A substation is a location that interconnects transmission lines, permits switching of system equipment, and directs the flow of power while detecting and isolating any faulted system components. It is essential for the reliable operation of the electric system. A substation must be properly planned and designed to achieve reliability and flexibility while satisfying electric system requirements and minimizing costs. This requires analyzing the existing electric system to determine substation needs, considering various design factors, and conducting system studies.
IRJET- Embedded System based Multi-Source Leakage Current Protection for Low ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the development of a microcontroller-based residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) that can detect faults even when the main power supply fails and a backup inverter is providing power.
2. Conventional RCCBs only protect against faults in the main power supply and not the backup inverter. This leaves users at risk of electric shock if a fault occurs when the inverter is operating.
3. The proposed microcontroller-based RCCB aims to address this issue by detecting faults under any power conditions, whether the main supply or backup inverter is providing power, in order to protect users.
Evaluating the Arc-Flash Protection Benefits of IEC 61850 CommunicationSchneider Electric
The goal of arc-flash protection is to minimize the damaging effects of released energy, which requires very fast and reliable communication among protection system components. In addition to discussing communication requirements and options for sensors, current transformers, relays, circuit breakers, and upper level control systems, this paper introduces and evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of new IEC 61850-based communication options.
Your electrical safety specilist for all equipments Powered AC and DCMahesh Chandra Manav
We all are aware that we are applying lots of Artficial Sources to make our Life Comforts .
For This we are installing Many Electrical Equipments Power AC & DC and Electric Vehicles Inside our Building and out Side and in this process many of metal Part is entering into our Building.
To ensure better perform and Human Safety Earthing of Equipment and Conductive stucture is very important Value from 1 Ohms up to 0.25 Ohms.
Our National Building Code 2016 is alreday given Guide Line and Supporting by MBBL2019
(Manual Building By LAW).
Internal Switch and External Lightning will very Danger for our Equipments and Human Lives May Cause Assest Damage up to Sacrifice Human Live due to Fire and Electric Change.
We have to Design and protect our Building or Permises form External Lightning by Nature use NBC IS/IEC 62305.
When Lightning Fall any Condutive Like Pole ,Transmission Line and React with Ground may be Shift 100kA Fault Current into our Building use Surge Protection Device to product from any ind of Direct and Indirect Threat.
JMV LPS Ltd belive Make in India Noida Base Company Manufacturer Design ,Engineering ,Supply and Installation.
Maintenance Free Earthing ,Copper Clad Steet Sof Conductore, Exothermic Weld, External Lightning Protection and per IS/IEC62305, Surge Protection Devive as per IS/IEC 62035.
1. Dynamic Elecpower Private Limited is a well-established company in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India that manufactures and supplies electrical panels and components.
2. The company has a 2000 square meter facility for panel manufacturing with in-house fabrication, powder coating, and chemical pre-treatment.
3. Dynamic Elecpower offers customized control relay panels, motor control centers, variable frequency drives, soft starter panels and other products for industrial applications.
1) The document discusses EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) design considerations for microcontrollers. It briefly describes common EMC issues and phenomena like ESD, EMI, and noise immunity.
2) EMC compliance cannot be guaranteed by design alone and must be tested, as there are no set rules and the environment can affect a design in different ways. Proper EMC design requires in-depth knowledge beyond what a short document can provide.
3) Regulations increasingly require electronic devices to meet standards for both electromagnetic emissions and immunity to ensure they do not interfere with other equipment or are affected by their environment. Proper EMC design is important for any product intended for the global market.
The IER ES is an electromagnetic control system that attaches to electrical panels and optimizes inductive motors to reduce non-productive current and provide significant energy savings of 10-30%. It stores and recycles reactive power from motors to operate them more efficiently, lowering electrical bills and costs while extending equipment life and reducing environmental impact. Installation is quick by a qualified electrician and savings are seen immediately with payback periods under 2 years for most applications.
A Consideration of Medium Voltage Substation Primary ApplicationsSchneider Electric
This document discusses considerations for choosing between medium voltage fused switches and circuit breakers in substation primary applications. It notes that fused switches have a lower capital cost and footprint but less customizable protection and higher arc flash energy, while circuit breakers have a higher capital cost but allow for more advanced protection schemes, automation, higher amperage handling, and better coordination. Specific applications like virtual mains, primary loop systems, and secondary selective systems are reviewed in terms of which primary device is better suited.
IRJET- Embedded System based Multi-Source Leakage Current Protection for Low ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the development of a microcontroller-based residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) that can detect faults even when the main power supply fails and a backup inverter is providing power.
2. Conventional RCCBs only protect against faults in the main power supply and not the backup inverter. This leaves users at risk of electric shock if a fault occurs when the inverter is operating.
3. The proposed microcontroller-based RCCB aims to address this issue by detecting faults under any power conditions, whether the main supply or backup inverter is providing power, in order to protect users.
Evaluating the Arc-Flash Protection Benefits of IEC 61850 CommunicationSchneider Electric
The goal of arc-flash protection is to minimize the damaging effects of released energy, which requires very fast and reliable communication among protection system components. In addition to discussing communication requirements and options for sensors, current transformers, relays, circuit breakers, and upper level control systems, this paper introduces and evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of new IEC 61850-based communication options.
Your electrical safety specilist for all equipments Powered AC and DCMahesh Chandra Manav
We all are aware that we are applying lots of Artficial Sources to make our Life Comforts .
For This we are installing Many Electrical Equipments Power AC & DC and Electric Vehicles Inside our Building and out Side and in this process many of metal Part is entering into our Building.
To ensure better perform and Human Safety Earthing of Equipment and Conductive stucture is very important Value from 1 Ohms up to 0.25 Ohms.
Our National Building Code 2016 is alreday given Guide Line and Supporting by MBBL2019
(Manual Building By LAW).
Internal Switch and External Lightning will very Danger for our Equipments and Human Lives May Cause Assest Damage up to Sacrifice Human Live due to Fire and Electric Change.
We have to Design and protect our Building or Permises form External Lightning by Nature use NBC IS/IEC 62305.
When Lightning Fall any Condutive Like Pole ,Transmission Line and React with Ground may be Shift 100kA Fault Current into our Building use Surge Protection Device to product from any ind of Direct and Indirect Threat.
JMV LPS Ltd belive Make in India Noida Base Company Manufacturer Design ,Engineering ,Supply and Installation.
Maintenance Free Earthing ,Copper Clad Steet Sof Conductore, Exothermic Weld, External Lightning Protection and per IS/IEC62305, Surge Protection Devive as per IS/IEC 62035.
1. Dynamic Elecpower Private Limited is a well-established company in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India that manufactures and supplies electrical panels and components.
2. The company has a 2000 square meter facility for panel manufacturing with in-house fabrication, powder coating, and chemical pre-treatment.
3. Dynamic Elecpower offers customized control relay panels, motor control centers, variable frequency drives, soft starter panels and other products for industrial applications.
1) The document discusses EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) design considerations for microcontrollers. It briefly describes common EMC issues and phenomena like ESD, EMI, and noise immunity.
2) EMC compliance cannot be guaranteed by design alone and must be tested, as there are no set rules and the environment can affect a design in different ways. Proper EMC design requires in-depth knowledge beyond what a short document can provide.
3) Regulations increasingly require electronic devices to meet standards for both electromagnetic emissions and immunity to ensure they do not interfere with other equipment or are affected by their environment. Proper EMC design is important for any product intended for the global market.
The IER ES is an electromagnetic control system that attaches to electrical panels and optimizes inductive motors to reduce non-productive current and provide significant energy savings of 10-30%. It stores and recycles reactive power from motors to operate them more efficiently, lowering electrical bills and costs while extending equipment life and reducing environmental impact. Installation is quick by a qualified electrician and savings are seen immediately with payback periods under 2 years for most applications.
A Consideration of Medium Voltage Substation Primary ApplicationsSchneider Electric
This document discusses considerations for choosing between medium voltage fused switches and circuit breakers in substation primary applications. It notes that fused switches have a lower capital cost and footprint but less customizable protection and higher arc flash energy, while circuit breakers have a higher capital cost but allow for more advanced protection schemes, automation, higher amperage handling, and better coordination. Specific applications like virtual mains, primary loop systems, and secondary selective systems are reviewed in terms of which primary device is better suited.
Defense In Depth Of Electrical Systems Preliminary Findings And Recommendat...John Bickel
This document summarizes preliminary findings and recommendations from the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's DIDELSYS working group regarding defense in depth of nuclear power plant electrical systems. The working group was formed in 2008 to evaluate how electrical systems cope with plant and grid transients. Key recommendations include improving robustness of electrical systems to withstand a wider range of voltage surges, enhancing procedures for dealing with degraded electrical systems, and improving capabilities for both coping at the plant level and recovering offsite grid support following electrical problems.
2019 Local I/O ESD protection for 28Gbps to 112Gbps SerDes interfaces in adva...Sofics
2019 Taiwan ESD and reliability conference
Semiconductor companies are developing ever faster wireless, wired and optical interfaces to satisfy the need for higher data throughputs. They rely on BiCMOS, advanced CMOS and FinFET nodes with ESD-sensitive circuits. However, the parasitic capacitance of the traditional ESD solutions limits the signal frequency. This paper demonstrates small area and low-cap Analog I/Os used in TSMC 28nm CMOS and TSMC 16nm, 12nm, 7nm FinFET technologies for high speed SerDes (28Gbps to 112Gbps) circuits. Parasitic capacitance of the ESD solutions is reduced below 100fF and for some silicon photonics applications even below 20fF.
Water Damaged Electrical Equipment Guide LinesDavid Batts
This document provides guidelines for handling electrical equipment exposed to water damage. It advises that electrical equipment exposed to water can be dangerous if reenergized without proper reconditioning or replacement due to potential damage to insulation and components. It provides recommendations for different types of electrical equipment, noting that some components like circuit breakers and electronic equipment must be replaced while other items like switches and busway may possibly be reconditioned after consultation with the manufacturer. Overall, the document stresses the importance of contacting the original equipment manufacturer for specific guidance on evaluating and addressing water damage.
Comparision Lightning Protection Systems s per IEC 62305-3 and NFC 17-102(2011)/UNE21-1186 India NBC2016 / Project Building and Infra Projects /MEP ,Architect ,Electrical Consultants
JMV LPS LTD provides electrical equipment installation and safety products for solar power projects. They manufacture, design, supply and install products such as earthing systems, lightning protection systems, and surge protection devices. JMV aims to optimize solar project costs without compromising technical and safety standards through their in-house design experience, strong documentation, and on-site support for installation, operation and maintenance. Their team of professionals provides consultation on best practices for electrical safety and product installation.
Follow India national building code(NBC2016) for electrical installation and ...Mahesh Chandra Manav
We are all aware now days getting new Regarding Fire Accident and Claiming Due to short circuit and Died and Causality one or two Days Serious Comment by Political Party later forget .
if we are all keep our irresponsible and some people personal interest pass un authorized Construction by Electrical Inspector and Fire and Safety Personal Later People Build Unauthorized Changes .
all this is not Secret known by respected agencies they only interest to Satisfy their personal need by culprit.
If we as citizen not allow and follow strictly NBC2016 for Electrical Installation.
JMV LPS LTD will support all Industries , Consultants and End User require Earthing for Equipment's Follow IS3043(2018), Grid Earthing IEEE80 , NBC2016 Lightning Protection , Exothermic Weld , Copper Clad Steel Conductors and Surge Protection for Power Data and Communication .
We have CDEGS Software , for Design Earthing , IEC62305 for Lightning and LAB for Testing 200kA 10/350 ,50kA 8/20 Surge High Voltage 550KV accerlate with NABL and according to IEC
Plz Call for Design , Presentation Mahesh Chandra Manav M-9910398999 manav@jmv.co.in
The document provides information on smart hospital projects being undertaken in India. It discusses plans to build multi-specialty hospitals in major cities with modern infrastructure like power grids, building management systems, networking, data management, and patient information systems. It emphasizes the importance of electrical safety in hospitals through practices like maintenance-free earthing, exothermic welding, surge protection, and lightning protection. The presentation promotes JMV LPS Ltd.'s electrical safety products and solutions for smart hospitals and cities like copper-bonded grounding rods, jointing kits, lightning arrestors, and surge protection devices.
The document provides an overview of arc flash hazards, including causes of electric arcs such as dust, corrosion, condensation, accidental contact, dropping tools, and failure of insulating materials. It describes the intense heat, pressure waves, and temperatures over 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit produced by electric arcs. Recent standards like NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584 provide guidelines for determining flash protection boundaries, hazard categories, and selecting personal protective equipment to mitigate arc flash exposure. The document is a practical guide for implementing an arc flash safety program in compliance with relevant codes and standards.
Inspection, Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Switchboards, Circuit Bre...Living Online
THE WORKSHOP:
Whether you are designing, specifying, installing, testing or commissioning electrical equipment from small to large commercial and industrial installations, you need to have a thorough understanding of switchboards, switchgear, circuit breakers and associated protective relays.
The overall focus of this workshop is on electrical inspection, testing and commissioning and will commence with a detailed examination of switchgear (and circuit breakers). Circuit breakers are critical components in electrical distribution systems and their operation significantly affects the overall operation of the system. Protection relays are then discussed. These are used in power systems to maximise continuity of supply and are found in both small and large power systems from generation, through transmission, distribution and utilisation of power in plant, industrial and commercial equipment.
We cover commissioning and periodic inspection of cables and their various failure modes and how to detect these faults. The often neglected topic of switchboards will be detailed next, followed by the interesting topic of interfacing to the control system (either PLC’s or other control devices).
Case studies and practical sessions are used throughout to illustrate key practical principles.
This workshop covers key elements in a practical and project focused way. Many people assume (wrongly) that inspecting, testing and commissioning is a fairly straightforward process and is simply a rubber stamp confirmation of a so-called outstanding design. Our experience in the field demonstrates quite the opposite; where the litany of problems ranges from design and installation errors to equipment manufacturing defects. It is best that these problems are identified and corrected before the inevitable downtime comes in an operational installation where many thousands of dollars are lost in correcting the faults. The situation today is made more challenging by the heightened safety requirements and interfacing to low powered electronic control and monitoring devices (such as PLC’s) using software that has to also be verified.
Power Adapter Design for 400 V DC Power Distribution in Electronic SystemsVicor Corporation
This white paper describes the design of power adaptors for systems that distribute power using 400 V DC. The paper particularly considers telecom and data center equipment.
Fault analysis in power system using power systems computer aided designIJAAS Team
This work presents a fault analysis simulation model of an IEEE 30 bus system in a distribution network. This work annalysed the effect of fault current and fault voltage in a distribution system. A circuit breaker was introduced into the system to neutralize the effect of the fault. The system was run on a PSCAD software and results were obtained. The system was monitored based on the start time and the end time of the fault and how well the circuit breaker reacts with those times. Fault occurred from 0.100 to 0.300 seconds before it was removed. At the time fault was not applied (i.e. from 0.00 to 0.100 and from 0.300 to 0.72), the circuit breaker was close and became open when fault was applied so as to cut off current flow through the line.The result obtained gave the disruption caused by the fault and the quick response of the circuit breaker in neutralizing it. Results gotten are based on when the circuit breaker is close and no fault is applied and when the circuit breaker is open due to fault. From this work, it was obtained that circuit breakers are very essential in system protection and reliability.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on smart process plant automation and electrical safety products. Some key points:
- It discusses automation of process plants that handle materials, products, water, air and packaging. Electrical controls, communication and monitoring networks are important.
- Electrical safety topics covered include earthing systems, lightning protection using early streamer emission technology, surge protection, and compliance with Indian and international standards.
- The presentation promotes the use of maintenance-free earthing using copper-bonded rods and exothermic welding to reduce joints. It also discusses lightning protection systems and surge protection devices.
This document provides a guide to installing photovoltaic (PV) systems in buildings. It covers design, safety, standards and regulations. The guide outlines key considerations for the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) systems, including components, wiring, earthing, lightning protection, and approval processes. It provides schematics of example domestic and commercial PV systems and defines common terms used in PV installations.
Factors to Consider When Perfroming Maint - IEEE TransactionsJim White
This document discusses factors to consider when determining maintenance intervals for overcurrent protective devices and switchgear. It reviews two industry standards, NFPA 70B and ANSI/NETA MTS-2011, which provide guidance on maintenance frequency. However, the document argues that 11 additional factors should be taken into account to accurately assess maintenance needs, such as equipment criticality, condition, operating environment, and manufacturer recommendations. Determining maintenance intervals requires understanding how important the equipment is to operations and safety, its role in the system, and historical maintenance and performance data.
EE-55 Power Cables Testing & Fault LocationRina Florentes
Dr. Adel Al-Faraskoury will teach a course on power cable testing and fault location from December 27-31, 2015 in Dubai, UAE. The course will cover topics such as partial discharge techniques, very low frequency testing, cable fault location methods, and cable failures and their analysis. It is aimed at engineers and technicians from electrical utilities and will help participants better understand cable testing and maintenance. Registration must be completed and paid for 25 days prior to the course date to receive an early bird discount.
EnerNOC pays manufacturing facilities to voluntarily reduce electricity usage during grid emergencies. This demand response program provides facilities with advance notice of potential blackouts so they can safely power down equipment or switch to backup generators to maintain operations. Facilities are compensated for agreeing to reduce electricity loads when needed to stabilize the grid, helping prevent blackouts while also saving on energy costs and testing backup systems.
Adam Downey is an Application Engineer at Nolan Power Group specializing in designing DC and AC UPS systems for industrial, utility, and telecom sectors. He has over 7 years of experience as a U.S. Navy Nuclear-Trained Electrician and holds a BS in Electrical Engineering. His experience includes designing UPS systems, coordinating projects, creating load profiles, and providing technical support to clients.
The document discusses cable selection and wiring systems. It describes the components of cables including conductors, insulation, sheathing, armouring, and types. Factors that influence cable sizing are discussed such as current rating, ambient temperature, installation conditions, and protective device rating. The proper method for calculating cable size is outlined in eight steps. Guidelines for selecting the size of conduit and trunking to house cables based on cable and conduit/trunking factors are also provided.
Factors considered for High Voltage Cable Joint design Shahab Khan
This document discusses key factors to consider for high voltage cable joint design. It outlines several important design factors, including the types of cables being joined, voltage levels, expected transient overvoltages, number of phases, dielectric strength of interfaces, choice of materials, and location of installation. The document emphasizes that cable joints are vulnerable points that require reliable designs to ensure good thermal performance, electrical stress control, and environmental and mechanical protection. Proper consideration of cable joint design factors is important for safety and long-term reliability of cable systems.
The document is a seminar presentation on circuit breakers. It discusses the basic components and operating mechanism of circuit breakers, how electric arcs are formed and extinguished, and the various types of circuit breakers like AC, molded case, oil, and air circuit breakers. It also outlines the advantages of circuit breakers in protecting electrical circuits and their applications in industries, buildings, and electrical distribution systems.
This document discusses the classification of resistors according to their configuration. It describes chip resistors, resistor-capacitor (RC) networks, resistor-capacitor-diode (RCD) networks, and current sensing resistors. Chip resistors are small passive components used in integrated circuits, and can be made of materials like carbon, ceramic, or metal. RC networks integrate resistors and capacitors on a single chip using technologies like wirewound, thin film, metal film, or thick film. RCD networks are built on silicon substrates using thin film technology for high speed applications. Current sensing resistors transform current flowing through them into a voltage drop, and are used to measure current.
Defense In Depth Of Electrical Systems Preliminary Findings And Recommendat...John Bickel
This document summarizes preliminary findings and recommendations from the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency's DIDELSYS working group regarding defense in depth of nuclear power plant electrical systems. The working group was formed in 2008 to evaluate how electrical systems cope with plant and grid transients. Key recommendations include improving robustness of electrical systems to withstand a wider range of voltage surges, enhancing procedures for dealing with degraded electrical systems, and improving capabilities for both coping at the plant level and recovering offsite grid support following electrical problems.
2019 Local I/O ESD protection for 28Gbps to 112Gbps SerDes interfaces in adva...Sofics
2019 Taiwan ESD and reliability conference
Semiconductor companies are developing ever faster wireless, wired and optical interfaces to satisfy the need for higher data throughputs. They rely on BiCMOS, advanced CMOS and FinFET nodes with ESD-sensitive circuits. However, the parasitic capacitance of the traditional ESD solutions limits the signal frequency. This paper demonstrates small area and low-cap Analog I/Os used in TSMC 28nm CMOS and TSMC 16nm, 12nm, 7nm FinFET technologies for high speed SerDes (28Gbps to 112Gbps) circuits. Parasitic capacitance of the ESD solutions is reduced below 100fF and for some silicon photonics applications even below 20fF.
Water Damaged Electrical Equipment Guide LinesDavid Batts
This document provides guidelines for handling electrical equipment exposed to water damage. It advises that electrical equipment exposed to water can be dangerous if reenergized without proper reconditioning or replacement due to potential damage to insulation and components. It provides recommendations for different types of electrical equipment, noting that some components like circuit breakers and electronic equipment must be replaced while other items like switches and busway may possibly be reconditioned after consultation with the manufacturer. Overall, the document stresses the importance of contacting the original equipment manufacturer for specific guidance on evaluating and addressing water damage.
Comparision Lightning Protection Systems s per IEC 62305-3 and NFC 17-102(2011)/UNE21-1186 India NBC2016 / Project Building and Infra Projects /MEP ,Architect ,Electrical Consultants
JMV LPS LTD provides electrical equipment installation and safety products for solar power projects. They manufacture, design, supply and install products such as earthing systems, lightning protection systems, and surge protection devices. JMV aims to optimize solar project costs without compromising technical and safety standards through their in-house design experience, strong documentation, and on-site support for installation, operation and maintenance. Their team of professionals provides consultation on best practices for electrical safety and product installation.
Follow India national building code(NBC2016) for electrical installation and ...Mahesh Chandra Manav
We are all aware now days getting new Regarding Fire Accident and Claiming Due to short circuit and Died and Causality one or two Days Serious Comment by Political Party later forget .
if we are all keep our irresponsible and some people personal interest pass un authorized Construction by Electrical Inspector and Fire and Safety Personal Later People Build Unauthorized Changes .
all this is not Secret known by respected agencies they only interest to Satisfy their personal need by culprit.
If we as citizen not allow and follow strictly NBC2016 for Electrical Installation.
JMV LPS LTD will support all Industries , Consultants and End User require Earthing for Equipment's Follow IS3043(2018), Grid Earthing IEEE80 , NBC2016 Lightning Protection , Exothermic Weld , Copper Clad Steel Conductors and Surge Protection for Power Data and Communication .
We have CDEGS Software , for Design Earthing , IEC62305 for Lightning and LAB for Testing 200kA 10/350 ,50kA 8/20 Surge High Voltage 550KV accerlate with NABL and according to IEC
Plz Call for Design , Presentation Mahesh Chandra Manav M-9910398999 manav@jmv.co.in
The document provides information on smart hospital projects being undertaken in India. It discusses plans to build multi-specialty hospitals in major cities with modern infrastructure like power grids, building management systems, networking, data management, and patient information systems. It emphasizes the importance of electrical safety in hospitals through practices like maintenance-free earthing, exothermic welding, surge protection, and lightning protection. The presentation promotes JMV LPS Ltd.'s electrical safety products and solutions for smart hospitals and cities like copper-bonded grounding rods, jointing kits, lightning arrestors, and surge protection devices.
The document provides an overview of arc flash hazards, including causes of electric arcs such as dust, corrosion, condensation, accidental contact, dropping tools, and failure of insulating materials. It describes the intense heat, pressure waves, and temperatures over 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit produced by electric arcs. Recent standards like NFPA 70E and IEEE 1584 provide guidelines for determining flash protection boundaries, hazard categories, and selecting personal protective equipment to mitigate arc flash exposure. The document is a practical guide for implementing an arc flash safety program in compliance with relevant codes and standards.
Inspection, Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Switchboards, Circuit Bre...Living Online
THE WORKSHOP:
Whether you are designing, specifying, installing, testing or commissioning electrical equipment from small to large commercial and industrial installations, you need to have a thorough understanding of switchboards, switchgear, circuit breakers and associated protective relays.
The overall focus of this workshop is on electrical inspection, testing and commissioning and will commence with a detailed examination of switchgear (and circuit breakers). Circuit breakers are critical components in electrical distribution systems and their operation significantly affects the overall operation of the system. Protection relays are then discussed. These are used in power systems to maximise continuity of supply and are found in both small and large power systems from generation, through transmission, distribution and utilisation of power in plant, industrial and commercial equipment.
We cover commissioning and periodic inspection of cables and their various failure modes and how to detect these faults. The often neglected topic of switchboards will be detailed next, followed by the interesting topic of interfacing to the control system (either PLC’s or other control devices).
Case studies and practical sessions are used throughout to illustrate key practical principles.
This workshop covers key elements in a practical and project focused way. Many people assume (wrongly) that inspecting, testing and commissioning is a fairly straightforward process and is simply a rubber stamp confirmation of a so-called outstanding design. Our experience in the field demonstrates quite the opposite; where the litany of problems ranges from design and installation errors to equipment manufacturing defects. It is best that these problems are identified and corrected before the inevitable downtime comes in an operational installation where many thousands of dollars are lost in correcting the faults. The situation today is made more challenging by the heightened safety requirements and interfacing to low powered electronic control and monitoring devices (such as PLC’s) using software that has to also be verified.
Power Adapter Design for 400 V DC Power Distribution in Electronic SystemsVicor Corporation
This white paper describes the design of power adaptors for systems that distribute power using 400 V DC. The paper particularly considers telecom and data center equipment.
Fault analysis in power system using power systems computer aided designIJAAS Team
This work presents a fault analysis simulation model of an IEEE 30 bus system in a distribution network. This work annalysed the effect of fault current and fault voltage in a distribution system. A circuit breaker was introduced into the system to neutralize the effect of the fault. The system was run on a PSCAD software and results were obtained. The system was monitored based on the start time and the end time of the fault and how well the circuit breaker reacts with those times. Fault occurred from 0.100 to 0.300 seconds before it was removed. At the time fault was not applied (i.e. from 0.00 to 0.100 and from 0.300 to 0.72), the circuit breaker was close and became open when fault was applied so as to cut off current flow through the line.The result obtained gave the disruption caused by the fault and the quick response of the circuit breaker in neutralizing it. Results gotten are based on when the circuit breaker is close and no fault is applied and when the circuit breaker is open due to fault. From this work, it was obtained that circuit breakers are very essential in system protection and reliability.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on smart process plant automation and electrical safety products. Some key points:
- It discusses automation of process plants that handle materials, products, water, air and packaging. Electrical controls, communication and monitoring networks are important.
- Electrical safety topics covered include earthing systems, lightning protection using early streamer emission technology, surge protection, and compliance with Indian and international standards.
- The presentation promotes the use of maintenance-free earthing using copper-bonded rods and exothermic welding to reduce joints. It also discusses lightning protection systems and surge protection devices.
This document provides a guide to installing photovoltaic (PV) systems in buildings. It covers design, safety, standards and regulations. The guide outlines key considerations for the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) systems, including components, wiring, earthing, lightning protection, and approval processes. It provides schematics of example domestic and commercial PV systems and defines common terms used in PV installations.
Factors to Consider When Perfroming Maint - IEEE TransactionsJim White
This document discusses factors to consider when determining maintenance intervals for overcurrent protective devices and switchgear. It reviews two industry standards, NFPA 70B and ANSI/NETA MTS-2011, which provide guidance on maintenance frequency. However, the document argues that 11 additional factors should be taken into account to accurately assess maintenance needs, such as equipment criticality, condition, operating environment, and manufacturer recommendations. Determining maintenance intervals requires understanding how important the equipment is to operations and safety, its role in the system, and historical maintenance and performance data.
EE-55 Power Cables Testing & Fault LocationRina Florentes
Dr. Adel Al-Faraskoury will teach a course on power cable testing and fault location from December 27-31, 2015 in Dubai, UAE. The course will cover topics such as partial discharge techniques, very low frequency testing, cable fault location methods, and cable failures and their analysis. It is aimed at engineers and technicians from electrical utilities and will help participants better understand cable testing and maintenance. Registration must be completed and paid for 25 days prior to the course date to receive an early bird discount.
EnerNOC pays manufacturing facilities to voluntarily reduce electricity usage during grid emergencies. This demand response program provides facilities with advance notice of potential blackouts so they can safely power down equipment or switch to backup generators to maintain operations. Facilities are compensated for agreeing to reduce electricity loads when needed to stabilize the grid, helping prevent blackouts while also saving on energy costs and testing backup systems.
Adam Downey is an Application Engineer at Nolan Power Group specializing in designing DC and AC UPS systems for industrial, utility, and telecom sectors. He has over 7 years of experience as a U.S. Navy Nuclear-Trained Electrician and holds a BS in Electrical Engineering. His experience includes designing UPS systems, coordinating projects, creating load profiles, and providing technical support to clients.
The document discusses cable selection and wiring systems. It describes the components of cables including conductors, insulation, sheathing, armouring, and types. Factors that influence cable sizing are discussed such as current rating, ambient temperature, installation conditions, and protective device rating. The proper method for calculating cable size is outlined in eight steps. Guidelines for selecting the size of conduit and trunking to house cables based on cable and conduit/trunking factors are also provided.
Factors considered for High Voltage Cable Joint design Shahab Khan
This document discusses key factors to consider for high voltage cable joint design. It outlines several important design factors, including the types of cables being joined, voltage levels, expected transient overvoltages, number of phases, dielectric strength of interfaces, choice of materials, and location of installation. The document emphasizes that cable joints are vulnerable points that require reliable designs to ensure good thermal performance, electrical stress control, and environmental and mechanical protection. Proper consideration of cable joint design factors is important for safety and long-term reliability of cable systems.
The document is a seminar presentation on circuit breakers. It discusses the basic components and operating mechanism of circuit breakers, how electric arcs are formed and extinguished, and the various types of circuit breakers like AC, molded case, oil, and air circuit breakers. It also outlines the advantages of circuit breakers in protecting electrical circuits and their applications in industries, buildings, and electrical distribution systems.
This document discusses the classification of resistors according to their configuration. It describes chip resistors, resistor-capacitor (RC) networks, resistor-capacitor-diode (RCD) networks, and current sensing resistors. Chip resistors are small passive components used in integrated circuits, and can be made of materials like carbon, ceramic, or metal. RC networks integrate resistors and capacitors on a single chip using technologies like wirewound, thin film, metal film, or thick film. RCD networks are built on silicon substrates using thin film technology for high speed applications. Current sensing resistors transform current flowing through them into a voltage drop, and are used to measure current.
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF DC MICROGRID PROTECTION TECHNIQUESIRJET Journal
This document provides a comprehensive review of DC microgrid protection techniques. It discusses the key challenges in protecting DC microgrids, including the fast rise of DC fault currents and lack of a natural zero crossing point. The document analyzes different aspects of DC microgrid protection, including DC fault characteristics, grounding systems, fault detection methods like overcurrent, derivative, and distance protection, protective devices, and fault localization techniques. It provides an in-depth analysis of each topic and discusses emerging trends in DC microgrid protection.
2010 The Hebistor Device: Novel latch-up immune ESD Protection Clamp for High...Sofics
2010 Taiwan ESD and reliability conference
High voltage interfaces are broadly used in many IC applications like motor control, power management and conversion, LCD panel drivers and automotive systems. Because the high voltage IC's are typically used in severe applications IC designers need to protect their circuits to a steady growing list of requirements. In this paper we present an overview of the ESD, EOS and latch‐up requirements and compare the performance of different on‐chip ESD protection approaches. The paper introduces a newly developed protection device with a high holding voltage for absolute latch‐up immunity.
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The purpose of this IEEE 1692 Abstract is to familiarize the reader with the faults that are accountable for most of the
unexplained lightning related damage, and explain the advantages of blocking technologies that can effectively isolate
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Do's and Don'ts of Personal Protective Grounding IEEE IAS Transactions FinalJim White
This document provides guidance on proper procedures for applying temporary protective grounds when working on electrical power systems. It discusses:
1) Sizing temporary grounds based on available fault current and clearing times to ensure they can safely conduct fault currents without failure.
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3) Inspection of grounds is important before use to ensure they are rated for the application and not damaged which could cause failure during a fault. Tracking grounds applied is also critical to avoid leaving them installed when reenergizing a system.
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This document discusses India's space program and use of satellites. It outlines several ways satellites can be used, including for border monitoring, weather monitoring, disaster management, communications, broadcasting, GPS, device connectivity, data storage, surveillance, transportation monitoring, and more. It also discusses India's commitment to developing world-class facilities and putting India at the top globally. The document promotes JMV India, an electrical safety solutions company, and their products for earthing, lightning protection and surge protection.
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17 mse009 connectors in solar photovoltaic systempaneliya sagar
The document discusses electrical connectors used in solar photovoltaic systems. It describes connectors as electro-mechanical devices that join electrical terminations and create circuits. It outlines the key properties of connectors, including their physical construction, size, contact resistance, insulation, and durability. It also explains the important role connectors play in connecting solar panels together in strings and to inverters. The document recommends standards for plug connectors to ensure reliable connections between components from different manufacturers.
Here are the key points about multimeters:
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Underground Cable Fault Detection Using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to detect faults in underground cables using an Arduino. It contains the following key points:
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1. A circuit breaker is a manually or automatically operated switch that protects electrical circuits from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
2. An ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) is a safety device used in electrical installations to prevent electric shock by detecting currents leaking to earth. There are two types of ELCBs: voltage-ELCB and current-ELCB.
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1. What is a substation?
Location for automatic protective devices
Interconnects transmission lines
Permits switching of system equipment.
Directs flow of power
Detects and isolates faulted system
components.
A properly planned and designed substation is essential for the
reliable operation of the electric system.
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3. Needs Determination
The existing “Electric System” is analyzed to
determine the need to build new or improve existing
substation facilities.
3
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5. Analysis Paralysis
Through the planning process, system studies
are conducted in order to properly design the
substation.
5
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6. Costs
Substations are capital-intensive
construction projects that require long
term strategic planning.
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7. Budgeting
Preliminary equipment layouts ballpark the costs
and establish the broad requirements.
Real-Estate Site, size, and location affect the
bottom line.
Long lead Items - ordered ahead of time.
Financing Bond issues
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8. Basic single line design
Develop a single line of the station and bus
configuration.
General concept of substation
Physical layout and location of major
equipment and steel structures
Equipment and materials specifications
Electrical and safety clearances based on
IEEE standards
IEEE 1427 Guide for Recommended Electrical Clearances and Insulation Levels
in Air Insulated Electrical Power Substations. 8
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10. Physical layout
Indoors?
Indoors the standard is Metal Clad Arc Flash IEEE
1584 guide to determine the arc flash hazard
distance to which employees could be exposed
during their work.
Gas insulated switchgear (GIS)
Indoor
Outdoor
Outdoors? Air insulated
High profile
Low profile 10
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11. Substation Footprint
IEEE 1427™, “Guide for Recommended Electrical Clearances and Insulation Levels
in Air Insulated Electrical Power Substations.
Equipment foundations and plot plan.
Locations of equipment and how they are connected to
each other.
Physical orientation of the substation on site
Incoming and outgoing power lines.
Electrical clearances based on basic insulation level
Spacing between equipment
Equipment installation, maintenance and removal
access.
Vehicle and personnel access 11
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12. Basic Impulse Level (BIL)
Lightning, circuit breakers and high voltage switches can
create voltage surges that can be very damaging to
electrical equipment.
The basic impulse level “BIL” of equipment measures its
ability to withstand surges and indicates dielectric
strength.
When power system components are designed with
sufficient clearances and insulation to withstand these
surges, the design is known as the Basic Impulse Level.
BIL dictates the phase to phase and phase to ground
clearances and minimal spacing between components.
14.4kV = 110 BIL
69kV = 350 BIL
12
230kV = 900 BIL 03/27/12
13. Component Spacing
System kV BIL kV A B C D E F G H I J K L N P
230 1050 13 13 18 18 48 24 24 22 17 17 20 48 18 262
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14. Structure Loads
Designed for mechanical and electrical
forces.
Seismic loads
Dead loads
Line support, switches, insulators,
phase wires, potential transformers
Wind loads
Operating loads
Short circuit forces
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15. Foundations
Foundations transmit loads from structures
and equipment to soils
Many soil types require different designs.
Identify geotechnical information required
Soil boring plan and specifications
Lab testing
Geotechnical report
Concrete design
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16. Essential Ground Design Elements
IEEE 80-2000 Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
1. Data for soil resistivity, fault clearing times, and fault
magnitude.
2. Conductor and ground rod layout, location of shield
wires and feeder neutrals.
3. Know the material used and the depth of burial.
4. More ground rods and larger grids reduce the touch and
step potentials.
5. Safe designs are required by IEEE 80, 81 and the NESC
The metal to metal touch voltages between metallic objects or structures
bonded to the ground grid is assumed to be negligible. However, the metal
to metal touch voltages between metallic objects bonded to the grid and not
bonded to the grid may be substantial. 16
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17. Step and Touch
Primary purpose is to assure that “during fault
conditions” a person in the vicinity is not exposed
to critical electric shock. The design must reduce
the voltage individuals receive when they are in
contact with equipment during fault conditions
17
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18. Protective Relaying
Modern relays are Intelligent Electronic
Device’s (IED) that replace older electro-
mechanical relays
Detect abnormal or undesirable system
operating conditions
Initiate operation of circuit-interrupting
devices
Provide remote control and data
monitoring
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19. Protection Zones
Based on the single line there will be multiple
zones of protection which protect the
equipment inside the substation.
In the event of a fault being detected. The
protective relays determine the fault location
and open the circuit breakers clearing the fault.
Initiate back-up protection operations when
necessary.
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20. Surge protection
IEEE Std. 998-1996, Guide for Direct Stroke Shielding
Substation design involves more than installing circuit
breakers, transformers, and relays. Significant capital
investment and reliability standards require attention to
prevent surges (transient voltages) from entering the
facility. These surges can be direct lightning strokes on the
substation or on connected transmission lines.
l Evaluate significance of facility being protected.
l Evaluate geographical thunderstorm exposure.
l Design suitable system of protection.
l Evaluate the cost and effectiveness of the design.
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21. Seismic Thoughts
IEEE Std 693 - 2005 IEEE Recommended Practice for Seismic Design for Substations
Prior to 1970 seismic requirements were minimal.
Equipment commonly includes brittle materials
such as porcelain.
When two or more structures are mechanically
linked by electrical conductors, they will interact
with each other.
Equipment may be installed with little or no slack
for a “clean” look.
Ideally, link the equipment so the two components
can move independently. 21
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22. Material & Equipment
Specifications
IEEE
A document that specifies, in a complete,
precise, and verifiable manner, the
requirements, design , behavior, or other
characteristics of a system component.
22
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23. Transformers
IEEE C57.12.36, Standard Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution
Substation Transformers
Oil cooling
230-69kV Wye-Delta Connection +/- 30 degrees
69-12kV Delta-Wye Connection +/- 30 degrees
23
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24. Air insulated Circuit breakers
Make, break and carry normal load currents.
Make and break abnormal currents (short circuit).
http://animatedmanuals.com/S2%20anim.html
Dissipates the energy in the arc by lengthening and cooling
the arc before interrupting at current zero
Live or dead tank design
24
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25. Gas insulated Switchgear “GIS”
C37.123-1991 IEEE guide to specifications for GIS
Conductors are enclosed in a metallic housing in which a
compressed gas sulfa hexafluoride (SF-6) is the primary
insulating system
Compact, multi-component assembly of breakers and buses.
No live parts meets arc flash requirements.
25
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26. Disconnect Switches
Isolate major equipment from the electric
system and provide a visible open.
Non-load breaking device designed to open and
close an electric circuit.
26
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27. Capacitor Banks
Primary purpose is power factor correction.
Back-to-back switching can produce high peak
transient in-rush current values.
These currents can exceed the available fault current
levels at the bus.
These currents can damage substation equipment
Appropriate precautions taken during the design
process.
Capacitor bank transient currents, based on
ANSI/IEEE C37.012-1979
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28. Control house
Located to minimize cable lengths
Cable entry method basement or cable
trench.
Grade higher so that water runs away.
Provides weather proof and temperature
control for equipment.
Control panels grouped by voltage level and
sized for future expansion.
Block wall offers best design and cost.
Location of Station Batteries
28
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29. Station Batteries
Batteries provide control power to switching and
substation components in times of an Ac power loss.
All critical control power comes from the DC System.
29
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30. Instruments and Meters
Current Transformer…An instrument
transformer intended to have its primary
winding connected in series with the
conductor carrying the current to be
measured or controlled
30
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31. Environmental Concerns
Storm water runoff occurs when precipitation
from rain flows over the ground.
Hard surfaces like driveways, sidewalks, and
streets prevent storm water runoff from
naturally soaking into the ground.
All new construction shall have storm water
provisions so rain water settles into the
ground and does not flow out to the street.
31
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32. Substation Communications
Fiber optics is the communication backbone that
interconnects the substations for line relaying.
32
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34. Substation Security
NERC requires utilities to implement physical
security measures at their critical substations to
safeguard personnel and prevent unauthorized
access to critical assets and control systems.
Physical security typically comprises five distinct
systems:
3. Delay/Deterrence
4. Detection
5. Assessment
6. Communication
7. Response
34
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35. Testing hits the mark
CommissioningYou
The End Thank Tests
35
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Editor's Notes
First things first. Planning for the future Initially, the following conditions of the existing electric system are analyzed to determine the need to build new or improve existing substation facilities.
Analysis Paralysis
Dependant on the real estate available. Location of the facility. For example, down town redevelopment may require a certain look. Politicians and upper management may not want to see and exposed conductors. This drives cost and substation design.
To minimize the effects of these surges, electrical system is protected by lighting arresters but they do not completely eliminate the surge.
Requires design and analysis of step and touch potentials.
Substation design involves more than installing circuit breakers, transformers, and relays. Significant capital investment and reliability standards require attention to prevent surges (transient voltages) from entering the facility. These surges can be direct lightning strokes on the substation or on connected transmission lines.
Several large earthquakes causing millions of dollars in damage prompted IEEE standard 693 Seismic Design for Substations which represents a major change in requirements.
Have to have a good strong document
Circuit breakers are generally located so that each generator, transformer, bus, transmission line, etc., can be completely disconnected from the rest of the system. Circuit Breakers must have sufficient capacity so that they can carry momentarily the maximum short-circuit current that can flow through them, and then interrupt this current; they must also withstand closing in on such a short circuit and then interrupting it according to certain prescribed standards
When two or more capacitor banks are in parallel on a common bus, the back-to-back switching of a bank against one or more already energized banks can produce high peak transient in-rush current values. Typically, these currents can exceed the available fault current levels previously present at the bus. The relatively high level and short duration of these currents can damage substation and control equipment necessitating that appropriate precautions be taken during the design process. Care must be taken to estimate capacitor bank transient currents, based on ANSI/IEEE C37.012-1979
Dominant technology is vented lead acid. Poor performance of (VRLA) in the 80’s and 90’s. New technologies such as lithium ion and ultra capacitors may be the way of the future.
These CT’s have a high failure rate. Are in a very bad spot if they fail. Not IEEE 693 compliant
An electric substation automation system is an interface between the substation and its associated equipment to provide and maintain operations and control. Utilities face a increasing pressure for greater system reliability and customer satisfaction. Substation Automation ensures power system stability, fast load restoration, advanced fault notification and fault analysis. Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) are a part of the substation automation system. IED is a generic name that covers protection, control, metering and monitoring devices that use microprocessor-based technology. IEDs may resemble the traditional meter or protective relay, but are significantly enhanced and cannot be easily compared to earlier technologies.