply systems affect food
security?
• The global food system needs to respond to climate change through both
mitigation and adaptation; what are the implications of significant levels of
bioenergy deployment on these response options?
• What role do productivity improvements play in creating stronger
synergies?
• Can bioenergy be deployed in ways that enhances rather than degrades
the resilience of the global food (production and consumption) system? If
so, how can this be achieved and how likely is it that good outcomes will
arise?
12. Key cross-cutting questions
In this topical theme, we raise a number of important questions that need to
be addressed by research and which are indicative of the complex
interactions between bioenergy and food production including:
• How can the integration of biofuels within food supply systems affect
food security?
• What role do productivity improvements play in creating stronger
synergies?
• Can bioenergy be deployed in ways that enhances rather than degrades
the resilience of the global food (production and consumption) system? If
so, how can this be achieved and how likely is it that good outcomes will
arise?
13. Key cross-cutting questions: Economic
• Will biofuels be competitive with conventional energy
sources?
• Set a global price ceiling e.g. for oil / other
renewables? (see Foster, 2014)
• Will biofuels compete with food production?
• What is the potential for diversifying value streams,
market substitutions, implicit investment risks and
the interactions with food production?
• Impacts on input prices?
• Floor price for commodity crops?
• Impacts on crop yields?
• Land demand & rents?
• Impacts on food price volatility
14. Key cross-cutting questions: Environmental
• Climate change- mitigation and adaptation
• Impacts on water
• Availability
• Quality
• hydrology,
• Impacts on land and soils
• land use change
• erosion,
• soil organic matter,
• biodiversity,
• carbon stocks,
• nutrient and water holding capacities
• toxicity (e.g. ash disposal)
• Air quality
• Invasive species
• GMOs
• … many more ….
15. Delivering
Public goods
• Can perennial crops be
deployed to deliver public
goods
• Satellite view of sediment
plumes during winter /
spring flooding in UK
(April/May 2014)
• September 2014 – driest
September on record
16. Key cross-cutting questions: Social & Governance
• Impacts on jobs / job quality
• Rural development vs urbanisation
• Impacts on literacy and schooling
• Health & welfare
• Governance and regulation
• Assurance and certification
• Monitoring and measurement
• Climate smart agriculture
• Issues of scale (production, conversion, national to
global market share)
• Sustainable development goals (equity, aspiration)
• Issues of ‘scale’
17. Multiple ‘models’ are possible:
Issues of scale: Bioenergy Development Options
Large Scale
1. Sugarcane to EtOH
2. Palm / Soy Biodiesel
Mill-owned
estate
Very competitive
globally
Little Value
Added to Local
Communities
Export potential
Small-holder
led
Higher cost base
Less globally
competitive
High Value
Added to
Local
Communities
Export potential
Community-level
winners and
losers
Small Scale
1. Sweet Sorghum – micro-distillery
2. Woodlot gasification elec. (Hosahali)
Multi-product
cropping
e.g. sweet sorghum
Economics
Uncertain
Complex-
Value Added to
Local
Communities
High risk
Local Markets
Social Issues
Crop not well
characterised
Single
Bioenergy
Product
e.g. multi-species
woodlot
Value Added
to Local
Communities
High Risk
Complex food-
fuel-cash-crop
interactions
Integration &
transition
18. 18
Sarah Best
30th April 2014
Sarah Best ‘Growing Power: Exploring Energy Needs
in Smallholder Agriculture’ IIED, 2014
What’s the issue? (a) Food for all implies more modern energy and
equipment in food system
Clarke, 2008. http://www.raeng.org.uk/events/pdf/252/lawrence_clarke.pdf
20. The Global Calculator Land Use Change (A. Strapasson, 2014 PhD thesis)
Integrated systems perspectives
Dynamics of bioenergy, residues and wastes in the global calculator model
21. Land, Food and Bioenergy Interactions – driver tree
The Global Calculator
Food demand is always provided for in the global calculator model
22. Level 1: Mismanaged land use. It assumes that 10% more agricultural land would be
necessary to attain the selected food/livestock/bioenergy productions.
Level 2: Current world pattern of agricultural system stabilised until 2050 (no change from
2011).
Level 3: 10% less agricultural land is necessary to attain the selected
food/livestock/bioenergy productions.
Level 4: 30% less agricultural land would be necessary to attend the selected
food/livestock/bioenergy productions.
Land-use efficiency (land integration)
24. Level 1: Assumes no increase in the production and collection of on-farm residues; and no increase in
the production of post-farm wastes and residues, but with a low increase in their collection for energy
and feed.
Level 2: Moderate increase in the collection of on-farm residues. It also assumes a reduction in the
production of post-farm residues and wastes and moderate increase in collection for energy and feed.
Level 3: High collection of on-farm residues for energy and feed, as well as reduction in the
production of post-farm wastes and residues, and increase in their collection.
Level 4: Extreme collection of on-farm residues for energy and feed, as well as substantial reduction
in the production of post-farm wastes and residues, and increase in their collection.
Wastes and Residues
25. Simplified relation of food prices to bioenergy
(SCOPE Chapter 4, Bioenergy & Food Security)
26. Summary
• Understanding, monitoring and managing complex,
highly interlinked systems- perfect outcomes are
extremely unlikely
– Beware over-regulation
– Life Cycle Assessment (attributional and consequential) is
still a young ‘science’
• Assigning causality for impacts and allocating to co-
products
• Beware of burden shifting / gaming
• Rewarding ‘co-benefits’ of integration, including
enhanced resilience
27. Global
Calculator
Interactions between sectors (the whole
picture) – energy, food, land …
‘Political tensions and high prices from Gazprom are driving shifts that suggest Moscow
does not hold all the cards
Pressure points: a worker on the Nord Stream project supplying Russian gas to Germany
The night shift at Agropolychim, Bulgaria’s biggest fertiliser plant, received a fax at
4.30am on January 6 2009 warning that their gas supply was going to be cut off
immediately. The engineers demanded four more hours: an instant shutdown would
leave a cocktail of explosive chemicals to congeal in the plant’s pipes, destroying vital
equipment. “It was all hands on deck,” recalls Philippe Rombaut.
…
Mr Rombaut’s plans at Agropolychim show that Moscow does not hold all the cards. Next
year, he will switch from gas to biomass, running on straw and woodchips. That is
highly significant for Gazprom because Agropolychim and Neochim, Bulgaria’s leading
fertiliser plants, jointly consume about 25 per cent of the country’s gas.’
Can Europe wean itself off Russian gas?
By Christian Oliver and Henry Foy
The Financial Times (Print Edition, 14th October 2014)
