Bulky and concentrated organic manures, classification, different Composting, methods of composting,

1. Definition, properties and classification of bulky and
concentrated organic manures, their composition
and nutrient availability.
Preparation of FYM, composts, different methods
of composting, decomposition process and nutrient
losses during handling and storage
Marks 6
Lecture No. 7-8-9
Dr. AB Jadhav,
Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry,
Agriculture College , Pune

2. Compost
Composting is
the biochemical
processes
of converting
organic residue
of plant and
animal origin
into organic
manures, rich in
humus and plant
nutrients by a
variety of
microorganisms
in a warm,
moist, aerobic or
anaerobic
condition
Manures
These are the
materials
naturally
available in farm
or locality and
are constituted
mainly of
remains of
plants and
animals which
are added to a
soil as a source
of nutrients and
for modifying
the soil
properties
Bulky Organic
Manures
Organic material
of natural origin
having greater
volume per unit
nutrient content.
C/N ratio may be
about 20 : 1
examples - FYM,
compost and
green manuring.
Concentrated
Organic
Manures
Organic material
of natural origin
having small
volume per unit
nutrient content.
These are
generally
undecomposed
having C:N ratio
may be less than
10 : 1.
Examples: Oil
cakes, blood
meal, fish meal

5. S.No MANURES FERTILIZERS
1 Organic in nature Inorganic in nature
2 Slow acting Quick acting
3 Having low analytical value Having high analytical value
4 Having no definite chemical
composition
Having definite chemical
composition
5
Obtained from plant , animal and
human resources
Mined or manufactured
6 Improves physical properties of soils Don’t improve the physical
properties of soils
7 Supply almost all major, minor and
micronutrients.
Supply one or very few plant
nutrients.
8
Derived from French word
‘MANOEUVRER’ to work with soil
Derived from Latin word Fertil (
means Fertile )
9 Bulky in nature Non-bulky in nature

6. Composition of Bulky Organic Manures

7. Composition of Concentrated Organic Manures

8. 1 Composting is basically a biological process in which
aerobic and anaerobic microbes decompose organic
matter and narrow down the C: N ratio of substrate used
2 The final product is formed is an amorphous, brown to
dark brown, humified material known as compost
3 Compost is more stable and richer in nutrients than FYM
4 The difference in FYM and compost is the substrate
5 In FYM substrates are dung, cattle urine and litter
6 In compost-substrates are diverse waste organic materials
like straw, stalks/stubbles/husk/weeds/
biodegradable house holds and factory
Concept of Decomposition

9. FYM
Compost

10. Aerobic
• Composting takes place in
presence of O2 (Indore
method)
• Characterized by high temp.
• Presence of aerobic
microbes
• High optimum moisture
• Rapid process
• CO2 is largely produced
Anaerobic
• Composting takes place in
absence of O2 (Bangalore
method)
• Low temp. and foul smell
• Anaerobic microbes
• Less water content
• Slow process
• Methane gas is released
Decomposition

11. Aeration
Moisture
Nutrients
Temperature
Lignin
pH
Poyphenols
Factors Affecting Aerobic Composting

12. Aeration
• Requires large amount of O2 at initial
• O2 supply is less growth of microbes slower and
decomposition rate less
• Aeration removes excessive heat, water vapor and
other gases trapped in the pile
• Heat is removed
• Turning and ventilation of pile is important
Moisture
•Necessary for metabolic activity of the microbes.
• Optimum moisture content should be 40–65 %.
•Pile too dry, composting occurs slowly, while
moisture content in excess of 65 percent develops
anaerobic conditions

13. Nutrients
• Micro-organisms require C, N, P and K nutrients.
• C:N ratio of raw materials.
• Optimum C:N ratio of raw materials is between 25:1 and 30:1
although ratios between 20:1 and 40:1 are also acceptable.
• Higher C:N ratio > 40:1 less microbial growth and long
decomposition time
• The C:N ratio of the final product should be between about 10:1
and 15:1.
Temperature
• Ideal temperature for the initial composting stage is 20–45 °C
mesophillic organisms
• Subsequent stage thermophilic microbes 50 to 700C is ideal.
• High temperatures characterize the aerobic composting process
and serve as signs of vigorous microbial activities.
• Pathogens are normally destroyed at 55 °C and above, while the
critical point for elimination of weed seeds is 62 °C. Turnings and
aeration can be used to regulate temperature
• Losses of NH3 is high when temp is more than 40°C and pH > 7.0

14. Lignins
• Lignin - Highly resistant to microbial degradation (Richard,
1996).
• Presence of cellulose or complex sugars requires long
period.
Polyphenols
• Polyphenols include hydrolysable and condensed tannins
• Insoluble condensed tannins bind the cell walls and proteins
and make them physically or chemically less accessible to
decomposers.
• Soluble condensed and hydrolysable tannins react with
proteins and reduce their microbial degradation and thus N
release

15. Farm Yard Manure (FYM)
The FYM refers to the refuse from farm animals, mainly sheep,
cattle and poultry.
This is one of the oldest manure known and is highly valued
for its many of the beneficial properties that are said to be
produced when this manure is added to the soil. It not only
adds the constituents to the soil but also adds organic matter
to the soil.

16. Composition of Farm Manure
Several factors influence the composition of farm manure
and they are the following
1. Source of manure
2. Feed of the animals
3. Age of the animals
4. Condition of the animals
5. Manner of storage and handling
6. Litter use etc.,
On an average the composition of FYM is usually 0.5 % N, .25
% P2O5 and 0.5 %
K2O.