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This document provides an overview of substation and switchgear fundamentals, including: 1. It describes the components of electrical substations and switchgear such as transformers, circuit breakers, control systems, and communication networks. 2. It discusses electrical concepts like voltage, current, nominal current, short circuit current, and arc flash hazards. 3. It covers substation and switchgear design criteria including safety standards, equipment clearances, and personnel protection from arc flash.
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Ashwani kumar
The document provides an overview of a power substation (switchyard) including:
- Typical components including busbars, circuit breakers, current transformers, and surge arrestors.
- Explanations of switchyard equipment such as circuit breakers, isolators, earth switches, and their functions.
- Descriptions of different types of substations based on voltage levels and mounting structures.
- Brief explanations of additional equipment such as capacitive voltage transformers, wave traps, and post insulators.
Substation overview
This document provides an overview of electrical substations, including their classification, components, and specifications. It discusses the different types of substations based on voltage levels, configuration, and application. It also describes the primary functions and components of outdoor switchyards, including incoming and outgoing lines, transformers, circuit breakers, and earthing systems. Clearance requirements and specifications for indoor electrical panels, busbars, grounding, and cabling are also outlined.
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This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
Introduction to mv switchgear
This document provides an introduction to medium voltage (MV) equipment, including key concepts such as:
- Voltage levels including operating voltage, rated voltage, insulation levels, and derating factors
- Current levels including operating current, short circuit current, and thermal withstand current
- Frequency standards of 50Hz and 60Hz
- Types of MV switchgear including air insulated switchgear, metal enclosed, compartmented, and block types
- Standards that MV switchgear must comply with such as IEC 62271
- Main functions of switchgear including protection, isolation, and control
- Comparison of SF6 and vacuum circuit breaker technologies
The document concisely covers the essential electrical concepts and specifications
Electrical Design calculations
Dear All,
Here i glad to introduced with a basics of Design Electrical which is helpfull to understand the concept of electrical.
I hope you like these concept & prefered the same.
Thanks& Regards,
Pankaj V. Chavan
( 95615 73214 )
Substation design-guideliness
A private company is building a new factory requiring 1150 kVA of power. The company will connect to a 36 kV distribution network with a short circuit current of 15.3 kA and rated operational current of 525 A at 31.5 kV. A new indoor transformer substation will include a load break switch incoming feeder, circuit breaker outgoing feeder, circuit breaker for customer isolation and protection, metering cubicle, and transformer protection cubicle with circuit breaker. The transformer will be selected as 1600 kVA, 31.5/0.4 kV based on the power requirements. A single line diagram of the substation will be drawn showing all equipment ratings.
Link
A substation directs the flow of power through the electric system, protects components from faults, and interconnects transmission lines. It requires careful planning and design to achieve reliability, flexibility, and minimize costs while satisfying electric system requirements. Key elements of substation design include bus configurations, equipment layout and spacing, foundations, protective relaying, surge protection, and environmental considerations. Proper substation design is essential for reliable electric system operation.
2.components in a substation breaker
The document discusses the key components found in electrical substations, focusing on circuit breakers. It describes the functions and types of circuit breakers, how they operate, and the tests used to evaluate their performance. Specifically, it outlines the critical roles circuit breakers play in switching during normal and abnormal operating conditions, as well as interrupting faults. It also examines the mechanisms, dielectric mediums like SF6 gas, and rated characteristics that determine a circuit breaker's capabilities.
Recommended
Ashwani kumar
The document provides an overview of a power substation (switchyard) including:
- Typical components including busbars, circuit breakers, current transformers, and surge arrestors.
- Explanations of switchyard equipment such as circuit breakers, isolators, earth switches, and their functions.
- Descriptions of different types of substations based on voltage levels and mounting structures.
- Brief explanations of additional equipment such as capacitive voltage transformers, wave traps, and post insulators.
Substation overview
This document provides an overview of electrical substations, including their classification, components, and specifications. It discusses the different types of substations based on voltage levels, configuration, and application. It also describes the primary functions and components of outdoor switchyards, including incoming and outgoing lines, transformers, circuit breakers, and earthing systems. Clearance requirements and specifications for indoor electrical panels, busbars, grounding, and cabling are also outlined.
Switchgear presentation
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
Introduction to mv switchgear
This document provides an introduction to medium voltage (MV) equipment, including key concepts such as:
- Voltage levels including operating voltage, rated voltage, insulation levels, and derating factors
- Current levels including operating current, short circuit current, and thermal withstand current
- Frequency standards of 50Hz and 60Hz
- Types of MV switchgear including air insulated switchgear, metal enclosed, compartmented, and block types
- Standards that MV switchgear must comply with such as IEC 62271
- Main functions of switchgear including protection, isolation, and control
- Comparison of SF6 and vacuum circuit breaker technologies
The document concisely covers the essential electrical concepts and specifications
Electrical Design calculations
Dear All,
Here i glad to introduced with a basics of Design Electrical which is helpfull to understand the concept of electrical.
I hope you like these concept & prefered the same.
Thanks& Regards,
Pankaj V. Chavan
( 95615 73214 )
Substation design-guideliness
A private company is building a new factory requiring 1150 kVA of power. The company will connect to a 36 kV distribution network with a short circuit current of 15.3 kA and rated operational current of 525 A at 31.5 kV. A new indoor transformer substation will include a load break switch incoming feeder, circuit breaker outgoing feeder, circuit breaker for customer isolation and protection, metering cubicle, and transformer protection cubicle with circuit breaker. The transformer will be selected as 1600 kVA, 31.5/0.4 kV based on the power requirements. A single line diagram of the substation will be drawn showing all equipment ratings.
Link
A substation directs the flow of power through the electric system, protects components from faults, and interconnects transmission lines. It requires careful planning and design to achieve reliability, flexibility, and minimize costs while satisfying electric system requirements. Key elements of substation design include bus configurations, equipment layout and spacing, foundations, protective relaying, surge protection, and environmental considerations. Proper substation design is essential for reliable electric system operation.
2.components in a substation breaker
The document discusses the key components found in electrical substations, focusing on circuit breakers. It describes the functions and types of circuit breakers, how they operate, and the tests used to evaluate their performance. Specifically, it outlines the critical roles circuit breakers play in switching during normal and abnormal operating conditions, as well as interrupting faults. It also examines the mechanisms, dielectric mediums like SF6 gas, and rated characteristics that determine a circuit breaker's capabilities.
Unit 06 - Substation and maintenance
This document provides information about substations and maintenance. It discusses indoor and outdoor substations, the various units within a substation, testing methods for circuit breakers, CTs, and PTs, as well as maintenance procedures. Neutral earthing and different neutral earthing methods like solid grounding, resistance grounding, and reactance grounding are also covered.
Low voltage systems
author: International Team
publisher: Daniel Garrido
licence: Creative Commons
place: University of Southern Denmark- Odense
@fomenting colaborational knowledge
Substation presentation by ram
A substation receives high voltage electricity from power plants, steps down the voltage to safer levels for local use, and provides facilities for switching and safety devices. It contains components like busbars to carry electricity, disconnects to isolate equipment, circuit breakers to safely interrupt current, and transformers to detect and transform voltage and current for instruments. Substation equipment requires regular preventative maintenance like cleaning, inspection, and checking for tight connections to ensure safe and reliable operation.
Switchgear and protection lecture 1
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
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Switchgear and protection systems play a vital role in modern power systems. Switchgear includes all switching devices associated with power system protection, control, metering and regulation. The main switching device is the circuit breaker. Circuit breakers can interrupt faults such as single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, double line-to-ground faults, open circuit faults, and three phase faults. Circuit breakers use arc interruption to break current flow during opening of contacts. Common types of circuit breakers include oil, air, SF6, and vacuum circuit breakers. Switchgear equipment like fuses, circuit breakers, isolators, earthing switches, and current/potential transformers serve protection, control
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- It uses SF6 gas insulation for all primary components, which provides advantages over air insulation including a compact footprint, higher dielectric strength, and maintenance-free operation in a controlled gas environment.
- Key benefits include enhanced personnel safety due to its arc-resistant design, high operational availability and reliability due to its sealed pressure system, and minimized maintenance requirements over its lifetime.
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- Meters being installed are 3-phase 4-wire types with 0.5 accuracy class that measure voltage, active power, apparent power and power duration on each phase.
- The installation process involves selecting sites, installing meters and current transformers (CTs), connecting potential transformers (PTs), and laying control cabling with proper demarcation.
- Testing and data collection is done to verify installations, with data analysis to check for
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This document provides information on various types of protective devices used in electrical systems, including fuses, MCBs, ELCBs, MCCBs, RCCBs, SFUs, breakers, RTDs, thermistors, thermocouples, and relays. It also discusses the ratings and applications of these devices for protecting transformers, motors, cables, busbars, and feeders from overcurrent, earth faults, overheating, undervoltage, and other hazards. Recommendations are given for the appropriate protective devices based on equipment ratings like KVA and motor power.
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This document discusses switchgear, its types and components, as well as maintenance procedures. It begins by defining switchgear and its purposes of controlling, protecting and isolating electrical equipment. It then discusses low voltage and medium voltage switchgear, and lists the basic functions of switchgear as electrical protection, safe isolation from live parts, and local or remote switching. The document goes on to discuss periodic and preventive maintenance of switchgear.
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It is Multimedia presentation made by Abdul Samad, An Electrical Engineer From UET Lahore Pakistan. For queries contact Abdulsamad.pisces@hotmail.com
Hope u find it useful
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SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers were compared. SF6 breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench arcs, have better dielectric strength, are less expensive but SF6 is a greenhouse gas. Vacuum breakers use no gas, are more environmentally friendly, have simpler construction and long operating lifetimes. They are compact and lightweight with high dielectric recovery but more expensive. For high voltages, vacuum breakers use axial magnetic fields to control arc modes while SF6 breakers are better for lower voltages due to their smaller size and cost advantages.
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Switchgear plays an important role in electricity distribution and its performance significantly affects the overall performance of the system. Failure to efficiently disconnect faults elsewhere in the network or failure in switchgear itself is costly, resulting in additional loss of supply, damage to equipment and possibly fatal injury to personnel. It is therefore critically important that switchgear is operated and maintained correctly, within an overall asset management regime that is both economic and effective in securing a high level of system reliability.
This comprehensive workshop focuses on medium voltage switchgear, which comprises by far the bulk of switchgear on most electricity distribution systems. The emphasis is primarily on oil, air blast, SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers, but other forms of MV switchgear, for example ring main units and auto-reclosers will also be described.
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Unit 06 - Substation and maintenance
This document provides information about substations and maintenance. It discusses indoor and outdoor substations, the various units within a substation, testing methods for circuit breakers, CTs, and PTs, as well as maintenance procedures. Neutral earthing and different neutral earthing methods like solid grounding, resistance grounding, and reactance grounding are also covered.
Low voltage systems
author: International Team
publisher: Daniel Garrido
licence: Creative Commons
place: University of Southern Denmark- Odense
@fomenting colaborational knowledge
Substation presentation by ram
A substation receives high voltage electricity from power plants, steps down the voltage to safer levels for local use, and provides facilities for switching and safety devices. It contains components like busbars to carry electricity, disconnects to isolate equipment, circuit breakers to safely interrupt current, and transformers to detect and transform voltage and current for instruments. Substation equipment requires regular preventative maintenance like cleaning, inspection, and checking for tight connections to ensure safe and reliable operation.
Switchgear and protection lecture 1
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
switchgear and protection by vala kamlesh
Switchgear and protection systems play a vital role in modern power systems. Switchgear includes all switching devices associated with power system protection, control, metering and regulation. The main switching device is the circuit breaker. Circuit breakers can interrupt faults such as single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, double line-to-ground faults, open circuit faults, and three phase faults. Circuit breakers use arc interruption to break current flow during opening of contacts. Common types of circuit breakers include oil, air, SF6, and vacuum circuit breakers. Switchgear equipment like fuses, circuit breakers, isolators, earthing switches, and current/potential transformers serve protection, control
Medium-Voltage, Gas-Insulated Arc-Resistant Switchgear Types 8DA10 & 8DB10
- Siemens medium-voltage gas-insulated arc-resistant switchgear provides increased safety, improved reliability, and increased flexibility with innovative features in a compact design that is easy to use and cost effective.
- It uses SF6 gas insulation for all primary components, which provides advantages over air insulation including a compact footprint, higher dielectric strength, and maintenance-free operation in a controlled gas environment.
- Key benefits include enhanced personnel safety due to its arc-resistant design, high operational availability and reliability due to its sealed pressure system, and minimized maintenance requirements over its lifetime.
Switchgear Installation Precomissioning Inspection.PPT
This document provides guidelines for inspecting and testing metal-clad switchgear during installation and pre-commissioning. It outlines requirements for equipment installation, busbar installation, cable connections, grounding connections and pre-commissioning tests. Key steps include ensuring proper spacing and anchoring of switchgear, exercising operating mechanisms, checking tightness of connections, testing insulation resistance, setting protective relays and testing auxiliary equipment operation. The purpose is to verify proper installation and functioning of switchgear before energization.
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Feel free to buy low voltage switchgear in eleczo.com- one of the leading online websites in india. We supply and distribute all low voltage switch gear in india.
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This document provides information about various electrical components including MCCB, air circuit breaker, control gear, capacitor, load bank, and testing procedures. It discusses MCCBs, including types (G-frame, A-frame, etc.), testing procedures for thermal, magnetic, trip/not trip, and mechanical endurance testing. Information is also given on air circuit breakers, contactors, thermal overload relays, capacitors, load banks, APFC panels, busbar chambers, and MCCB enclosures.
Protection & switchgear
This document provides information on a Power System Protection course taught at Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women. The syllabus covers 5 units: introduction to protection schemes, relay operating principles and characteristics, apparatus protection, theory of circuit interruption, and circuit breakers. It lists textbooks and presents details on each unit, including topics like relay types, transformer/generator/motor protection, arc phenomena, and different circuit breaker types. The last section provides references for textbooks, websites, and presentations on related topics.
400 KV GSS HEERAPURA, JAIPUR
THIS IS A PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT PRESENTATION AT 400 KV GSS HEERAPURA. PRESENTED BY SAHID RAJA KHAN STUDENT OF EE AT COMPUCOM COLLEGE SITAPURA.
Gabriel Ojeah - HV CONFERENCE POWER POINT - PERTH 2015
This document provides an overview of applying Australian Standards for routine testing of high voltage switchgear. It discusses the purpose and legal status of standards, the main components and functions of switchgear, and the applicable standards for routine tests. Key points covered include: dielectric, resistance, tightness, design/visual, and mechanical operation tests that must be performed according to AS 62271.200. Components not covered by this standard, such as circuit breakers, are also discussed.
Installation of Metering System at DTC
The document discusses the installation of metering systems at distribution transformer centers (DTCs) to monitor energy usage. Key details include:
- DTC metering provides insight into transformer health and helps analyze issues like load imbalance, voltage imbalance, and transformer utilization.
- Meters being installed are 3-phase 4-wire types with 0.5 accuracy class that measure voltage, active power, apparent power and power duration on each phase.
- The installation process involves selecting sites, installing meters and current transformers (CTs), connecting potential transformers (PTs), and laying control cabling with proper demarcation.
- Testing and data collection is done to verify installations, with data analysis to check for
Application Considerations for Power System Grounding
This document discusses various grounding methods for power systems, including solid grounding, ungrounded systems, resistance grounding, and reactance grounding. It provides examples of how each method works and considerations for selecting a grounding approach based on factors like service continuity requirements and the presence of line-to-neutral loads. The document also reviews retrofitting existing systems and includes diagrams demonstrating different grounding configurations.
Protection of power
This document provides information on various types of protective devices used in electrical systems, including fuses, MCBs, ELCBs, MCCBs, RCCBs, SFUs, breakers, RTDs, thermistors, thermocouples, and relays. It also discusses the ratings and applications of these devices for protecting transformers, motors, cables, busbars, and feeders from overcurrent, earth faults, overheating, undervoltage, and other hazards. Recommendations are given for the appropriate protective devices based on equipment ratings like KVA and motor power.
Switchgear presentation
This document discusses switchgear, its types and components, as well as maintenance procedures. It begins by defining switchgear and its purposes of controlling, protecting and isolating electrical equipment. It then discusses low voltage and medium voltage switchgear, and lists the basic functions of switchgear as electrical protection, safe isolation from live parts, and local or remote switching. The document goes on to discuss periodic and preventive maintenance of switchgear.
220kv grid wapda town lahore
It is Multimedia presentation made by Abdul Samad, An Electrical Engineer From UET Lahore Pakistan. For queries contact Abdulsamad.pisces@hotmail.com
Hope u find it useful
Power System Protection Presentation
SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers were compared. SF6 breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench arcs, have better dielectric strength, are less expensive but SF6 is a greenhouse gas. Vacuum breakers use no gas, are more environmentally friendly, have simpler construction and long operating lifetimes. They are compact and lightweight with high dielectric recovery but more expensive. For high voltages, vacuum breakers use axial magnetic fields to control arc modes while SF6 breakers are better for lower voltages due to their smaller size and cost advantages.
Safe Operation and Maintenance of Circuit Breakers and Switchgear
Switchgear plays an important role in electricity distribution and its performance significantly affects the overall performance of the system. Failure to efficiently disconnect faults elsewhere in the network or failure in switchgear itself is costly, resulting in additional loss of supply, damage to equipment and possibly fatal injury to personnel. It is therefore critically important that switchgear is operated and maintained correctly, within an overall asset management regime that is both economic and effective in securing a high level of system reliability.
This comprehensive workshop focuses on medium voltage switchgear, which comprises by far the bulk of switchgear on most electricity distribution systems. The emphasis is primarily on oil, air blast, SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers, but other forms of MV switchgear, for example ring main units and auto-reclosers will also be described.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/safe-operation-and-maintenance-circuit-breakers-and-switchgear-3
Jitendra final ppt
This document provides an overview of a 220kV grid substation in Hindaun City, Rajasthan, India. It includes details about the components, equipment, and apparatus used at the substation, including 6 transformers totaling 400MVA of capacity, 42 circuit breakers of various voltages, current transformers, protective relays, insulators, breather silica gels, and temperature indicators. Diagrams of the single line diagram and component sequence are also included. The document is intended as a practical training for an electrical engineering student on the components and operations of a grid substation.
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This presentation provides an introduction to switchgear. It defines switchgear as equipment used for switching, controlling, and protecting electrical circuits and equipment, consisting of devices like switches, fuses, circuit breakers, and relays. Essential features of switchgear include reliability, discrimination between faulty and healthy sections, quick operation, and provisions for manual and instrument control. Common types of switchgear equipment discussed are switches, fuses, circuit breakers, and relays.
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Supervisors
Technicians
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/power-electronics-and-switch-mode-power-supply-38
CHAPTER 2 Design of Building Electrical Systems (2).pptx.pptx
The document provides information on designing electrical systems for buildings and industry. It discusses:
- Design methodology including calculating panelboard ampere ratings from load data.
- Electrical wiring specifications and options for supply voltage in residential and commercial buildings.
- Examples of schematics for lighting circuits, socket outlets, and single and three-phase consumer wiring.
- Considerations for designing domestic and industrial electrical systems including load calculations and protection devices.
BASIC ELECTRO MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENTS.pptx
This document provides an overview of basic electro-mechanical components used in water and wastewater systems. It discusses electrical concepts like current, voltage, power, and power factor. It then describes typical electrical component arrangements including transformers, panels, motors, and protection devices. It also covers cable layout and earthing systems. Load calculations and transformer sizing are demonstrated. Finally, it discusses estimation and costing of electrical works.
132 KV GSS CHAMBAL JAIPUR
This document provides an overview of the author's summer training at the 132kV GSS Chambal power house in Jaipur, Rajasthan. It discusses the introduction of RVPN, site selection criteria for GSS, equipment used including transformers, CVTs, isolators, circuit breakers, and protection relays. Diagrams of the single line diagram, control room, transformer, and relay working are also included. The training improved the author's understanding of electrical power transmission and the practical differences compared to theoretical knowledge.
introduction to high voltage engineering.pdf
This document provides an introduction to high voltage engineering. It discusses key topics including:
- The importance of high voltage insulation design and testing for electric power systems.
- How higher transmission voltages are needed to reduce line losses and increase efficiency.
- Common voltage levels used in power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption.
- The advantages of interconnected high voltage power grids and why higher voltages are needed on power systems.
- Key factors in electrical insulation and the various dielectric materials that are used.
Fluke clamp meter selection guide
This document provides information on Fluke clamp meters for various applications. It describes the job functions and applications for different types of electricians and maintenance professionals. For each job function, it recommends certain Fluke clamp meter models based on their key features. It provides specifications for different clamp meter models to help users select the right one for their needs. In the last section, it compares the features of the clamp meter models in a table for easy reference.
Residual current monitorning (rcm) prevent electrical fire & hazards
Residual current monitorning (rcm) prevent electrical fire & hazardsMessung Electrical Engineering
Residual Current is a critical condition impacting hospitals, data centres, industrial plants, etc. It can lead to dangerous situations for both personnel and equipment.
Moreover, it can cause unexpected interruptions, malfunctions and EMC problems that cost time and money. Hence, Residual Current Monitoring is critical for safety, high availability and productivity in industrial and purpose-built environments.
Inside environments like data centres where shielded cables are present, residual current may spread through cable shielding across different parts of the data centre if the racks are insufficiently earthed. This can lead to fires, unexplained IT systems failures, tripping and disconnecting of critical equipment.Decoupler Interaction With CP Systems - Mike Tachick
Decouplers are devices that allow AC current to pass through but block DC current up to a certain voltage threshold, typically 2-3 volts. They connect pipelines to ground and provide overvoltage protection while maintaining cathodic protection. During close interval surveys or other tests involving interrupted current, decouplers can cause errors in voltage readings as the capacitance in the system discharges. Realistic solutions include adjusting measurement timing, rectifier cycling periods, or temporarily disconnecting decouplers. Testing is important to understand how decouplers may impact different location, mapping and insulation testing devices.
Electrical & MEP Design - Study material.pdf
The document provides information on mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems for buildings. It discusses the roles of mechanical, electrical, and public health engineering in building design and construction. It also outlines some common challenges in MEP coordination and design, including limited building space, construction schedules, and lack of skilled workers. Additionally, it provides cost breakdowns for typical MEP systems, lists various electrical components and their specifications, and discusses standards and best practices for electrical design, installation, and testing.
Extra high voltage long ac transmission lines
From economical point of view designing of transmission line system is very important in the electricity supply system. Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines are best suited for transmission of bulk power.
Power supply
This document provides information on switched mode power supplies (SMPS) and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). It describes the basic components and functions of power supplies, including transformers, rectifiers, and filters. The document explains that SMPS are more efficient than linear supplies due to switching regulation. It provides block diagrams and discusses advantages like smaller size and higher efficiency. The document also defines UPS as providing backup power during outages. It describes different UPS types and components, including converters, batteries, and inverters. Applications of SMPS and UPS include computers, security systems, industrial equipment, and more.
Overhead & Underground Electric Safety Webinar Presented by Amprobe
Join presenter Marco Rossi from Amprobe to learn more about overhead and underground electric safety. This webinar will offer a comprehensive look at the current safety guidelines, discuss best practices, and teach you the basics of underground tracing techniques and equipment functionality.
electrical-wiring_WHY DO WE NEED ALL THIS COPPER
Wire size is measured in AWG (American Wire Gauge)
•
The AWG number identifies the size of the conductors the smaller the number the larger the diameter (AWG 0000 –0.46 in , AWG 18 –0.04 in)
•
NEC defines process for calculating wire size based on Current, Voltage and length of wire.
•
Changes in routing may require a change in the wire used to cabinets or field elements.
•
Most household wiring is usually 12 or 14 AWG
IEEE Blue Book
This document provides an overview of IEEE Standard 1015-1997, which recommends practices for applying low-voltage circuit breakers used in industrial and commercial power systems. It discusses classifications and types of circuit breakers, standards, ratings and testing procedures. The key types are molded case circuit breakers, insulated case circuit breakers, and low voltage power circuit breakers. It provides details on interrupting ratings, voltage ratings, temperature considerations, and other factors involved in properly applying circuit breakers.
Phase 4
The document discusses various aspects of data center facility infrastructure including electrical systems, cooling systems, power supply standards, and physical security. It describes the components of electrical and cooling infrastructure needed to power and regulate temperature and humidity in the data center. These include transformers, generators, circuit breakers, distribution boards, voltage regulators, UPS systems, CRAC units, and chillers. The document also covers power supply technology trends, converter topologies, and Uptime Institute tier standards for redundancy. Physical security considerations are outlined related to site location, natural disasters, and accidental or intentional threats.
Presentation on Dehar power house(DPH), slapper
The training was conducted at the Dehar Power House hydroelectric plant. The objectives of the training were to understand the basic principles of power line communication, excitation systems, protection schemes, transformers, and the switchyard. Key components of the hydroelectric plant discussed included the reservoir, penstocks, Francis turbines capable of 165MW each, generators, transformers, and the switchyard. The switchyard uses components like circuit breakers, current transformers, potential transformers, and isolators to transmit and distribute power from the generating station.
Lightning and Surge Protection Strategy for Instrumentation
When Sensors are deployed outdoor, they need to be protected from Lightning voltage Surges. These are basic simple devices used to protect expensive sensors as voltage surges can occur anytime. This increase longivity of sensors and instruments
Switchgear, protection and measurement
The document discusses various types of switchgear used in electrical power systems, including their purposes and basic operating principles. It describes isolators, main switches with fuses, molded case circuit breakers, oil or air circuit breakers, earth leakage circuit breakers, contactors, and changeovers. Protection devices like relays and circuit breakers are used to isolate power when faults occur. The summary provides an overview of the key switchgear components and their functions discussed in the document.
It 2013-14-176
This document discusses techniques for reducing power dissipation in CMOS circuits. There are three main sources of power dissipation: switching power, short-circuit power, and leakage power. Power can be minimized at the device level by improving device characteristics and geometries, at the circuit level through design styles that reduce voltage swings and optimize clocking strategies, and at the architectural level by managing power across system blocks through techniques like pipelining and parallel processing. Specific circuit-level techniques discussed include multi-threshold CMOS, clock gating, and adiabatic switching, each with their own advantages and drawbacks for reducing power.
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CHAPTER 2 Design of Building Electrical Systems (2).pptx.pptx
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Measurement of the different type of the resistance1
1. This document discusses different methods for measuring resistance, including using a multimeter, ohmmeter, and megohmmeter.
2. It describes measuring resistance by connecting the components in series and parallel circuits, and using a Wheatstone bridge to measure unknown resistances.
3. The Wheatstone bridge method balances a circuit by adjusting a variable resistance to determine the resistance of an unknown component. This provides an accurate way to measure very high or low resistances.
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This document discusses several fundamental laws of electricity, including:
1. Ohm's law, which states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it.
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Starting First
- 1. Substation/Enclosed Switchgear/PCC Fundamentals Niel Miele, PE, LEED AP PACS Industries
- 5. Voltage
- 6. Impulse
- 7. Voltage
- 10. Electrical System • Voltage – Steady State – Basic Impulse Level (BIL) • Current – Nominal – Short Circuit
- 12. Electrical Danger • Electrical Current is Very Powerful • Any Path to Ground Results in Electrical Current • Less Than 100mA Can Kill • Electrical Current Can Jump Between Conductors • Arc Fault
- 13. Arc Flash
- 14. Arc Flash
- 15. Arc Flash • Plasma Arc Can be Greater than 35,000 Degrees • Copper Expands and Vaporizes by a Factor of 67,000 • Arc Blast at 160dB • Flame, Metal, Smoke and Debris Expel at 600MPH
- 17. Arc Flash Boundaries @ 13.8kV 26 INCHES 7 INCHES 60 INCHES 15 FEET
- 18. System Model
- 20. Power Grid
- 21. Electrical Substation • Hub on the Power Grid • Voltage Converter • Distribution Point • Link
- 22. Substation Components • Transformer • Circuit Switches/Breakers • Command and Control System • Communication Network
- 23. Circuit Breaker
- 28. Circuit Breaker-Extra High Voltage
- 29. Command/Control Systems • Breaker Control • System Monitoring • Circuit Protection/Logic • Feedback • Metering
- 30. Breaker Control
- 31. Control Switches
- 34. Overcurrent Trip
- 41. Communication
- 42. Communication Network • Multiple Communication Loops • Internal/External – Status – Health – Data Collection • Copper and Fiber Optic Connection
- 44. SCADA • Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition • Series of Inputs and Outputs • Digital • Analog • Master CPU or PLC • Communicates To/From Master Processor
- 45. SCADA
- 46. Substation Design Criteria • IEEE/ANSI Standards/Guidelines – Equipment and Conductor Clearances • Transmission 69kV – 765kV • Distribution 5kV – 35kV • Overhead Bus and Lines • Large Sites with Civil Issues – Drainage – Grounding – Steel Foundations
- 49. Switchgear Design Criteria • IEEE/ANSI Standards/Guidelines – Internal Bus Needs Phase to Phase/Ground Clearance • Medium Voltage 5kV – 38kV • High Current 1000A – 5000A • Self Contained in One or More Lines of Cubicles • Indoor or Outdoor • Confined Space for Operation • Metalclad • Arc Resistant
- 50. Switchgear
- 51. Switchgear
- 52. Switchgear
- 53. Switchgear
- 54. Switchgear
- 55. Design Considerations • Space Allocation – Sufficient Arc Flash Boundary – Work Clearance per NEC • Controllability • Accessibility • Maintainability • Personnel/Arc Flash Protection
- 56. Warning Signs
- 57. Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)
- 58. Special Tools
- 59. Special Tools
- 73. Manufacturing
- 74. Manufacturing
- 75. Special Tools
- 76. PPE
- 77. Switchgear
- 78. Substations
- 80. Components
- 81. Arc Flash
- 82. Voltage/Current • System Voltage • BIL • Nominal Current • Short Circuit Current
- 83. Golf Time