Acute type A aortic dissection is a catastrophic event in which blood exits the vascular lumen and dissects the media, creating a false lumen. Surgery is the best possible treatment but it is complex. The surgical team needs to understand the anatomy and physiopathology before dealing with the repair. While there are just a few surgical solutions for the repair of the dissected ascending aorta, debate is still ongoing about the best surgical option for the disease involving the arch and the descending aorta. Late reoperations are relatively common on the aortic valve and/or the distal aorta after primary repair. Results are excellent in specialized centers with high volume and complexity. Lifelong follow-up is required in survivors.
presentation will give a idea about management of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, including detail of investigation and treatment options available today.
Contemporary Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Car...asclepiuspdfs
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a cardiovascular disorder with genetic predisposition. The number of treatment modalities has grown in the contemporary era, with use of pharmacotherapy, device therapy, and surgical intervention, though with the relative paucity of data derived from randomized trials. Its clinical course and prognosis are relatively good. The ongoing quest is to establish the optimal treatment strategy in patients with HCM. This is of direct relevance in reducing the mortality burden associated with sudden cardiac death primarily secondary to dysrhythmias. This review summarizes the clinical features, course, and management of HCM. In particular, we highlight advances in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging assessment of HCM and how risk stratification criteria for suitability of implantable cardioverter defibrillators differ between continents.
presentation will give a idea about management of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, including detail of investigation and treatment options available today.
Contemporary Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Car...asclepiuspdfs
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a cardiovascular disorder with genetic predisposition. The number of treatment modalities has grown in the contemporary era, with use of pharmacotherapy, device therapy, and surgical intervention, though with the relative paucity of data derived from randomized trials. Its clinical course and prognosis are relatively good. The ongoing quest is to establish the optimal treatment strategy in patients with HCM. This is of direct relevance in reducing the mortality burden associated with sudden cardiac death primarily secondary to dysrhythmias. This review summarizes the clinical features, course, and management of HCM. In particular, we highlight advances in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging assessment of HCM and how risk stratification criteria for suitability of implantable cardioverter defibrillators differ between continents.
A Review of Atherectomy in Peripheral Arterial Diseaseasclepiuspdfs
Atherectomy involves exciting technology and offers expanded treatment options for PAD. Data are scant so far in most lower extremity territories to support its use over other interventions, but newer results are promising. There is still a financial benefit to choosing atherectomy in the outpatient setting that likely drives much of its popularity among interventionalists. Atherectomy is an exciting technology for peripheral vascular intervention. Its use has greatly increased over the last decade. Data on its superiority to angioplasty or angioplasty with stenting are scant. Here, we review atherectomy techniques and principles along with results and controversy surrounding its use.
Fatal Condition of Aortic Dissection Produces Symptoms of Sudden and Tearing ...semualkaira
Aortic dissection is a very difficult condition in which the inner
sheath of the aortic wall is torn without tearing the outer sheath.
This causes blood to enter the aortic wall through the tear, which
further splits the mediastinum and creates a new channel in the
aortic wall. The serious and often fatal condition of aortic dissection produces symptoms of sudden and tearing chest pain. Although aortic dissection mostly occurs in people around the age of
60, the peak incidence in people with Marfan syndrome is between
20 and 40 years of age.
Fatal Condition of Aortic Dissection Produces Symptoms of Sudden and Tearing ...semualkaira
Aortic dissection is a very difficult condition in which the inner
sheath of the aortic wall is torn without tearing the outer sheath.
This causes blood to enter the aortic wall through the tear, which
further splits the mediastinum and creates a new channel in the
aortic wall. The serious and often fatal condition of aortic dissection produces symptoms of sudden and tearing chest pain. Although aortic dissection mostly occurs in people around the age of
60, the peak incidence in people with Marfan syndrome is between
20 and 40 years of age.
A Review of Atherectomy in Peripheral Arterial Diseaseasclepiuspdfs
Atherectomy involves exciting technology and offers expanded treatment options for PAD. Data are scant so far in most lower extremity territories to support its use over other interventions, but newer results are promising. There is still a financial benefit to choosing atherectomy in the outpatient setting that likely drives much of its popularity among interventionalists. Atherectomy is an exciting technology for peripheral vascular intervention. Its use has greatly increased over the last decade. Data on its superiority to angioplasty or angioplasty with stenting are scant. Here, we review atherectomy techniques and principles along with results and controversy surrounding its use.
Fatal Condition of Aortic Dissection Produces Symptoms of Sudden and Tearing ...semualkaira
Aortic dissection is a very difficult condition in which the inner
sheath of the aortic wall is torn without tearing the outer sheath.
This causes blood to enter the aortic wall through the tear, which
further splits the mediastinum and creates a new channel in the
aortic wall. The serious and often fatal condition of aortic dissection produces symptoms of sudden and tearing chest pain. Although aortic dissection mostly occurs in people around the age of
60, the peak incidence in people with Marfan syndrome is between
20 and 40 years of age.
Fatal Condition of Aortic Dissection Produces Symptoms of Sudden and Tearing ...semualkaira
Aortic dissection is a very difficult condition in which the inner
sheath of the aortic wall is torn without tearing the outer sheath.
This causes blood to enter the aortic wall through the tear, which
further splits the mediastinum and creates a new channel in the
aortic wall. The serious and often fatal condition of aortic dissection produces symptoms of sudden and tearing chest pain. Although aortic dissection mostly occurs in people around the age of
60, the peak incidence in people with Marfan syndrome is between
20 and 40 years of age.
Neha diwan presentation on aortic aneurysmNEHAADIWAN
An aortic dissection is a serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body's main artery (aorta).Aortic rupture is when all the layers of the aorta wall tear, causing blood to leak out from the aorta often due to a large aortic aneurysm that bursts. This will stop blood being pumped around the body and is life threatening. Ideally an aortic aneurysm will be repaired before a rupture can occur.
Recently published papers have defined the clinical characteristics and overall outcomes of COVID-19 patients with the influence on the healthcare system. Especially, general surgeons are uniquely affected due to the broad range of procedures they perform, many of which are conducted routinely in the outpatient setting. This report aims to represent the clinical presentation and outcomes of elective surgical patients during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis (EMH) is a compensatory mechanism in response to ineffective hematopoiesis or stress erythropoiesis, in sites other than the bone marrow. The EMH often presents as pseudotumors and may be confused with other benign or malignant tumors. The cause of EMH often
is an underlying hematopoietic disorder, and it may be adequately treated by treating the underlying cause. This will avoid unnecessary surgical interventions. Hence, knowledge of this entity is of utmost importance, and careful history, clinical examination and necessary investigations must be carried out
before deciding the course of therapy.
Dunbar syndrome or celiac artery compression syndrome was described for the first time by Harjola in 1963. It’s an infrequent clinical condition, with few criteria for diagnosis and with obscure pathophysiology. It is usually associated with an extrinsic compression upon the celiac axis near its takeoff from the aorta by fibrous diaphragmatic bands or sympathetic
neural fibers. This syndrome is as uncommon cause for upper abdominal angina. The classic sympthoms include vomiting associated to pos prandial pain, weight loss and soufle
in the epigastric region. Diagnosis is made by abdominal angiotomography, arteriography and magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical ligament release is indicated in case of severe
compression of the celiac trunk or in patient’s refractory to clinical treatment [1].
Female genital mutilation has been condemned far more than male genital mutilation. There seems to be a conspiracy in the scientific community to ignore the benefits of the intact
prepuce (foreskin) and to deny the horrors of male genital mutilation. Science and human rights must always trump and triumph over superstition. The prepuce is on the penis for
a purpose. The foreskin/prepuce is not something to be jettisoned like the umbilical cord.When the umbilical cord is severed neither baby nor mother feel any pain. Why? Because
there are no nerves in the umbilical cord.
Mathematical modeling of the structure of vortex zones between periodic surface-located flow turbulators of a semicircular and square cross-section is carried out on the basis of multi-block computational technologies based on the solution of the factorized finite-volume method of the Reynolds equations (closed with the help of the Menter shear stress transfer
mode) and the energy equation (on different-scale intersecting structured grids). This method was previously successfully applied and verified by experiment. An exhaustive analysis of the corresponding streamlines is presented, proving the advantage of abruded turbulators.
The SARS-CoV 2 pandemic, since its origin in China as a cluster of pneumonia cases, had reached almost every part of the world and had killed more than one million people
worldwide [1]. The case fatality differs substantially between countries along with the number of symptomatic patients, sequelae of the disease and those who require intensive lifecare
support. Such a perceived difference can be attributed to macroecological dissimilarities like the general well-being of the population and a more extent, its demographic structure.
The demographic characteristics, most notably the age structure and population density, has important implications in the spread of infectious diseases [2,3]. Like most of the infectious
diseases we have known so far, COVID-19 is seen more severely in groups like the elderly and those with comorbidities [4,5]. Robustness of the health system and abundance of resources might have helped the western countries to report proportionately a greater number of cases. However huge proportion of elderly population in these countries might have contributed to higher reporting of severe illness and deaths in these countries [6].
“Occam’s Razor is a scientific and philosophical rule that entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily which is interpreted as requiring that the simplest of competing theories be preferred to the more complex or that explanations of unknown phenomena be sought first in terms of known quantity”. [1] Merriam Webster Dictionary, in other words, Occam’s razor says that, of two explanations that account for all the facts, the simpler one is more likely to be correct. “The greatest disorder of the intellect is to believe things because one wishes they were so” [2] Louis Pasteur, 1875. Supposing a man finds a watch. Deliberately or by accident the man smashes the watch to smithereens.
:Extraocular foreign bodies (EOFBs) are a common presentation to the emergency
department (ED). Given that inadequate management can result in severe complications including visual
impairment, ED clinicians may be overly cautious and often schedule patient reviews in the ED even
where it is unnecessary, placing a burden on hospital resources.
Occurrence of a mural thrombus in a diseased descending thoracic aorta (atherosclerotic or aneurysmal) is a well-known and commonly encountered vascular entity. However, thrombus formation in a normal appearing descending thoracic aorta (NADTA) is rarely reported in literature so far. We present an
unusual case report with a brief literature review of an aortic mural thrombus (AMT) in descending thoracic aorta in a young male. He presented at our center in the emergency department with acute onset abdominal pain and underwent a contrast enhanced CT scan that confirmed mural thrombus in
NADTA.
Two case reports: the first, 50-year-old male patient, A.M.B., who suffered from hemorrhoids (2003 to 2005). Moisturizers, medications and cauterization were not successful. The patient started treatment with auricular acupuncture and apex ear bloodletting. He also received measurement of the
chakras 10 years later, which attested his chakras were rated at the minimum level of energy (1) of 8. The second, a 38-year-old male patient, started treatment with ancient medical tools for vitiligo. On the middle of the treatment, he reported to have symptoms of hemorrhoids. Treatment was the same done in case 1 and received measurement of the chakras.
Neuroblastomas are rare extracranial tumors of the pediatric population arising from cells of the embryological sympathetic nervous system. These malignancies most commonly occur in the abdomen, but other sites include the chest, neck, and pelvis with a predisposition for lymphatic and hematogenous
spread. Metastasis to the bone is a poor prognostic indicator, requiring surgical excision and other extensive medical management.
Pilonidal sinus disease is a soft tissue infection. It presents either acutely with abscess or the chronic form of sinus formation. The disease affects multiple body regions but the commonest is the sacrococcygeal region. There are different treatment strategies ranging from simple incision and
drainage of an abscess to complex constructive procedures.
Papua New Guinea has about seven active mining and exploration activities for minerals like gold, copper, and other minor minerals. Each is managed by different company and
together employs about ten thousand workers. A fifth of this would be foreign workers. Most of the Mine workers that are screened at the Employees Health and Wellness clinics tend to
have similar compounding health risks
Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a rare benign lesion, originating from the submucosa in the gastrointestinal tract. It generally appears as an isolated benign lesion, rarely located at the level of the ileum. Its origin is controversial. Clinical presentation varies depending on its location; invagination and
obstruction are the most common indicative symptoms when the polyp is located at the level of the small intestine. We report the case of a 60-year old patient with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting and a personal history of intermittent constipation. Radiological imaging objectified ileo-ileal invagination
completely obstructing the ileum light. Segmental resection of the obstructed ileal segment and terminalterminal anastomosis were performed. The final diagnosis of IFP was established using histological examination.
Candida septic arthritis is a debilitating condition affecting joint function. Candida tropicalis, an organism found in normal human flora is noted to be the third most common pathogenic yeast in the elderly and immunosuppressed population. Infections are rare in the US, typically limited to the neonate
and elderly populations. Most infections occur in the south America and southeast Asian regions. In the last 2 decades, Tropialis infection rates have risen impart due to antifungal resistance. We present a case of Candida tropicalis infection in the knee of a 13-year-old female with a past history of relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia following bone marrow transplant, pancytopenia and graft vs. host disease.
When properly performed, the true Maze procedure is highly effective to eliminate any type of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Since non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is sustained by macro-reentrant circuits located anywhere in both atria, a full bi-atrial lesion pattern is the best way to approach all possible causes in one single step. As we move into less invasive surgical techniques, we must more clearly maintain the
scope of the Maze procedure. Difficult approaches are oftentimes the source for incomplete, unsuccessful,
and frustrated forms of the Maze. T
The discoveries include 2 new vascular shocks, namely Volumetric Overload Shocks (VOS) that complicate fluid therapy in hospitals. Proving a physiological law of Starling wrong and providing the correct replacement which is the hydrodynamic of the porous orifice (G) tube. Revealing many errors and misconceptions on fluid therapy and reporting its corrections. It all started with an investigation aimed
at understanding a rare obscure syndrome that kills patients in Urology; the Transurethral Resection of
The Prostate (TURP) syndrome.
Capnography is a simple non-invasive monitoring technique that provides prompt and valuable information about patient’s ventilation, perfusion and metabolism. We are presenting a case of a 10 year-old boy
with a history of repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) undergoing a cardiac catheterization for recurrent left pulmonary artery (LPA) stenosis. A variable plateau capnogram waverform was detected and attributed
to ventilation-perfusion abnormalities from differential lung perfusion secondary to critical LPA stenosis. Capnogram can prove vital monitoring tool in detecting critical perfusion abnormalities.
The objective of this letter is to report recent advances on the diagnosis and therapy of the loin pain hematuria syndrome (LPHS). The patho-aetiological link of LPHS with symptomatic
nephroptosis (SN) is a novel discovery of the 21st century that was first preliminary reported in 2002 [1]. The link was confirmed in 2016 in an article that précised the exact pathoaetiology of LPHS; ischemic nephritis and sympathetic neuropathy of SN. It also advanced a 100% curative therapy for LPHS namely; the renal sympathetic denervation and nephropexy (RSD&N) surgery [2].
Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and has known manageable toxicities. Blepharitis is an inflammatory condition of the eyelid that leads to formation of chalazia both causing visual field disturbance. Bortezomib induced blepharitis has not been
well reported in the literature.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. How to cite this article: Gabriele M I, Abeel A M. Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection: a Complex Disease for Patients and Cardiothoracic Surgeons. Surg Med
Open Acc J. 1(2).SMOAJ.000507. 2018.
Surgical Medicine Open Access Journal
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Surg Med Open Acc J
Volume 1 - Issue - 2
distally in a spiraled (most often) or straight manner. Often the true
lumen becomes compressed by the false lumen leading to ischemic
complications [11]. Unfortunately this process can interest any of
the branches of the aorta originating from the aortic valve to the iliac
bifurcation and malperfusion may occur, unless a communication
between the true lumen and the false lumen re-establishes normal
blood flow. A dreadful consequence of AD is acute aortic rupture
in the pericardial sac (pericardial tamponade), in the pleura
(hemothorax), or less commonly in the abdomen (retroperitoneal
hemorrhage). When, AD progresses proximally towards the aortic
valve annulus, the aortic valve leaflets lose their supports and an
acute aortic regurgitation develops. Death occurs because aortic
rupture, neurological deficit, visceral ischemia/kidney failure and
cardiac tamponade [12].
It is important to acknowledge the presence of some other
variants of aortic disease known as intramural hemorrhage (IMH)
and penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU) linked through a common
pathogenesis. The “primum movens” of the IMH is slightly different
from AD: the point of entry for blood into the media may be the
rupture of vasa vasorum causing a lumen rupture and a free
communication between the true lumen and the tear [13]. There
is also evidence of that IMH may originate from an intimal tear
similar to AD [14]. It may be considered a thrombosed AD or its
precursor. In fact, IMH evolves into full AD (with a double-barrel
aorta) in nearly 20% of cases. Two thirds of intramural hematomas
involve the descending aorta (rather than the ascending aorta)
[15]. PAU is primarily a disease of the intima, a condition where
an atherosclerotic lesion with ulceration erodes into the internal
elastic lamina (media) [16]. The ulcer can precede AD and be
associated with intramural hematoma. Penetrating aortic ulcers can
form anywhere along the aorta, more frequently in the descending
thoracic portion.
Risk factors for the development of acute AD are male sex, age
in the 60s and 70s, hypertension, prior cardiac surgery (particularly
aortic valve repair), bicuspid aortic valve, and a history of Marfan
syndrome. Less than 10% of the time, acute AD occurs in patients
younger than age 40, often normotensive, with a history of cardiac
surgery or a bicuspid aortic valve, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos
syndrome, or similar conditions [3]. Traumatic aortic dissection as
a consequence of road traffic accidents or deceleration trauma has
been reported also [17-19]. The chronic use of cocaine appears to
predispose patients to AD [20].
Clinical Presentation
Since AD, IMH, and PAU share common pathogenetic
mechanisms and clinical features they have been considered as
a sort of unique “ensemble” known as “acute aortic syndrome”
(AAS) [21]. Sudden onset, severe chest and/or back pain are the
most commonly presenting symptoms, regardless of the underlying
condition (AD, IMH, and PAU). Tearing or ripping pain often starts
in the chest and migrates to the back or epigastrium. Painless AD
has been reported also [22]. Physical examinations shows signs
of distress or shock. Patient is pale or diaphoretic. Blood pressure
can be normal and sudden appearance of hypotension should be
considered as an alarm for ruptured aorta. Others findings are
pulse deficits, new diastolic murmur, signs of myocardial ischemia,
pericardial friction rubs, distended jugular veins, neurological
deficits, altered level of consciousness and stroke [23].
Diagnosis
In most circumstances a chest CT scan with intravenous
contrast will be sufficient to make diagnosis of AD (sensitivity
approaches 100% and specificity is 98%) [24]. In unstable patients
a transthoracic echocardiogram is a useful tool for rapid evaluation
of AD and it does not require any nephrotoxic contrast, but it has
limitations in assessing distal ascending aorta, aortic arch and
descending thoracic aorta. Trans-esophageal echocardiogram
is mainly used in OR, being more invasive. MRI is employed as a
confirmatory test and in follow-up [25]. Coronary angiography
is controversial because delays surgical treatment and needs
intravenous contrast.
Classification
On the basis of the image studies, AD is classified according
to extent and acuity. Stanford classification is probably the easiest
and most widely adopted: type A includes all dissections in which
the ascending aorta is involved and it requires urgent surgical
treatment; type B includes all dissections with only involvement
of the descending aorta and it requires either medical or surgical
treatment [26]. Tear occurs in the ascending aorta 57% of cases,
in the arch 10%, near the origin of the subclavian artery in 5% of
cases; in type B it is located just below the origin of the subclavian
artery in 23% of cases, distal to origin of the subclavian artery in
3% of cases, in the abdominal aorta in 2% of cases [23].
Figure 1:
3. Surgical Medicine Open Access Journal
How to cite this article: Gabriele M I, Abeel A M. Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection: a Complex Disease for Patients and Cardiothoracic Surgeons. Surg Med
Open Acc J. 1(2).SMOAJ.000507. 2018.
3/5
Surg Med Open Acc J
Volume 1 - Issue - 2
DeBakey classification uses origin and extent of AD: type I
originates from the root and extends into the descending thoracic
and thoracoabdominal aorta, type II is limited to the ascending
aorta, type IIIA is limited to the descending thoracic aorta, and type
IIIB is limited to the thoracoabdominal aorta [27].
AD is classified as acute when it has been present and ongoing
for less than 2 weeks, and as chronic in all other cases. Again acute
AD requires either immediate or urgent surgical treatment.
On the basis of the information previously reported, the authors
propose the following algorithm (Figure 1):
Preoperative management
For Stanford type A aortic dissection, surgical repair is the
mainstay of treatment. It is mandatory to perform an accurate
assessment of the patient’s preoperative risk for determining the
adequate surgical option, the optimal postoperative care, and for
predicting the surgical outcome.
Preparation for the intervention requires transfer to a medical
center with experience in management of AD, admission to ICU,
and invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring [28,29]. Medical
treatment called “anti-impulse therapy” is directed toward
avoidance of aortic rupture and reduction of further propagation
of the dissection by control of blood pressure and dP/dt (pressure
development). Intravenous β blockers are the first line therapy.
Their use seems to be associated with improved outcome in type
A in patients with type A AD [30,31]. Goals to be achieved are:
systolic blood pressure 100-120mmHg, mean blood pressure
between 60-75mmHg, and heart rate 60-80bpm [32]. Pure
vasodilators may be added to the treatment, but attention must be
directed towards avoidance of reflex tachycardia. Excessive falls
in pressure may precipitate renal, cerebral or coronary ischemia.
Volume resuscitation should be used in hypotensive patients.
Opioid analgesia is used to treat discomfort and pain-Quite. Quite
environment is also required in this stressful circumstance.
Surgical Results
Successful surgical repair was first attempted in 1955 by
DeBakey, Cooley, and Creech [33]. Goals of the Stanford type A aortic
dissection repair are prevention of aortic rupture, restoration of
valve competency, treatment of coronary malperfusion, treatment
of cerebral malperfusion, and restoration of optimal systemic blood
flow through the true lumen.
Mortality rate associated with surgical treatment of a dissected
ascending aorta (Stanford type A) is between 10 and 30 percent
[29,34-38]. Independent preoperative predictors of poor outcome
after repair of Stanford type A aortic dissection are age greater
than 70 years, prior cardiac surgery, hypotension (systolic blood
pressure less than 100mmHg) or shock at presentation, migrating
pain, cardiac tamponade, any pulse deficit, and electrocardiogram
with findings of myocardial ischemia or infarction [39]. Generalized
and localized ischemia seem to have a major role as preoperative
predictors of intraoperative and in-hospital mortality [40,41].
In hospital mortality is 30.5% in patients presenting with any
malperfusion syndrome, while patients without malperfusion
syndromehaveonly6.2%.Presenceofanymalperfusionisassociated
with increased occurrence of postoperative complications (coma,
delirium, sepsis, renal failure, MI, acute limb ischemia, and multiple
organ failure). Cerebral malperfusion is associated with high rates
of postoperative stroke (46.7%) and poor survival at 10 years
(12.5%). Restoring normal blood flow in the true lumen is the
best possible solution for treating malperfusion syndrome; hence
surgery should never be delayed [42-45].
Contemporary surgery are 1- and 3-year survival of patients
with Stanford type A AD treated with 96.1% and 90.5% versus
88.6% and 68.7% in patients with medical treatment of AD.
Independent predictors of survival (atherosclerosis and previous
cardiac surgery) during the follow-up period do not appear to be
influenced by in-hospital risks but rather preexisting comorbidities
[46].
Late reoperations are relatively common. Rate for aortic valve
re-intervention is 2.1%/patient-year after conservative approach
because of recurrence of aortic valve insufficiency. Many authors
consider severe aortic regurgitation at the time of surgery a
significant risk factor for re-intervention during the long follow-up
of hospital survivors [35, 46, 47]. Hence, an aggressive approach
on the root (aortic root replacement) has been proposed in
patients deemed at high risk for late aortic complications and re-
interventions [49-51]. Other studies found no difference in long-
term survival in patients treated with either a conservative (valve
resuspension) or more aggressive approach and no difference in
freedom of reoperation on the aortic root or valve among different
operations [47,52].
Multiple series have noted the significant combination of distal
reoperation requirement, aortic related death, and the growth of
the downstream aorta after the repair. Patency of the false lumen
in the descending aorta remains a major risk factor for adverse
long-term outcomes [53]. There is an increasing tendency for more
aggressive surgery including antegrade stent deployment in the
descending thoracic aorta at the time of open aortic arch repair [54-
57]. Distal false lumen obliteration is achieved in the vast majority
of cases [56-58]. However, this approach has not yet been proven to
be the procedure of choice, is certainly more complex, poses higher
risk for patients and should be performed in high volumes centres
[59-63].
Patients surviving an AD require lifelong follow-up with MRI or
CT scan. Common practice is to ask for CT scan with intravenous
contrast before hospital discharge, at 3 and 9 months after
discharge, and yearly or more frequently depending on the size of
the aorta. Blood pressure control is mandatory because reoperation
rate may decrease with improved systolic blood pressure [64].
Conclusion
Despite the advances in the surgical field, AD remains a
challenge both for the patient and the surgical team. A high degree
of clinical suspicion is required for a rapid diagnosis. Imaging is of
4. How to cite this article: Gabriele M I, Abeel A M. Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection: a Complex Disease for Patients and Cardiothoracic Surgeons. Surg Med
Open Acc J. 1(2).SMOAJ.000507. 2018.
Surgical Medicine Open Access Journal
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paramount importance in differentiating among AD, IMH, and PAU.
Keeping in mind that primary goal in this complex disease is patient
survivalandthereisnobenefitwithonlymedicaltreatment,surgery
should never be delayed. Surgery is complex and the surgeon needs
to understand the anatomy and physiopathology of the aortic
dissection before dealing with such a complex disease. While
there are just few surgical solutions for the repair of the dissected
ascending aorta, debate is still ongoing about the best surgical
solution for the disease involving the arch and the descending
aorta, especially if he intimal extends into the thoraco-abdominal
aorta. Surgery should be probably performed in institutions with
experience in the management of AD, where patient volume and
complexity is higher. Aortic surgeons report excellent mortality
but the question about the best solution for the residual dissection
after repair is still without answer.
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