The main objective of this topic is to know and study how stealth technology plays a major role In the modern and future combat warfare. This report also deals with the study of various factors that include to make any aircraft/ship/drones etc. to be stealthy. This report also distinguishes between the conventional and non-conventional {stealth} platforms against the miscellaneous stealth categories.

1. STEALTH TECHNOLOGY
PRESENTED BY:-
P SHRAVAN KUMAR
(GRADUATE APPRENTICESHIP
TRAINEE AT HAL, HYDERABAD)

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE TOPIC
 The main objective of this topic is to know and study how stealth technology plays
a major role In the modern and future combat warfare.
 This report also deals with the study of various factors that include to make any
aircraft/ship/drones etc. to be stealthy.
 This report also distinguishes between the conventional and non-conventional
{stealth} platforms against the miscellaneous stealth categories.

3. INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE TOPIC
• Stealth technology scientifically known as low observatory(LO) is a system used to
avoid detection using a variety of advanced technologies that reduce radar
signature, infrared(IR) signature, visual signature, radio-frequency (RF) spectrum,
and acoustic signature collectively known as stealth technology.
• While no aircraft is totally invisible to radar, stealth aircraft make it difficult for
conventional radar to detect or track the aircraft effectively, increasing the odds of a
successful attack.
• It is similar to camouflage tactics used by soldiers.
• The goal of stealth technology is to make aircraft/ships/UAV’s/combat vehicles etc,
almost invisible to the enemy radar.

4. WHAT IS STEALTH TECHNOLOGY?
 In military parlance it is similar to camouflage tactics used by soldiers.
 Partial invisibility to radar and other detection.
 Scientifically known as low
observatory.
 Used in Military
aviation/marine/ground
platforms
 Reduces detection range of an
aircraft.

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY
LOWLOW
INFRARED SIGNATURERADAR SIGNATURE
VISUAL SIGNATURE ACOUSTIC SIGNATURE

6. [1]LOW RADAR SIGNATURE
Lockheed Martin F-117 Night
hawk, USAF
Saw toothed shapes scatter
radar waves
Radar waves deflects from the
sharp edges

7. RADAR WAVES RELECTS BACK FROM THE
CONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFTS
RADAR WAVES DEFLECTS AWAY FROM THE STEALTH
AIRCRAFTS
Most conventional aircraft have a
rounded shape. This shape makes
them aerodynamic, but it also creates a
very efficient radar reflector. The round
shape means that no matter where the
radar signal hits the plane, some of the
signal gets reflected back.
A stealth aircraft, on the other hand, is
made up of completely flat surfaces
and very sharp edges. When a radar
signal hits a stealth plane, the signal
reflects away at acute angle

8. MISCELLANEOUS FACTORS THAT EFFECT RCS
CONVENTIONAL A/C STEALTH A/C
Conventional jet nozzles of mig-
29k vs saw toothed diamond cut
nozzles of F-35 which deflect radar
waves
The F22 canopies are coated with
a thin layer of Indium Tin Oxide
(ITO), which deflects the waves.
Bomb bays or Weapons bay of
conventional a/c vs stealth F-35
which can store its weapons
internally and thereby,
compromising its stealth features.
VS

9. COMPARISON OF RCS WITH VARIOUS A/C
As analyzed from both figures the Lockheed martin F-117 night hawk emits very
low RCS comparatively with others

10. RADAR ABSORBENT MATERIALS(RAM)
 Radar absorbent surfaces absorb the incoming
radar waves rather than deflecting it in another direction.
RAS totally depends on the material with which the
surface of the aircraft is made.
 The F-117 extensively uses RAM to reduce its radar
signature or its radar cross section. A commonly used
material is known as "Iron Ball Paint’’.
 Iron ball paint contains microscopic iron spheres that
resonate in tune with incoming radio waves and dissipate
the majority of their energy as heat, leaving little to
bounce back to detectors.
Current technologies include dielectric composites and
metal fibers containing ferrite isotopes. Paint comprises
depositing pyramid like colonies on the reflecting
superficies with the gaps filled with ferrite based RAM.
A. IRON BALL PAINT B. FOAM ABSORBER
C. JAUMANN ABSORBER

11. [2] LOW (IR)INFRARED
SIGNATURE
IR (infrared) signature given out by the planes
are visible in thermal imaging systems because
of the high temperature exhaust they give out.
This is a great disadvantage to stealth aircraft
as missiles also have IR guidance system.
The IR signatures of stealth aircraft are minute when
compared to the signature of a conventional fighter or
any other military aircraft. If reducing the radar signature
of an aircraft is tough, then reducing the IR signature of
the aircraft is tougher. It will be like flying a plane with no
engines.
Engines for stealth aircraft are specifically built to have a very low IR signature. The technology behind this
is top secret like others in stealth aircraft. Another main aspect that reduces the IR signature of a stealth
aircraft is to place the engines deep into the fuselage. This is done in stealth aircraft like the B-2, F-22 and
the JSF.

12. MISCELLANEOUS FACTORS THAT EFFECT IR
SIGNATURE
CONVENTIONAL A/C STEALTH A/C
VS
EXHAUST PLUME
Exhaust plume of conventional
a/c and stealth a/c which is
almost nil.
ENGINE POSITION
The engine position of
conventional a/c is visible
clearly whereas, the engine of
stealth a/c is buried deep inside
the fuselage

13. [3] LOW VISUAL SIGNATURE
• Plasma stealth is the modern era of low visual signature implemented for stealth
aircrafts which can completely disguises itself into the sky.
 Plasma is a milestone in the field of stealth
technology.
 In plasma stealth, the aircraft injects a stream of
ionized gas in front of the aircraft.
 The plasma will cover the entire body of the fighter
and will absorb most of the electromagnetic
energy of the radar waves, thus making the
aircraft difficult to be detected by the enemy radar.

14. CAMOUFLAGE TECHNOLOGY
Camouflage is a stealth technology in
which the combat aircrafts are
painted with various types of colors
depending on the geographical
landscape [ viz; ice, deserts, plains,
mountains etc.] for which the aircrafts
can be made invisible for the enemy
adversaries.
Ex: Luftwaffe

15. [4] LOW ACOUSTIC SIGNATURE
CONVENTIONAL A/C STEALTH A/C
VS
Conventional helicopters
have tail rotors which expose
lot of noise whereas, the
stealth helicopters have
fenestron which are quit.
The stealth choppers like
Comanche and AW-101 have
specially designed wing tips
which can reduce the noise
emitting from the main rotor
and hence making it stealthy

16. ANECHOIC CHAMBER TESTING
The acoustic signature of any
aircraft is tested in anechoic
chamber.
It is a chamber which is
sensitive to any small fraction
of sound/noise emitted by the
engine and converts it into
notable frequencies/decibels

17. VARIOUS FIELDS OF STEALTH TECH.
VARIOUS
ASPECTS OF
STEALTH
TECHNOLOG
Y
NAVAL/MARINE
PLATFORMS
AERIAL PLATFORMS
COMBAT DRONES
OR
UCAV’s
GROUND/LAND
PLATFORMS

18. [A] STEALTH IN AERIAL PLATFORMS
The first stealth aircraft
designed was SR-71
blackbird succeeded by F-
117 Nighthawk by
Lockheed martin with unit
cost of US$111.2 million
followed by B-2 spirit
bomber, f-22 raptor, f-35
lightning, B-1 lancer and
so on….

19. [B] STEALTH IN NAVAL/MARINE PLATFORMS
Stealth
Technology has
also sprawled
into Naval/Marine
combat ships with
zumwalt class
destroyers, littoral
combat ship
[LCS-2], Sea
shadow, aiegis
class destroyers
and so on…

20. [C] STEALTH IN SUBMARINE PLATFORM
Submarines are
lurking predators
which hide under
the high seas.
Submarines have
deliberately low
acoustic signature
so, that they are not
detected by the
enemy sonars
Ex: Astute class
Subs.

21. [D] STEALTH ON GROUND/LAND PLATFORMS
Battle Tanks and
armoured vehicles
are also equipped
with stealth
features these
days such as for
modern Humvees
and Ratheon PL-
01 battle tank

22. [E] STEALTH IN COMBAT DRONES/UCAV’s
Future Drones
across the world
are fostering the
implementation of
stealth features in
all aspects..
Ex: MQ-9 reaper,
Aura etc

23. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• Stealth technology is future of military arsenal which is boon for modern
warfare scenario.
• Well meanwhile, the current scenario appears some things similar to the
cold war both sides are accumulating weapons to counter each other and
each side can be termed as ‘stealth technology’ and the other as ‘anti-stealth
technology’.
• Its an arm race except it isn’t between specific countries.
.

24. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Stealth technology is clearly the future of air combat. In the future, as air
defense systems grow more accurate and deadly, stealth technology can be a
factor for a decisive by a country over the other. In the future, stealth
technology will not only be incorporated in fighters and bombers but also in
ships, helicopters, ballistic missiles, tanks and transport planes.
These are evident from the RAH-66 "Comanche" and the Sea Shadow stealth
ship, Sea Shadow (IX-529) is an experimental stealth ship built by Lockheed
for the United States Navy

25. REFERENCES
[1] Boeing, F22 Raptor Overview [Online]. Available: http://www.boeing.co m/defensespace/
mili tary/f22/index.html.
[2] N. Bruce, “Modern Marvels: Stealth Technology,” The History Channel. 2006.
[3] SiteLab Internet, F22 Raptor [Online]. Available: http://www.f22raptor .com/st_fa22tricks.p hp.
[4] GlobalSecurity, F22 Raptor Stealth [Online].
Available:http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f22
stealth.
htm.
[5] B. S. Haisty, “Affordable Stealth,” Lockheed Martin Aeronautics, Washington, DC. Nov. 5, 2000.