Fundamental laws 1

mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa
er:sIusþg;GKÁisnI ³
er:sIusþg;GKÁisnI
KWCaFatumYyEdlmanlT§PaBRbqaMgTl;eTAnwgGaMgt
g;sIuetcrnþ enAkñúgesoKVIGKÁisnI
ehIymanxñatrgVas;Ca GUm (Ω) nigmannimµitsBaØa
tageday R.
er:sIusþg;GKÁisnI
KWmanlT§PaBeFVIeGayGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ
kñúgesoKVIGKÁisnI
ERbRbYleTAtamtMélrbs;er:sIusþg;enaH.
dUecñHer:sIusþg;EtgEt
RbqaMgCanic©eTAnwgdMeNIrkarrbs;crnþ eTaHbItic
b¤eRcIneTAtamlT§PaBrbs;va .
1- c,ab;GUm ³
c,ab;GUm)anEcgfa ³ TMnak;TMngrvagcrnþ tg;süúg
nig er:sIusþg;
/mnt/temp/unoconv/20150509071323/fundamentallaws1-150509071323-lva1-app6892.doc 25
mUldæanRKw
HGKÁisnI
(Fundamental Laws)
mUldæanRKw
HGKÁisnI
(Fundamental Laws)

KWGaMgtg;sIuetRsUbedayeRKOgTTYlmYyERbRbYleT
Atam³
- tg;süúgenAelIeKalrbs;va
- er:sIusþg;rbs;eRKOgTTYl
-
ebIsinCaeyIgbegáIntg;süúgenAelIeKaleRKOgTTY
l cMnYn 2 dg
edayTukeGaytMéler:sIusþg;enAdEdl eBlenaH
GaMgtg;sIuet crnþekIneLIg 2 dgEdr KWfa
GaMgtg;sIuetsmamaRteTAnwgtg;süúg .
V
+
-
R
A

- pÞúymkvijebIeyIgbnßytMéler:sIusþg;Bak;kNþal
ehIyTukeGaytg;süúgenAefr
eBlenaHeyIgsegáteXIjfa GaMg tg;sIuetekIneLIg 2
dg mann½yfa GaMgtg;sIuet crnþRcas;
smamaRteTAnwger:sIusþg; .
kñúgkrNITaMg 2 xagelI eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa ³
TMnak;TMngTaMgGs;enH KWCac,ab; GUm
R
U
I =
GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ smamaRt
U
RI

2- er:sIusþg;énExScMlg³
RKb;ExScMlgTaMgGs;EdlykmkeRbIR)as;kñúgvis½yG
KÁisnI suT§EtmantMél er:sIusþg;kñúgrbs;va
EttMélenaHtUc rW FM KWGaRs½y eTAnwgRbEvgExS
nigRbePTénExScMlgenaH
EdlkñúgenHeyIgsMedAeTAelIPaBcMlgrbs;va
¬er:sIusÞIvIet¦ EdlGaRs½yeday RbePTénExScMlgenaH
EdleKykmkplitCaExScMlg .
elah³FatuEdlcMlgGKÁisnI)anl¥
KWelah³EdlmaneGLicRtugesrIeRcIn EdlkñúgenaHman ³
Tg;Edg Cu ,R)ak; Ag , nig GaluymIj:Úm Al ,
ehIyPaBcMlgrbs;vamantMélxus²Kña .
Cuρ = 1.6 × 10-8
mΩ
Alρ = 2.6 × 10-8
mΩ
CaTUeTAelah³PaKeRcIn KWcMlgcrnþGKÁisnI)anl¥ .
Tg;Edg Caelah³EdlcMlgGKÁisnI)anl¥CageK
ehIyRtUv)aneKykmk
eRbIR)as;eFVICaExScMlgeRcInCageKEdr
ehIybnÞab;mkKW GaluymIj:Úm .

ExScMlgEdll¥ KWExScMlgEdlmaner:sIusþg;tUc
Edler:sIusþg;enaHsmamaRteTAnwgrUbmnþ ³
R =
S
L
.ρ
Edl R : tMéler:sIusþg;kñúgrbs;ExScMlg
manxñatKitCa GUm (Ω)
L : RbEvgrbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCaEm:Rt m
S : muxkat;rbs;ExScMlg
manxñatKitCaEm:Rtkaer: (m2
)
ρ
³ er:sIusÞIvIetrbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCa
GUmEm:Rt (Ωm)
dUecñHtMéler:sIusþg;ExS
KWGaRs½yedayRbEvgExS muxkat;ExS nigRbePTelah³
EdleKykmkeFVICaExScMlg .

a). er:sIusþg;rbs;ExScMlgsmamaRteTAnwgRbEvg
vas;er:sIusþg;énExScMlgBIrRbePTdUcKña
muxkat;b:unKña b:uEnþRbEvgxusKña .
R2 L2
eK)an =
R1 L1
b).
er:sIusþg;énExScMlgRcas;smamaRteTAnigmuxkat;rbs;v
a
--
L1
V
R1
A
+
R
L2
V
R2
A
+
R
- -
V
S2
A
+
R
V
S1
+
R
A

vas;er:sIusþg;ExScMlgBIrEdlmanRbePTdUcKña
RbEvgesµIKña b:uEnþmanmuxkat;xusKña . eK)an
R1 S2
=
R2 S1

c). er:sIusþg;GaRs½ynigRbePTrbs;ExScMlg
ktþaEdlTak;TgeTAnigRbePTExScMlg
RtUv)aneKehAfa er:sIusÞIvIet (ρ). er:sIusÞIvIet
KWCaer:sIusþg;enA 0o
C rbs;RbEvgExS nig rbs;
xañtmuxkat; .
srubesckþImker:sIusþg;rbs;ExScMlg ³
- GaRs½yeTAniger:sIusÞIvIet ρ
- smamaRteTAnigRbEvgrbs;va
- Rcas;smamaRteTAnigmuxkat;rbs;va
R = ρ S
L
R KitCa Ω
ρ KitCa Ωm
S KitCa m2
A
R
R1
V
+
_
A
R2
V
+
_
R

vas;er:suIsþg;énExScMlgBIrmuxkat;dUcKña
RbEvgdUcKña b:uEnþRbePTExSxusKña .
eK)an R1 ≠ R2
eRBaH ρ1 ≠ ρ 2

3- er:sIusþg;ERbRbYleTAtamsItuNðPaB ³
emKuNsItuNðPaB nwgbBa
¢ak;nUvkarpøas;bþÚrtMéler:sIusþg;
enAeBlsItuNðPaBERbRbYl . α
>0
mann½yfaer:sIusþg;ekIneLIg ehIyebI α
<0 mann½yfa
er:sIusþg;fycuH EtebI α
=0 mann½yfa
er:sIusþg;mantMélefr KWminERbRbYleTAtamsItuNðPaB
. tMélbMEr bMrYler:sIusþg;eTAtamsItuNðPaB
mankñúgtaragxageRkam ³
karERbRbYltMéler:sIusþg;edaysarsItuNðPaB
eKeFVIkarKNnatamsmIkar³
er:sIusÞIvIetnigemKuNsItuNðPaBénGgÁ
FatucMlg
RbePTénelah
³
ρ enA 0o
KitCa
Ωm
α
R)ak;
1.5.10-8
0.0039
Tg;Edg
1.6.10-8
0.0039
mas
2.2.10-8
0.00377
GaluymIjÚm
2.6.10-8
0.004

s½gásI
5.7.10-8
0.004
sMelah³
s<an;÷
s½gásI
6.3.10-8
0.001
tg;Esþn
7.10-8
0.0039
Edk
10.10-8
0.0055
)aøTIn
11.10-8
0.00367
nIEkl
12.3.10-8
0.006
s<an;
18.10-8
0.005
sMN
20.10-8
0.0042
m:g;kaEns
42.10-8
0.00002
kugsþg;tg;
49.10-8
0
EhVr:UnIEkl
80.10-8
0.0009
)ar:t
94.10-8
0.009
kae)an
5000.10-8
-0.0004
or
Edl Rt : tMélersIusþg;eBlsItuNðPaBx<s; [Ω]
Ro : tMélersIusþg;eBlsItuNðPaB 20
0
C [Ω]
α
: emKuNsItuNðPaB [Ω / 0
C]
∆t : bMErbMrYlsItuNðPaB b¤ kMeNInsItuNðPaB
Rt = Ro + Ro (α ∆t) Rt = Ro [1 + (α ∆t)]

4- bgÁMúer:suIsþg; ³
- er:sIusþg;CaesrI
- er:suIsþg;smmUl ³
RsmmUl = R1 + R2 + R3
- GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;
er:sIusþg;nImYy²mantMélesµIKña
esµIeTAnwgGaMgtg;sIuet srubkñúgesoKVI
eyIgGacKNnatamc,ab;GUm³
I1= U1 / R1
I2= U2 /R2
I3= U3 /R3
I1 = I2 = I3 = I = UsmmUl /RsmmUl
- tg;süúgenAelIeKaler:sIusþg;mantMélxusKña
cMENkÉtg;süúgRbPBmantMélesµIplbUktg;s
üúgelIeKal er:sIusþg;nImYy²
A
V
R1
R2
R3
+
-

URbPB = U1 + U2 + U3
tamc,ab; GUm³
U1 = R1 . I1
U2 = R2 .I2
U3 = R3 .I3
eyIgRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
R smmUl = R1 + R2 + R3 = U RbPB /I
U1 + U2 + U3 R1 x I + R2 x I + R3 x I (R1 + R2 + R3) I
R smmUl= = =
I I I
U RbPB
R smmUl = R1 + R2 + R3 =
I

- er:sIusþg;tCaExñg ³
1 1 1 1
= + +
RsmmUl R1 R2 R3
+ GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;er:sIusþg;nImYy²
mantMélxus²Kña GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþsrubkñúgesoKVI
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = U/R smmUl
+ tg;süúgelIeKalén er:sIusþg;nImYy²
nImYy²mantMélesµIKña ehIyesµInigtg;süúgRbPB
URbPB = U1 = U2= U3
= R1I1 = R1I2 = R3I3
eyIgnwgbBa¢ak;fa³
1 I smmUl 1 1 1
= = + +
R smmUl U R1 R2 R3
A
V R1
R2
R3
+
-
V3
V2
V1

eRBaH
U U U 1 1 1
+ + U ( + + )
I I1+I2+I3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
= = =
U U U U

- RbsinebIkartCaExñgman
- n er:sIusþg;dUcKña
n
R
n
RnRRR
R
Re
1
...........
3
1
2
1
1
1
Re
1
=⇒
=++++=
-maner:sIusþg;Et 2 Kt; ehIymantMélxusKña
RR
RR
Re
21
21
21
11
Re
1
+
×
=⇒
+=
RR
kMnt;sMKal;³
er:sIusþg;smmUlrbs;eRKOgTTYlEdltCaExñg
Canic©CakalmantMéltUcCager:sIusþg;EdltUcCageKenA
kñúgExñg
er:sIusþg;tcMruH
R1
R2
R3
R4
-+

edIm,IKNnaer:sIusþg;smmUlkñúgkartMelIgrUbxagelI
eKRtUvbMEbk ehIyeFVIkarpÁMút²Kña dUcxageRkam ³

1- er:sIusþg; R1 nig R2 tCaesrI
Re1-2 = R1 + R2
2- er:sIusþg; Re1-2 nig R3 tCaExñg
32.1
32.1
3.2.1
RR
RR
R
e
e
e
+
×
=
+
3- er:sIusþg; Re1-2.3 nig R4 tCaesrI
er:sIusþg;smmUl Re = Re 1.2.3 + R4
R4 Re 1.2.3
+ -
Re
+ -
R3
-+
R4
Re1-2

5- dg;suIet éncrnþ kñúgExScMlg ³
eKeFVIBiesaFn_
ExScMlgEdlmanmuxkat;tUcekþA
CagExScMlgEdlmanmuxkat;FM .
A
+
-
Freeo . nickel
R
Ferro-Nickel

ExScMlgTaMgBIrRtUv )
anqøgkat;edaycrnþdUcKña .
b:uEnþExStUcGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ
qøgkat;kñúgmYyxñatépÞFM
CagExSmuxkat;FM .
pleFob S
I
RtUv)anehAfa dg;sIuetcrnþ ( J )
S
I
J =
dg;sIuetcrnþ
EdlGacRTRTg;ExScMlgedayKµankMedAxøa
MgRtUv )aneKehAfa dg;sIuet
GnuBaØatiFMbMput .
dg;sIuet GnuBaØat
FMbMputenHGaRs½yeTAelIFmµCatirbs;Ex
ScMlg nig l½kçx½NÐ énkarcuHRtCak;rbs;
ExScMlgnImYy² .
sMKal;
-dg;sIuetcrnþrbs;ExSTg;Edg
[ A ]
[ mm2
]
[ A/mm2
]

Jcu=(3, 4)A/mm2
- dg;sIuetcrnþrbs;ExSGaluymIjÚm
JAL=(2, 3)A/mm2
l½kçx½NÐénkarcuHRtCak;
l½kçx½NÐénkarcuHRtCak;
rbs;ExScMlgGaRs½yelI ³
- kartMelIgExS ³ kñúgxül; ¬ lMh ¦ / kñúgbMBg; /
kñúgcg¥Úr
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>.
- TMrg;énExScMlg ³ muxkat;Cakaer: /
CactuekaN / CaExSrgVg;
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.
- muxkat;énExScMlg ³
L L
S2
2d
d
S1

muxkat; 4
2
1
d
S
π
= 2
2
2
4
)2(
d
d
S π
π
==
épÞénkarcuHRtCak;
dlS π='
1
/
dlldS ππ 2)2('
2 ==
kalNaGgÁt;p©itExScMlgFMCagBIrdgenaH
muxkat;rbs;vaekIneLIg 4 dg . dUecñHRkLaépÞxag ¬
épÞénkar
cuHRtCak; ¦ ekIneLIg 2 dg Edr .
dg;sIueténcrnþGnuBaØat
mantMéltUcbMputcMeBaHExScMlgEdlmanmuxkat;FM .

6- GanuPaBGKÁisnI ³
GanuPaBGKÁisnI GacKNnatam brimaNGKÁisnI
nig tg;süúg .
W = Q.U
W : CafamBlGKÁisnI KitCa ( J )
U : tg;süúgelIeKaleRKÓgTTYl KitCa ( V ) v:ul
Q : brimaNbnÞúkGKÁisnI KitCa KULM ( C )
t
Q
Ux
t
QU
t
W
P ===
.
b:uEnþ t
Q
I =
KWCaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ
dUecñH P = U.I P:
GanuPaBGKÁisnI KitCava:t; (W)
U: tg;süúg KitCav:ul (V)
Q
U

I : GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ
KitCaGMEB (A)
GanuPaBGKÁisnI GacRtUvvas;eday ³
- v:ulEm:Rt nig GMEBrEm:Rt lT§pl P = U . I
- lT§plGanuPaBEdlcg¥úledayva:t;Em:RtesµI nwg
U . I
etImanFatuGKÁisnIGVIxøHenAkñúgva:t;Em:Rt
?
bUb‘Íntg;süúgtCa
ExñgdUcvulEm:R
bUb‘ÍnGaMgtg;sIuet
tCaesrIdUcGMEBE
V U
I P
_
+
R
WA

GanuPaBEdlRsUbedayeRKOgTTYlGacKNnata
mGnuKmn_
- er:sIusþg;rbs;eRKÓgTTYl nig crnþqøgkat;va
P = U . I
= RI . I = R.I2
P - W
U - V
Ω−R
7- famBlGKÁisnI ³
kñúgRbB½n§ MKSA famBlRtUv)aneKKitCah‘SÚl
( J )
W -J
P -W
t -s
b:uEnþxñatenHmaneRbItickñúgrgVas;famBlGKÁisnI
P = R.I2
W = P . t

BYkGñkbec©keTsGKÁisnI)aneRbIR)as;xñatmYyepSgeT
ot
KWva:t;em:ag ( Wh )
va:t;em:agKWbgðaj
famBlEdlsIuedayeRKOgTTYlkñúgGanuPaB 1W
dMeNIrkarkñúry³eBl 1h .
ed
eday
famBlGKÁisnIvas;tamrebobNa ?
W = P . t
W - Wh
P - W
t - h
W = P . t
J W s
W = P . t
Wh W h
1Wh = 3600J
1h = 3600s

eKGacvas;famBlGKÁisnI)anedaymanCMnYyBIv
a:t;Em:Rt nig RkUNUEm:Rt .
W = P . t
karGnuvtþn_viFIenH
eKmineRbIR)as;eTenAkñúgpÞHGtifiCn .
eKvas;famBlGKiÁsnIedayeRbIva:t;ema:gEm:Rt
rWeKehAfanaLikasÞg; ¬Compter¦ .
famBlGKÁisnIesµI ³
W = P.t
W = UI.t
naLikasÞg;GKÁisnI GaRs½yeTAelI ³
- tg;süúg U
- GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ I
t – [s]
_
+
R
W

- ry³eBldMeNIrkarN_ t
bgÁMúrbs;va:t;ema:gEm:Rt ¬naLikarsÞg;¦
bUb‘Í
ntg;s
üúg
bUb‘ÍnG
aMgtg;s
uIet

- el,ÓnrgVilrbs;fassmamaRt
eTAnwgGanuPaBEdlsIuedayeRKÓgTTYl
- eTaHCael,ÓnrgVilya:gNak_eday
k_enAEtsmamaRteTAnwgGanuPaBEdlsIuedayeRK
ÓgTTYlEdr .
famBlEdlGaRs½yeTAnwgmYyCMurbs;fasKWRtUv)
aneKehAfa emKuNefrénnaLikasÞg;¬C¦
famBlsrub W = C.n
Minuterie
RtUv)anKNnapÞal;edayfamBlsrubEdlsIuedayeRKÓ
gTTYl .
kart naLikasÞg;m:UNUhVa ¬1Ph¦
W- KitCa wh
C- KitCawh/r.pm

edIm,IeCosvagkarlYcbnøM
eKminRtUvRtLb;dMNrExScMlgTaMgBIr¬hVanigNW
t¦ BIbNþajeLIy .
edaykareRbInaLikasÞg;etIeKGackMNt;GanuPaBEdl
sIuedayeRKÓgTTYl)anya:gdUcemþc ?
edIm,IkMNt;GanuPaBeRKÓgTTYl
eKRtUvrab;cMnYnCMurbs;fas;naLikasÞg;
¬n¦kñúgry³eBl¬t¦ Edl bgðajedayRkUNUEm:Rt .
bN
aþj
Ph
N bnÞúk
eRbIR
)as;

P = 3600
.
t
nC
t
W
=
P =
t
nC 3600.. ×
C KitCa Wh/r.pm
n
cMnYnCMu
énfas;rgVil

Fundamental laws 1

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Fundamental laws 1