This document discusses methods for organizing and presenting qualitative and quantitative data using frequency tables, charts, and graphs. It covers:
1. Creating frequency tables to organize qualitative and quantitative data, and presenting qualitative data as bar charts or pie charts.
2. Constructing frequency distributions to organize quantitative data into class intervals and determining class frequencies, and presenting quantitative data using histograms, frequency polygons, and cumulative frequency polygons.
3. An example of creating a frequency table and histogram based on sales price data from 80 vehicles to compare typical selling prices on dealer lots.
This presentation educates you about Tableau - Box Plot and its uses, Uses of Bullet Graph, Creating a Box Plot and Box Plot with Two Dimensions.
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This presentation educates you about Tableau - Histogram, Purpose of Tableau - Histogram, Creating a Histogram and Creating a Histogram with Dimension.
This presentation educates you about Tableau - Bump Chart, Creating a Bump Chart in steps with chart example.
For more topics stay tuned with Learnbay.
This presentation educates you about Tableau - Tree Map and its uses,Creating a Tree Map and Tree Map with Two Dimensions with example.
For more topics stay tuned with Learnbay.
This presentation educates you about Tableau - Box Plot and its uses, Uses of Bullet Graph, Creating a Box Plot and Box Plot with Two Dimensions.
For more topics stay tuned with Learnbay.
This presentation educates you about Tableau - Histogram, Purpose of Tableau - Histogram, Creating a Histogram and Creating a Histogram with Dimension.
This presentation educates you about Tableau - Bump Chart, Creating a Bump Chart in steps with chart example.
For more topics stay tuned with Learnbay.
This presentation educates you about Tableau - Tree Map and its uses,Creating a Tree Map and Tree Map with Two Dimensions with example.
For more topics stay tuned with Learnbay.
Topic: Frequency Polygon
Student Name: Kubra
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Curious about the different types of chart? This presentation demonstrates the variety of charts and their purpose. All these charts have been created using Chartblocks online chart building tool.
Cumulative Frequency Table,Cumulative Frequency Table with Example,Ogive Curve,Two Types of Ogive Curve,Less than Ogive with Example,Greater than Ogive with Example.
Topic: Dot Plot Presentation
Student Name: Misbah
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Let's understand 7QC tool and basic of Graph / Presentation what to use and when to use. It will enable you to apply graph and present your data in more graphical format.
Topic: Frequency Polygon
Student Name: Kubra
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Curious about the different types of chart? This presentation demonstrates the variety of charts and their purpose. All these charts have been created using Chartblocks online chart building tool.
Cumulative Frequency Table,Cumulative Frequency Table with Example,Ogive Curve,Two Types of Ogive Curve,Less than Ogive with Example,Greater than Ogive with Example.
Topic: Dot Plot Presentation
Student Name: Misbah
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Let's understand 7QC tool and basic of Graph / Presentation what to use and when to use. It will enable you to apply graph and present your data in more graphical format.
Statistics is both the science of uncertainty and the technology.docxrafaelaj1
Statistics is both the science of uncertainty and the technology of extracting information from data.
A statistic is a summary measure of data.
Descriptive statistics are methods that describe and summarize data.
Microsoft Excel supports statistical analysis in two ways:
1. Statistical functions
2. Analysis Toolpak add-in
Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data
A frequency distribution is a table that shows the number of observations in each of several nonoverlapping groups.
Categorical variables naturally define the groups in a frequency distribution.
To construct a frequency distribution, we need only count the number of observations that appear in each category.
This can be done using the Excel COUNTIF function.
Frequency Distributions for Categorical Data
Example 3.16: Constructing a Frequency Distribution for Items in the Purchase Orders Database
List the item names in a column on the spreadsheet.
Use the function =COUNTIF($D$4:$D$97,cell_reference), where cell_reference is the cell containing the item name
Example 3.16: Constructing a Frequency Distribution for Items in the Purchase Orders Database
Construct a column chart to visualize the frequencies.
Relative frequency is the fraction, or proportion, of the total.
If a data set has n observations, the relative frequency of category i is:
We often multiply the relative frequencies by 100 to express them as percentages.
A relative frequency distribution is a tabular summary of the relative frequencies of all categories.
Relative Frequency Distributions
Example 3.17: Constructing a Relative Frequency Distribution for Items in the Purchase Orders Database
First, sum the frequencies to find the total number (note that the sum of the frequencies must be the same as the total number of observations, n).
Then divide the frequency of each category by this value.
For numerical data that consist of a small number of discrete values, we may construct a frequency distribution similar to the way we did for categorical data; that is, we simply use COUNTIF to count the frequencies of each discrete value.
Frequency Distributions for Numerical Data
In the Purchase Orders data, the A/P terms are all whole numbers 15, 25, 30, and 45.
Example 3.18: Frequency and Relative Frequency Distribution for A/P Terms
A graphical depiction of a frequency distribution for numerical data in the form of a column chart is called a histogram.
Frequency distributions and histograms can be created using the Analysis Toolpak in Excel.
Click the Data Analysis tools button in the Analysis group under the Data tab in the Excel menu bar and select Histogram from the list.
Excel Histogram Tool
Specify the Input Range corresponding to the data. If you include the column header, then also check the Labels box so Excel knows that the range contains a label. The Bin Range defines the groups (Excel calls these “bins”) used for the frequency distribution.
Histogra.
Business statistics takes the data analysis tools from elementary statistics and applies them to business. For example, estimating the probability of a defect coming off a factory line, or seeing where sales are headed in the future. Many of the tools used in business statistics are built on ones you’ve probably already come across in basic math: mean, mode and median, bar graphs and the bell curve, and basic probability. Hypothesis testing (where you test out an idea) and regression analysis (fitting data to an equation) builds on this foundation.
Summarizing Data : Listing and Grouping pdfJustynOwen
Introduction
Descriptive Statistics describe basic features of the data gathered from an experimental study in various ways.
They provide simple summaries about the sample via graphs and numbers, mainly measures of center and variation.
Together with graphics analysis (histograms, bar plots, pie-charts), they are the cornerstone of quantitative data analysis.
Tables (frequency distributions, stem-and-leaf plots, …) that summarize the data.
Graphical representations of the data (histograms, bar plots, pie-charts).
Summary statistics (numbers) which summarize the data
Diapositiva del libro de Anderson de estadística aplicada a los negocios y la economía, muestra los conceptos de estadística descriptiva..Diapositiva del libro de Anderson de estadística aplicada a los negocios y la economía, muestra los conceptos de estadística descriptiva
2. 2
GOALS
•Organize qualitative data into a frequency table.
•Present a frequency table as a bar chart or a pie
chart.
•Organize quantitative data into a frequency
distribution.
•Present a frequency distribution for quantitative data
using histograms, frequency polygons, and
cumulative frequency polygons.
5. 5
Pie Chart Example
Page 27, Exercise 6
A small business consultant is investigating the
performance of several companies. The fourth quarter
sales for last year (in thousands of dollars) for the
selected companies are shown in the table. The
consultant wants to include a pie chart in his report to
compare the 4th
quarter sales of these corporations.
6. 6
Frequency Distribution
A Frequency
distribution is a
grouping of data into
mutually exclusive
categories showing the
number of observations
in each class. The
table shows a
frequency distribution
for a set of quantitative
data.
9. 9
Example: Frequency Table and Bar
Chart
The Excel spreadsheet lists the home state data for
all of my undergraduate students for Fall, 2008.
There are n = 95 students. We want to create a
frequency table and bar chart for this data using
MegaStat.
From the frequency table and bar chart, we see that
over three-fourths of the students are from Florida,
the other students are nearly equally distributed
among 11 other states or non-USA.
10. 10
Relative Class Frequencies
Class frequencies can be converted to relative class
frequencies to show the fraction of the total number
of observations in each class.
A relative frequency captures the relationship between
a class total and the total number of observations.
11. 11
EXAMPLE – Creating a Frequency
Distribution Table for Quantitative Data
Ms. Kathryn Ball of AutoUSA
wants to develop tables, charts,
and graphs to show the typical
selling price on various dealer
lots. The table on the right
reports only the price of the 80
vehicles sold last month at
Whitner Autoplex.
12. 12
Frequency Distribution (Quantitative
Data)
Class midpoint: A point that divides a class
into two equal parts. This is the average
of the upper and lower class limits.
Class frequency: The number of
observations in each class.
Class interval: The class interval is
obtained by subtracting the lower limit of
a class from the lower limit of the next
class.
13. 13
Constructing a Frequency Table -
Example
Step 1: Decide on the number of classes.
A useful recipe to determine the number of classes (k) is
the “2 to the k rule.” such that 2k
> n.
There were 80 vehicles sold. So n = 80. If we try k = 6, which
means we would use 6 classes, then 26
= 64, somewhat less than
80. Hence, 6 is not enough classes. If we let k = 7, then 27
128,
which is greater than 80. So the recommended number of classes
is 7.
Step 2: Determine the class interval or width.
The formula is: i ≥ (H-L)/k where i is the class interval, H is
the highest observed value, L is the lowest observed value,
and k is the number of classes.
($35,925 - $15,546)/7 = $2,911
Round up to some convenient number, such as a multiple of 10
or 100. Use a class width of $3,000
14. 14
Step 3: Set the individual class limits
Constructing a Frequency Table -
Example
15. 15
Step 4: Tally the vehicle
selling prices into the
classes.
Step 5: Count the number
of items in each class.
Constructing a Frequency Table
16. 16
Relative Frequency Distribution
To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency
distribution, each of the class frequencies is divided by the
total number of observations.
17. 17
Graph of a Frequency Distribution,
for Quantitative Data
The three commonly used graphic forms
are:
Histograms
Frequency polygons
Cumulative frequency distributions
18. 18
Histogram
Histogram for a frequency distribution based on
quantitative data is very similar to the bar chart showing
the distribution of qualitative data. The classes are marked
on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the
vertical axis. The class frequencies are represented by the
heights of the bars.
20. 20
Example: Frequency Table and
Histogram
We will create a frequency table of the Whitner
Autoplex sales data using MegaStat. Later we will
add two other graphs – a frequency polygon and a
cumulative frequency graph, also called an ogive
curve.
21. 21
Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon
also shows the shape
of a distribution and is
similar to a histogram.
It consists of line
segments connecting
the points formed by
the intersections of the
class midpoints and the
class frequencies.