This document provides an overview of stealth technology, including its history, principles, applications, and future developments. It discusses how stealth works to reduce detection by radar, infrared, visual, and acoustic means. Key stealth aircraft are described, such as the F-117, B-2, F-22, and future projects. Stealth has allowed for espionage and more surgical military strikes but remains an expensive technology currently available only to few nations. Continued research aims to expand stealth capabilities to hypersonic speeds and new platforms while also reducing costs.

2. CONTENTS:
1.What is stealth technology?
2.RADAR and its working principle
3.How to make things invisible?
4.Drawbacks(limitations) of stealth
5.Advantages of stealth
6.Future scope
7.Conclusion
8.References

3. STEALTH TECHNOLOGY
1. Stealth is a technique in which we can make
any object almost invisible.
2.Stealth is an important technology which is
used in military operations.
3.Stealth technology also known as LO
technology (low observable technology).
4.This was developed mainly to evade the
RADAR detection
5.The first stealth aircraft was developed in
Germany during last years of WWII

4. The F-117A Nighthawk Stealth Fighter, a single seat,
twin engine aircraft developed by Lockheed Martin,
was the first aircraft designed to exploit low-observable
stealth technology.

5. RADAR
RADAR is the acronym for RAdio Detection
and
Ranging.
Radar is an object-detection system
that uses radio waves to determine
the range, altitude, direction, or speed
of objects

6. 1. Radar is something that is in use all around us,
although it (radio waves) is normally invisible.
2. Air traffic control uses radar to
track planes both on the ground and in the air,
and also to guide planes for smooth landings.
3.NASA uses radar to map the Earth and other
planets, to track satellites and space debris and
to help with things like docking and
maneuvering.
4.The military uses it to detect the enemy and to
guide weapons.

7. When people use radar, they are usually
trying to accomplish one or all of the
following three things:
1.Detect the presence of an object
situated at some distance
2.Detect the speed of an object
3.To map or locate something
All three of these objectives can be
accomplished using:
1.ECHO
2.DOPPLER SHIFT

8. ECHO
• Echo is something you experience all the time.
If you shout into a well or a canyon, the echo
comes back a moment later.
• The echo occurs because some of the sound
waves in your shout reflect off of a surface
(either the water or canyon wall) and travel
back to your ears.
• The length of time between the moment you
shout and the moment that you hear the echo
is determined by the distance between you
and the surface that creates the echo.

9. DOPPLER
SHIFT
• Doppler shift occurs when sound is generated by, or reflected off of, a
moving object.
• Let's say there is a car coming toward you at 60 miles per hour (mph) and its
horn is blaring.
• You will hear the horn playing one "note" as the car approaches, but when
the car passes you the sound of the horn will suddenly shift to a lower
note.
• It's the same horn making the same sound the whole time. The change you
hear is caused by Doppler shift.

10. • You can combine echo and Doppler shift in the
following way. Say you send out a loud sound
toward a car moving toward you.
• Some of the sound waves will bounce off the
car (an echo).
• Because the car is moving toward you,
however, the sound waves will
be compressed.
• Therefore, the sound of the echo will have a
higher pitch than the original sound you sent.
If you measure the pitch of the echo, you can
determine “how fast” the car is going.

11. HOW RADAR WORKS??
• The radar dish or
antenna transmits pulses
of radio waves or
microwaves that bounce
off any object in their
path.
• The object returns a tiny
part of the wave's
energy to a dish or
antenna that is usually
located at the same site
as the tranmitter.

12. Left: Antennas at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex (part of NASA's
Deep Space Network) help provide radio communications for NASA's
interplanetary spacecraft. Right: Surface search radar and air search radar are
mounted on the foremast of a guided missile destroyer.
Photo courtesy NASA (left), Department of Defense (right)

14. HOW TO MAKE THINGS INVISIBLE ?
The goal of stealth technology is to make an airplane
invisible to radar. There are two different ways to create
invisibility:
1.The airplane can be shaped so that any radar
signals it reflects are reflected away from the
radar equipment.
2.The airplane can be covered in materials that
absorb radar signals( also called as radar
absorbing materials).
Apart from these things, the manufacturer
should also consider the following……….

15. PRINCIPLE OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY
1.Infrared detection.
2.Visual detection.
3.Acoustic detection.
4.Radar detection.
Reduction in these detection is the
principle of stealth technology.

16. Most conventional aircraft have a rounded shape.
This shape makes them aerodynamic, but it also
creates a very efficient radar reflector. The round
shape means that no matter where the radar signal
hits the plane, some of the signal gets reflected back.

17. A stealth aircraft, on the other hand, is made up
of completely flat surfaces and very sharp edges.
When a radar signal hits a stealth plane, the
signal reflects away at an angle, like this:

18. RADAR ABSORBING MATERIAL (RAM)
RAM is a class of
materials used in
stealth technology to
disguise vehicle or
structure from radar
detection.
TYPES OF RAM
1.Iron ball paint
2.Foam absorber
3.Jauman absorber

19. 1. The material that is used to paint the
stealth can be made of special materials like
carbon powder in the glue or silicon based
inorganic compound that would absorb the
radar waves that fall on the plane.
2. Dielectric materials are used as they are
transparent to radar waves.
3.Composites of ferrites are used to optimize
dielectric and magnetic properties,

20. REDUCING INFRARED SIGNATURE
1. Infrared radiation are
emitted by all matter above
absolute zero temperature.
2.Hot materials, such as
engine exhaust gasses or
wing surfaces heated by
friction with the air, emit more
infrared radiations than cooler
material.
3. Embedding jet engines
inside the wings is one basic
design step towards infrared
stealth.
4. Other measures include
extra shielding of hotter parts,
mixing of cooler air with hot

21. REDUCING ACOUSTIC SIGNATURE
1.The engines of the stealth planes
should be designed such that the
noise emitted by them is minimum.
2.Engines should be placed deep inside
the plane.
3.Slow turning propellers were used to
minimize the noise in earlier designs
to avoid detection by enemy troops.
4.Incorporating acoustic-stealth
measures, including sound-absorbent
linings inside its engine intake and
exhaust cowlings.

22. LIMITATIONS OF STEALTH
1.Instability of design
2.Aerodynamic limitations
3.Reduced payload
4.Cost of maintenance
5.Sensitive skin
6.Cost of operations

23. ADVANTAGES OF STEALTH
1. Reduce the casualty rate during the war.
2. Develop the military secretes.
3. Bluff the anti-detective device .
4.Lesser number of stealth aircrafts
required.
5. We can perform spy mission.
6. Can be used in Civil aviation.

24. STEALTH HELICOPTER
Newest addition in stealth technology.
Designs for blades have emerged that can significantly reduce noise.
Used for raid on the compound of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011.

25. NORTHROP GRUMMAN
B-2 SPIRIT
c Strategic stealth
bomber
National
origin
U.S.A
manufac
turer
Northrop Grumman
corporation
First
flight
17 July 1989
Introduct
ion
April 1997
Status In service
Primary
user
United states air force
produce
d
1988-2000
Number
built
21
Unit cost $737 million

26. B 2 SPIRIT
1.Max speed= Mach 0.95
2.Range = 11,100 km
3.Service ceiling= 15,200 km
4.Thrust/weight = 0.205

27. LOCKHEED MARTIN
F 22 RAPTOR
Role Stealth air
superiority fighter
National
origin
U.S.A
Manufactu
rer
Lockheed Martin
First flight 7 sep 1997
Introductio
n
15 dec 2005
Status In service
Primary
user
U.S air force
Produced 1996-2011
Number
195
built
Unit cost $150 million

28. F 22 RAPTOR

29. F-35
LIGHTNING II
Role Stealth multirole
fighter
National
origin
U.S.A
Manufact
urer
Lockheed Martin
First flight 15 DEC 2006
Introducti
Dec 2015
on
Status In initial production
and testing, used for
training by U.S
Primary
users
U.S air force
Produced 2006- present
Number
built
100 as of 2013
Unit cost $252.3 million

30. INDIA’S STEP TOWARDS STEALTH
HAL LIGHT COMBAT HELICOPTER (LCH)

31. HAL LIGHT COMBAT HELICOPTER
Role Attack helicopter
Nation
India
al
origin
Manufa
cturer
Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited
First
flight
29 march 2010
Status Development trials
Primar
Indian Army
y users
Indian Air Force
Produc
ed
2010-present
Numbe
r built
3
Unit
cost
$17.48 million
General characteristics
• Crew: 2
• Length: 15.8 m
• Rotor diameter: 13.3 m
• Height: 4.7 m
• Disc area: 138.9 m²
• Max. take off weight: 5,800 kg
• Power plant : 2 × HAL/Turbo meca Shakti
turbo shaft, 1,067 kw each
performanceHAL Light Combat Helicopter
• Never exceed speed: 330 km/h (178 knots,
207 mph)
• Maximum speed: 268 km/h (145 knots, 167
mph)
• Range: 700 km (297 nmi, 342 mi)
• Service ceiling: 6,500 m (21,300 ft)

32. SUKHOI T-50 STEALTH FIGHTER

34. FUTURE INDIAN STEALTH AIRCRAFTS
DRDO AURA
AURA (Autonomous Unmanned Research Aircraft)
Role -Unmanned Stealth Bomber
Manufacturer- DRDO
Designer- DRDO
First flight- 2015
Introduction -2019-2020
Status -Under Development
Primary user- Indian Air Force
Indian Navy
Number built -0
Program cost -tbd
Unit cost -tbd

35. FUTURE INDIAN STEALTH AIRCRAFTS
HAL AMCA

36. HAL AMCA
Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft
Role -Stealth multirole fighter
National origin- India
Manufacturer- Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Designer -Aeronautical Development Agency,
Defence Research and Development
Organisation
First flight- Early 2020s
Introduction -TBD
Status- Under development
Primary users -Indian Air Force
Indian Navy
Unit cost -TBD

37. FUTURE SCOPE
1.Hypersonics- the idea is to travel with M>5 to avoid
detection.
2. The infrared Invisibility Cloak: Shield one’s body heat
from infrared sensors, effectively making them invisible
to infrared cameras.
3. Plasma Stealth Technology: Also knows as Active
Stealth Technology
Uses plasma to reduce the overall radar cross section of
an aircraft.
4.TARANIS: A semi autonomous unmanned war plane
designed to fly intercontinental missions. It will carry a
variety of weapons enabling it to attack both aerial and
ground targets.
5.To be incorporated not only in fighters and bombers but
also in ships, helicopters, tanks and transport planes.

38. CONCLUSION
• Undoubtedly, stealth technology is the
future of military combat and at present is
one of the best technology to make things
invisible as far as possible.
• But , the main problem with stealth is its
very high cost and because of this, not all
nations can adopt this technology.
• So we need to find ways to reduce cost or
adopt a different technology with stealth like
characteristics and at low cost (nano
technology).

39. REFERENCES
1.www.google.com/images
2.en.Wikipedia.org
3.Book on Stealth technology-the art of black magic by J.JONES
4.Book on Stealth aircraft by BILL SWEETMAN
5.www.faqs.org
6.www.howstuffworks.com
7.www.youtube.com/
8.Google search engine

40. THANK YOU


41. QUERIES
IF ANY ??