Multi-Country Analysis of Strategic Information Management in the Airlines Industry: a comparative assessment for the United States, China, and South Africa
Multi-Country Analysis of Strategic Information Management in the Airlines Industry: a comparative assessment for the United States, China, and South Africa
Allenbradley Control Logix PLC Network ArchitectureDEEPAK GORAI
In This Slide show Presentation we will discuss about network architecture of network,Module required and its specification,Control net and Flex IO connectivity.Module with Specification.Capacity.
An introduction to PLC languages - Instruction Language (IL) , Functional Block Diagram (FBD) , Ladder Logic Diagram (LD) and Sequential Function Chart (SFC).
(Download and open with Adobe Reader to see animations)
After reading this slide one can understand the serial data communication protocol RS-232 definition,standard,pin configuration,handshaking,advantages and disadvantages .
Finite Automata: Deterministic And Non-deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA)Mohammad Ilyas Malik
The term "Automata" is derived from the Greek word "αὐτόματα" which means "self-acting". An automaton (Automata in plural) is an abstract self-propelled computing device which follows a predetermined sequence of operations automatically.
Design and Implementing Novel Independent Real-Time Software Programmable DAQ...Editor IJCATR
The crucial features of many demanding applications like industry and aerospace are data acquisition and telemetry. It is
vital to observe and analyse the real time performance, in launch vehicle systems,so that designs can be certified and tuneablefactors
could be regulated to intensification the act and competence. At present used DAQ structures are of augmented size, weight and turn out
to be exorbitant and power hungry. This article introduce a new mission-independent real time software programmable DAQ system
using multipurpose MCU and sigma delta ADCs are planned,taking into account size, weight, costand act without compromiseon
precision, firmness and drift act. Additional digital filtering steps are also added to progress the system act. This system isproficientfor
directconnectionswithdiverse pressure and temperature sensors whichinterfaces 32 low frequency channel and two high frequency
channels. The system planned operates in two modes; one is data acquisition mode and another is program mode. Operativepower
lesseningmethods and wireless interface protocol between diverse data acquisition modules is also affected upon as avenues for future
work.
Allenbradley Control Logix PLC Network ArchitectureDEEPAK GORAI
In This Slide show Presentation we will discuss about network architecture of network,Module required and its specification,Control net and Flex IO connectivity.Module with Specification.Capacity.
An introduction to PLC languages - Instruction Language (IL) , Functional Block Diagram (FBD) , Ladder Logic Diagram (LD) and Sequential Function Chart (SFC).
(Download and open with Adobe Reader to see animations)
After reading this slide one can understand the serial data communication protocol RS-232 definition,standard,pin configuration,handshaking,advantages and disadvantages .
Finite Automata: Deterministic And Non-deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA)Mohammad Ilyas Malik
The term "Automata" is derived from the Greek word "αὐτόματα" which means "self-acting". An automaton (Automata in plural) is an abstract self-propelled computing device which follows a predetermined sequence of operations automatically.
Design and Implementing Novel Independent Real-Time Software Programmable DAQ...Editor IJCATR
The crucial features of many demanding applications like industry and aerospace are data acquisition and telemetry. It is
vital to observe and analyse the real time performance, in launch vehicle systems,so that designs can be certified and tuneablefactors
could be regulated to intensification the act and competence. At present used DAQ structures are of augmented size, weight and turn out
to be exorbitant and power hungry. This article introduce a new mission-independent real time software programmable DAQ system
using multipurpose MCU and sigma delta ADCs are planned,taking into account size, weight, costand act without compromiseon
precision, firmness and drift act. Additional digital filtering steps are also added to progress the system act. This system isproficientfor
directconnectionswithdiverse pressure and temperature sensors whichinterfaces 32 low frequency channel and two high frequency
channels. The system planned operates in two modes; one is data acquisition mode and another is program mode. Operativepower
lesseningmethods and wireless interface protocol between diverse data acquisition modules is also affected upon as avenues for future
work.
Read/Write control logic:
The Read/Write Control logic interfaces the 8251A with CPU, determines the functions of the 8251A according to the control word written into its control register.
It monitors the data flow.
This section has three registers and they are control register, status register and data buffer.
The active low signals RD, WR, CS and C/D(Low) are used for read/write operations with these three registers.
When C/D(low) is high, the control register is selected for writing control word or reading status word.
The Read/Write Control logic interfaces the 8251A with CPU, determines the functions of the 8251A according to the control word written into its control register.
It monitors the data flow.
This section has three registers and they are control register, status register and data buffer.
The active low signals RD, WR, CS and C/D(Low) are used for read/write operations with these three registers.
When C/D(low) is high, the control register is selected for writing control word or reading status word.
When C/D(low) is low, the data buffer is selected for read/write operation.
When the reset is high, it forces 8251A into the idle mode.
The clock input is necessary for 8251A for communication with CPU and this clock does not control either the serial transmission or the reception rate.ThesisScientist.com
BLH Nobel has been recognized as a leader in weighing technology, process weighing and force measurement. They design and deliver innovative, accurate industry-leading weighing and force measurement solutions and supply both standardized and custom systems and serve customers from a wide range of industries.
The following document is an exhaustive compilation of technical terms used in process weighing, courtesy of BLH Nobel.
This PPT is based upon my training in Yokogawa Chennai.
Reference:
# Yokogawa Hand Book on CS 3000
# http://www.slideshare.net/bvent2005/dcs-presentation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DESIGN AND ASIC IMPLEMENTATION OF DUC/DDC FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSVLSICS Design
Communication systems use the concept of transmitting information using the electrical distribution network as a communication channel. To enable the transmission data signal modulated on a carrier signal is superimposed on the electrical wires. Typical power lines are designed to handle 50/60 Hz of AC power signal; however they can carry the signals up to 500 KHz frequency. This work aims to aid transmission/reception of an audio signal in the spectrum from 300 Hz to 4000 Hz using PLCC on a tunable carrier frequency in the spectrum from 200 KHz to 500 KHz. For digital amplitude modulation the sampling rate of the carrier and the audio signal has to be matched. Tunable carrier generation can be achieved with Direct Digital Synthesizers at a desired sampling rate. DSP Sample rate conversion techniques are very useful to make the sampling circuits to work on their own sampling rates which are fine for the data/modulated-carrier signal’s bandwidth. This also simplifies the complexity of the sampling circuits. Digital Up Conversion (DUC) and Digital Down Conversion (DDC) are DSP sample rate conversion techniques which refer to increasing and decreasing the sampling rate of a signal respectively. The objective was to design and implement low power ASIC of DUC and DDC designs at 65nm for PLCC. Low power implementation was carried out using Multi-VDD technique. MATLAB software models were used to understand the DUC and DDC designs. RTL to GDS flow was executed using Synopsys tools such as VCS, Design Compiler, IC Compiler and PrimeTime. Key milestones of this activity are RTL verification, synthesis, gate-level simulations, low power architecture definitions, physical implementation, ASIC signoff checks and postroute delay based simulations. Multi-VDD technique deployed on DUC and DDC helped to reduce the power consumption from 280.9uW to 198.07uW and from 176.26uW to 124.47uW respectively. DUC and DUC designs have met functionality at 64MHz clock frequency. Both the designs have passed postroute delay based simulations, static performance checks, power domain checks and TSMC’s 65nm design rule checks.
Design and ASIC Implemenatation of DUC/DDC for Communication Systems VLSICS Design
Communication systems use the concept of transmitting information using the electrical distribution network as a communication channel. To enable the transmission data signal modulated on a carrier signal is superimposed on the electrical wires. Typical power lines are designed to handle 50/60 Hz of AC power signal; however they can carry the signals up to 500 KHz frequency. This work aims to aid transmission/reception of an audio signal in the spectrum from 300 Hz to 4000 Hz using PLCC on a tunable carrier frequency in the spectrum from 200 KHz to 500 KHz. For digital amplitude modulation the sampling rate of the carrier and the audio signal has to be matched. Tunable carrier generation can be achieved with Direct Digital Synthesizers at a desired sampling rate. DSP Sample rate conversion techniques are very useful to make the sampling circuits to work on their own sampling rates which are fine for the data/modulated-carrier signal’s bandwidth. This also simplifies the complexity of the sampling circuits. Digital Up Conversion (DUC) and Digital Down Conversion (DDC) are DSP sample rate conversion techniques which refer to increasing and decreasing the sampling rate of a signal respectively.
The objective was to design and implement low power ASIC of DUC and DDC designs at 65nm for PLCC. Low power implementation was carried out using Multi-VDD technique. MATLAB software models were used to understand the DUC and DDC designs. RTL to GDS flow was executed using Synopsys tools such as VCS, Design Compiler, IC Compiler and PrimeTime. Key milestones of this activity are RTL verification, synthesis, gate-level simulations, low power architecture definitions, physical implementation, ASIC signoff checks and postroute delay based simulations. Multi-VDD technique deployed on DUC and DDC helped to reduce the power consumption from 280.9uW to 198.07uW and from 176.26uW to 124.47uW respectively. DUC and DUC designs have met functionality at 64MHz clock frequency. Both the designs have passed postroute delay based simulations, static performance checks, power domain checks and TSMC’s 65nm design rule checks.
IMPLEMENTATION OF USER INTERFACE FOR MICROPROCESSOR TRAINER cscpconf
This paper aims to design and construct the microcontroller - based userinterface system and to
study input, computation and output for microprocessor trainer.The other two activities beyond
computation :input and output or I/O.This paper also aims to do high quality research in the
area of filesystems, as well as develop a good implementation on atleast one computersystem. A
computersystem's I/O performance must be commensurate (equal) with its CPU performance if
the I/O system is not to limit the system's total throughput.When hundreds to thousands of such
highperformance micro-processors are closely connected inscalablearray architecture, the
enormous CPU performance of the multi-computer requires an I/O system with correspondingly
high performance.A wellbalanced computer requires I/O performance commensurate with its
CPU performance. High performance computers, access large numbers of disks in parallel to
achieve the very appreciable I/O performance.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
5. ۴
ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﮭﺎی اﺟﺰایPLC
PLCاز ھﺎﯾﯽ:SIMENSE
S7_200
S7-300
S7_400
SIMATIC Overview
SIMATIC
Controller
SIEMENS
S IM AT IC
SF
RUN
STOP
Q0. 0
Q0. 1
Q0. 2
Q0. 3
Q0. 4
Q0. 5
I0. 0
I0. 1
I0. 2
I0. 3
I0. 4
I0. 5
I0. 6
I0. 7
S 7 -2 0 0
CP U 2 1 2
SIMATIC PG
SIMATIC PC
PG 740
SIEM ENS
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3
0
.
D E F
A B C
I N S
D E L
S H I FT H E L P
E S C
E N T E R
A C K
S I M A TI C O P 1 7
S H IF T
H E L P
K 1 K 5 K6 K 7 K 8K 2 K3 K 4
K 9 K1 0 K11 K1 2 K 13 K 14 K1 5 K 16
SIMATIC HMI
ASI
FM
SV
SIMATIC DP
SIMATIC NET
PROFIBUS-DP
Industrial Ethernet
PROFIBUS
MPI - Network
SIMATIC NET
73. ٧٢
GATE
THROUGH CONDUIT GATE VALVE
FULL BORE FULL OPENING
PIPELINE VALVES
API 6D MONOGRAMMED
BOLTED BONNET & PRESSURE SEAL
THROUGH CONDUIT VALVE
ﺖ ﺎﺳﻞ اﺖ ﺎﺳﻞ ا
76. ٧۵
ای اای اGlobeﻮ وﻮ و
P1 P2
Body
Bonnet
Plug
Actuator force
Seat
Seals
Port
Stem
Trim
Packing
Duble disk Duble PlugDuble disk Duble Plug
85. ٨۴
Butterfly Valve
Plug Valve
Plug valves have the
closure member as a
tapered plug having a
rectangular port.
The plug is rotated through
90° to open and close the
valve.
93. ٩٢
Typical Positioner
What is a valve positioner?
pneumatic actuator
Valve
stem
A control device that receives a set
point (input), detects valve position
(feedback), and changes the air
supply (output) to a pneumatic
actuator-- making the valve move to
the new set point.
112. ١١١
Standards & Codes
Standards & Codes
API American Petroleum Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Material
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ANSI American National Standard Institute
MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and
Fitting Industry
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers
B.S.I. British Standards Insitution
113. ١١٢
API — American Petroleum Institute
• API 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves
• API 6A Specification for Wellhead
• API 6FA Specification for Fire Test for Valves
• API 591 User Acceptance of Refinery Valves
• API 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
• API 600 Steel Gate Valves
• API 602 Compact Carbon Steel Gate Valves
• API 603 Cast, Corrosion Resistant Gate Valves
• API 17D Specification for Subsea Wellhead
ASME — American Society of Mechanical Engineers
• Section II Materials
• Section III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant
Components
• Section V Non-destructive Examination
• Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
• Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
• Section XI Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant
Components
114. ١١٣
ANSI — American National Standards Institute
B16.34 Valves 2 Flanged, Threaded, and Buttwelded End
B16.10 Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16.25 Butt welded Ends
B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded
MSS — Manufacturers Standardization Society of the
Valve and Fitting Industry
MSS SP-6 Contact Faces of Pipe Flanges
MSS SP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges
MSS SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings (visual method)
MSS SP-61 Pressure Testing of Steel Valves
MSS SP-72 Ball Valves with Flanged or BW Ends for General
Service
MSS SP-117 Bellows Seals for Globe and Gate Valves
115. ١١۴
NACE — National Association of Corrosion Engineers
MR 01.75 Standard Material Requirements
Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Material for
Oil field Equipment
B.S.I. — British Standards Institution
BS 1414 Steel Wedge Gate Valves
BS 1868 Steel Check Valves
BS 1873 Steel Globe Valves
BS 5351 Steel Ball Valves
BS 5352 Steel Wedge Gate, Globe, Check Valves, 50mm and
Smaller
BS 6364 Valves for Cryogenic Service
BS 6755 Testing of Valves
117. 1/19/2016
1
ﻓﺸﺎر ﮔﯿﺮی اﻧﺪازه روﺷﮭﺎی اﻧﻮاعﻓﺸﺎر ﮔﯿﺮی اﻧﺪازه روﺷﮭﺎی اﻧﻮاع
PressurePressure
This module will cover:
• The physics of pressure
– Units of measure (SI, Metric, Imperial)
– Pressure scales and conversions
• How pressure is measured
– Elastic elements (bourdon, bellows diaphragm)
– Electrical elements (strain gauge, piezoelectric)
– Sensors, Switches and Transmitters
118. 1/19/2016
2
The Physics of PressureThe Physics of Pressure
Pressure is defined as “force per unit area”
Force
Area
Pressure =
Therefore any object or material having a weight will
exert a pressure over the area the force is acting on.
The Units of PressureThe Units of Pressure
Pressure is defined as “force per unit area”
Force
Area
Pressure =
Common units include:
Pounds per Square Inch (psi)
KiloPascals (kPa)
Pound force,
Kilogram force
Newton, dyne
Square Inches, Square feet
Square Centimeters,
Square Meters
119. 1/19/2016
3
More Pressure ScalesMore Pressure Scales
PSI and kPa are the most common pressure
scales but there a few more:
• Inches* of water
• Inches* of mercury
• Bar
• Atmos
* or millimeters when using metric
Example of the various pressure scalesExample of the various pressure scales
27.6806
“H20
Applied
process
pressure is
1 psi or
6.89 kPa
2.03602
“Hg
0.068947
Bar
The same process pressure is being applied to each
gauge. Each gauge has a different scale calibration.
0.068046
Atmos
The choice of scales will depend on
• the amount of pressure being measured (high pressure = psi/kPa,
low pressure = inches H20)
• The type of application ( flow = inches H20, blood pressure =
inches of Hg.)
120. 1/19/2016
4
Need to KnowNeed to Know
Ball Parking:
1 psi ≈ 7 kPa
3 psi ≈ 21 kPa
15 psi ≈ 105 kPa
20 psi ≈ 140 kPa
3 to 15 psi is a common pressure range
Water ColumnWater Column
The hydrostatic head produced by
a column of liquid is proportional
to the height and density of the
liquid.
0.433
psi
12 “
H20
P = height x DensityP = height x Density
(Density = Mass/Volume)(Density = Mass/Volume)
Density of water is 0.0361 lbs/in3
P = 12 x 0.0361
= 0.433 lbs/in2
121. 1/19/2016
5
Water ColumnWater Column
The greater the height the
greater the hydrostatic head.
0.866
psi
24 “
H20
P = height x DensityP = height x Density
(Density = Mass/Volume)(Density = Mass/Volume)
Density of water is 0.0361 lbs/in3
P = 24 x 0.0361
= 0.866 lbs/in2
Manometers
Manometers can be used as a primary standard to
measure small pressures
Atmospheric Pressure
Applied Process
Pressure Atmospheric Press
U-Tube Manometer
Height (h) of displaced
water = applied pressure
h
122. 1/19/2016
6
Reading pressure with a U-tube Manometer
If the total displacement h = 3“ the applied pressure
would be 3”H20 = 3”WC = 0.108 psi
Applied Process
Pressure Atmospheric Press
Height (h) of displaced
water = applied pressure
h
Using Mercury as a filling liquid increases the pressure range by 13.6 times.
Well Type ManometersWell Type Manometers
The well type uses one measuring arm. Gives a
larger pressure range
Mercury filled well
type manometers can
measure up to 30 psi
and more. (6 footer)
Can be used as a
primary standard.
123. 1/19/2016
7
Inclined Plane ManometerInclined Plane Manometer
Used for very small pressure measurements.
Very sensitive, often used to measure room
pressures.
Gauge, Absolute and Atmospheric PressureGauge, Absolute and Atmospheric Pressure
Any pressure above atmosphere is called gauge pressure (psig)
Any pressure below atmosphere is a vacuum (negative gauge pressure)
Differential Pressure (psid)
has no reference to either
absolute vacuum or
atmospheric pressure
124. 1/19/2016
8
Standard GaugeStandard Gauge
Some gauges may not includeSome gauges may not include
the “g” after psi, some will.the “g” after psi, some will.
• When a gauge has
no input applied, it
will read 0 psig
• The pressure range
for this gauge is
0 – 100 psi
• What is the range in
kPa?
Small pressure measurementsSmall pressure measurements
Dwyer differential pressure
gauge registers a
differential of 0 - 2 psi, 1/8"
npt. High and low pressure
input ports on side and
back. Manual set point.
Max 15 psi and 140ºF. 4-
3/4" diameter x 2" high.
125. 1/19/2016
9
Differential Pressure Gauge (psid)Differential Pressure Gauge (psid)
Requires 2 inputs.
Must observe pressure
polarity, i.e. hi side /
lo side
Differential Pressure Cell TransmitterDifferential Pressure Cell Transmitter
The d/p cell is often
used to measure
level and flow.
What is the maximum allowable
input pressure in psi?
0 – 200 in. H20
Typical input range
Differential
Input
4 – 20 mAoutput
2 wire transmitter
126. 1/19/2016
10
Pressure Conversion ChartPressure Conversion Chart
Pressure Units psi kPa inches of Hg inches of H20 atmospheres bar
psi 1 6.894 2.036 27.681 .0681 .06895
kPa 0.1450 1 .2953 4.0147 .009669 .01
inches of Hg 0.4912 3.3864 1 13.595 .03342 .03386
inches of H2O 0.03613 .2491 .07355 1 .002458 .002491
atmospheres 14.696 101.33 29.92 406.8 1 1.0133
bar 14.504 100 29.53 401.86 .9869 1
Ball ParkingBall Parking
1 psi = 7 kPa
1 inch Hg = 0.5 psi
100 inch H20 = 3.5 psi
1 Bar = 1 Atmos = 14.7 psi
AccurateAccurate
1 psi = 6.89 kPa
1 inch Hg = 0.49 psi
100 inch H20 = 3.61 psi
1 Bar = 14.5 psi = 100 kPa
Exercise (ball park is fine)Exercise (ball park is fine)
What is this in psi,
kpa, inches of H20?
What is this in psig,
psia, inches of Hg?
127. 1/19/2016
11
Pressure Sensing Elements
Manometers
Mechanical Gauges
Electrical Transducers
Switches & Transmitters
Pressure IndicatorsPressure Indicators
Pressure is sensed and measured against
some calibrated scale.
Manometer
Mechanical or
Electrical Gauge
P
Psi
kPa
Inches H20 (WC)
Inches Hg
Bar
128. 1/19/2016
12
Pressure Switches and TransmittersPressure Switches and Transmitters
Pressure is also sensed and transmitted as
an electrical or pneumatic signal.
Switches
Transmitters
Transducers
P
3 – 15 psi
4 – 20 mA, 1-5 V, 0-5 V
Normally Closed / Normally
Open Dry Contact or Digital
signals
Field Bus Communications
(Hart, ProfiBus, ModBus)
Mechanical Pressure GaugesMechanical Pressure Gauges
Use elastic or deformation elements such as
• Bourdon Tubes (C-type, spiral, helical)
• Bellows
• Diaphragms
• Capsules
The applied pressure creates a movement which
drives a link and pointer mechanism across a
calibrated scale.
Also called dry meters, aneroid meters
129. 1/19/2016
13
CC--type Bourdon Tubetype Bourdon Tube
When pressure is
applied at the inlet
port the sealed tip
of the tube will
move in proportion
to the applied
pressure.
The small tip movement (1/4 to 1/8 inch) drives the link and gear assembly
moving the pointer across a calibrated scale.
Cutaway view CCutaway view C--type bourdon tubetype bourdon tube
The pointer and
links are moved
to calibrate the
scale. (zero &
span adjustment)
High pressure
gauges require a
deadweight test
for calibration.
130. 1/19/2016
14
Spiral & Helical Bourdon TubesSpiral & Helical Bourdon Tubes
This design provide a greater tip movement per psi reducing the
physical size of the gauge.
BellowsBellows
• Used for measuring lower pressures
• Spring is used to determine the range
• Bellows material may be brass, phosphor bronze, or stainless steel
131. 1/19/2016
15
DiaphragmDiaphragm
• Diaphragm gauges are used for small pressure measurements
• Diaphragm gauges are typically spring-loaded as a means of setting
the range and sensitivity
• Diaphragm gauges can be used to measure absolute, gage, and
differential pressures
Capsule
Smallest pressure
measurement of all
elastic deformation
elements.
Used with electrical
pressure sensors.
132. 1/19/2016
16
Electrical Pressure SensorsElectrical Pressure Sensors
Early attempts to
convert pressure into
an electrical signal
were crude.
These low cost, low
performance devices
had poor repeatability
and hysteresis errors
Potentiometric Pressure SensorPotentiometric Pressure Sensor
Helical bourdon tube is
used to turn a
potentiometer.
The output resistance
is proportional to the
applied pressure.
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17
Inductive Pressure SensorInductive Pressure Sensor
A pressure sensing capsule or diaphragm is used to move
an LVDT. (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)
Piezoelectric Pressure SensorsPiezoelectric Pressure Sensors
When a piezoelectric material
(crystals) is compressed a
voltage is created which is
proportional to the applied
force.
Voltage is only produced when the pressure
changes, static pressure measurement
requires more electronics
134. 1/19/2016
18
Piezoresistive Pressure SensorPiezoresistive Pressure Sensor
A diaphragm formed from
a piezoresistive material
is etched on a silicon
wafer.
Applying a force causes
the resistance of the
element to change
which is proportional to
the applied pressure.
The piezoresistive element
requires a resistive bridge
circuit to convert the change
in resistance to voltage.
135. ١
١
دﻣﺎ ﮔﯿﺮی اﻧﺪازه ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎی
٢
ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟ دﻣﺎ
The temperature of an object
can be described as that which
determines the sensation of
warmth or coldness felt from
contact with it.
137. ٣
٥
AGENDA
Temperature Sensors and Accessories
– RTD Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouple Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouple vs. RTD Sensors
– Accessories
٦
RTD ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎی
What is an RTD?
Resistance Temperature Detector
Operation depends on inherent characteristic of metal (Platinum
usually): electrical resistance changes when a metal undergoes a
change in temperature.
If we can measure the resistance in the metal, we know the temperature!
Platinum
resistance
changes
with temperature
Rosemount’s
Series 65 (High Temperature),78, 88
Rosemount’s
Series 65, 68, 58
Two common types of RTD elements:
Wire-wound sensing element
Thin-film sensing element
138. ٤
٧
What is a RTD?
– Resistance Temperature Detector
– The resistance changes of the platinum wiring can be approximated by
an ideal curve -- the EN 60751 curve (Pt100)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-200 0 200 400 600 800
oC Ohms
0 100.00
10 103.90
20 107.79
30 111.67
Resistance(Ohms)
Temperature (oC)
International Resistance
Temperature Chart:
EN 60751
EN 60751
RTD ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎی
٨
EN 60751 Tolerances
Accuracy
Temperature Resistance Grade A Grade A Grade B Grade B
°C Ohms ± °C ± Ohms ± °C ± Ohms
-200 18.52 0.55 0.24 1.3 0.56
-100 60.26 0.35 0.14 0.8 0.32
0 100.00 0.15 0.06 0.3 0.12
100 138.51 0.35 0.13 0.8 0.30
200 175.85 0.55 0.2 1.3 0.48
300 212.05 0.75 0.27 1.8 0.64
400 247.09 0.95 0.33 2.3 0.79
500 280.98 1.15 0.38 2.8 0.93
600 313.71 1.35 0.43 3.3 1.06
139. ٥
٩
RTD ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎی
ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ آﻟﯽ اﯾﺪه ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻞ در
TEMPERATURE (oC)
RESISTANCE(OHMS)
The EN 60751 standard
describes an IDEAL
Resistance vs. Temperature
relationship for Pt100
385 RTDs.
Because RTD sensors are not ideal - they do not perfectly match
the EN 60751 - there will be error introduced into the temperature
measurement.
١٠
Red
Red
White
White
RTD ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎی
2, 3, and 4-wire RTDs
4-wire RTD
Why use a 2-, 3-, or 4- wire RTD?
2-wire: Lowest cost -- rarely used due to high error from lead
wire resistance
3-wire: Good balance of cost and performance. Good lead
wire compensation.
4-wire: Theoretically the best lead wire compensation method
(fully compensates); the most accurate solution. Highest cost.
Typically use copper wires for
extension from the sensor
Sensing Element
(wire-wound, thin film)
140. ٦
١١
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Types of RTDs
Dual Element RTDs available
– Rosemount 65 Series RTD
Red
Red
White
Black
Red
Red
Green
Blue
Blue
White
Dual Element:
Two 3-wire RTDs
Supports Hot Backup capability
Dual element adds only $5 over single element RTD!
Reduce the risk of a temperature point failure
١٢
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Rosemount RTD Offering
– 65 -- Thin film
» Immersion lengths from 145 to 9995 mm
» Range: -50 to 450°C
– 65 -- Wire Wound
» Immersion lengths from 145 to 9995 mm
» Range: -200 to 550°C
– 68 -- Thin film
» Immersion lengths from 1” to 24”
» Range: -50 to 400°C
78 -- Wire wound (higher temp)
» Immersion lengths from 1” to 24”
» Range: -200 to 660°C
» Temperatures > 400°C, sensor encased
in Inconel Sheath
Rosemount RTDRosemount RTD SeriesSeries
– 88 -- Wire wound Long
Sheath
» Immersion lengths from 24” to 100’
» Range: -200 to 200°C
– 58C -- Cut-to-fit (cost effective)
» Immersion lengths 12, 24, 36, 48”
» Range: -50 to 200°C
68Q -- Sanitary ‘Quick
Response’
» Immersion lengths from 2.5” to 9.5”
» Range: -50 to 400°C
141. ٧
١٣
AGENDA
Temperature Sensors and Accessories
– RTD Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouple Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouple vs. RTD Sensors
– Accessories
– Time Response
١٤
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Thermocouples
ProcessProcess
TemperatureTemperature
Hot junction
– Two dissimilar metals joined at a “Hot” junction
+
-
Cold junction
MVT
What is a Thermocouple?
Seebeck Effect
In 1821, Thomas Seebeck discovered that if two wires of dissimilar metals were
joined together at both ends and one of the ends is heated,a continuous current
flows through this thermoelectric circuit.
If this circuit is broken, the net open circuit voltage is a function of the junction
temperatures and the composition of the two metals.
How do they work
142. ٨
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Thermocouples
What is a Thermocouple?
– The measured voltage is proportional to the temperature differencetemperature difference
between the hot and cold junction!
+
-
MVHeat
Hot junction Cold junction
T
١٦
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Thermocouples
Temperature range
Cost
Signal level
Why would you use one type of thermocouple over another?Why would you use one type of thermocouple over another?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Type R
21.0 mV at 1760°C
Type J
42.3 mV at 760°C
Millivolts
Temperature (C)
Type J
Type R
143. ٩
١٧
Correct!
Wrong!
All thermocouple lead wire extensions MUST be with the
same type of wire or the correct compensating cable!
Another Hot
Junction is
created… not
good!
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Thermocouples
Cannot use copper wire for extensions! T/C wire is more
expensive to run and much more care must be taken with
installation!
١٨
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Rosemount T/C Offering
Type JType J
– Iron / Constantan
» Black, White,
» -40 to 750 °C
» Least Expensive
Rosemount Thermocouple Offering: SeriesRosemount Thermocouple Offering: Series 185185
Type KType K
– Chromel / Alumel
» Green, White
» -40 to 1100 °C
» Most Linear
Type TType T
– Copper / Constantan
» Brown, White
» -40 to 350 °C
» Suitable for use at
lower temperatures
+ - + -
+ -
J K T NJ K T NJ K T NJ K T N
Colour Codes to IECColour Codes to IEC 6058460584
+ -
Type NType N
– Ni-Cr-Si / Ni-Si-Mg
» Pink, White
» -40 to 1200 °C
» Alternative to Type K
but more stable at
higher temperatures
144. ١٠
١٩
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Special Thermocouples
Type BType B
– Pt, 6% Rh / Pt, 30% Rh
» 38 to 1800 °C
Type SType S
– Pt, 10% Rh / Pt
» -50 to 1540oC
Type RType R
– Pt, 13% Rh / Pt
» -50 to 1540 °C
Other T/Cs Other T/Cs
High temperature range
Industrial/ laboratory standards
LOW EMF output!
٢٠
AGENDA
Temperature Sensors and Accessories
– RTD Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouple Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouples vs. RTDs
– Accessories
– Time Response
145. ١١
٢١
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Thermocouples vs. RTDs
Why would you use a RTD over a thermocouple?Why would you use a RTD over a thermocouple?
٢٢
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Thermocouples vs. RTDs
Why would you use a RTD over a thermocouple?Why would you use a RTD over a thermocouple?
Better Accuracy & RepeatabilityBetter Accuracy & Repeatability
• RTD signal less susceptible to noise
• Better linearity
• RTD can be “matched” to transmitter
• Special extension wires not needed
• Don’t need to be careful with cold junctions
146. ١٢
٢٣
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Thermocouples vs. RTDs
Why would you use a thermocouple over a RTD?Why would you use a thermocouple over a RTD?
٢٤
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Thermocouples vs. RTDs
Applications for Higher TemperaturesApplications for Higher Temperatures
• Above 550°C
Lower Element CostLower Element Cost
Faster response timeFaster response time
• Especially when the hot junction is grounded to the
sensor sheath
More ruggedMore rugged
Why would you use a thermocouple over a RTD?Why would you use a thermocouple over a RTD?
147. ١٣
٢٥
AGENDA
Temperature Sensors and Accessories
– RTD Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouple Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouples vs. RTDs
– Accessories
– Time Response
٢٦
Sensor Accessories -
Sensor Connection Heads
– Rosemount/Heraeus Heads are available for
» General purpose sensors
» A range of IP Ratings (See Data Sheets)
» Terminal block sensor, or flying lead sensor
» Single or dual-element sensors
» Epoxy coated aluminium,or stainless steel or plastic options
available
» CENELEC/BASEEFA approved version available
Used for head mounted transmitters, or sensors with Term.Blocks
Typical Rosemount Connection
Head (Other styles are available
see Data Sheets)
148. ١٤
٢٧
Temperature Product Training -
Thermowells
What is a thermowell (T-well) ?
– A unit that protects a sensor from process
flow, pressure, and corrosion
– Allows for sensor removal without process
shutdown
– Slows response time (by typically 5 times)
Why are there different material types?
– To handle different corrosive environments
– To handle different temperature and pressure limits
٢٨
Preventing Thermowell Failure
– Application acceptability can be determined by
knowing the following:
» Thermowell Style
» Thermowell Material
» Thermowell Dimensions
» Fluid Velocity
» Process Pressure
» Fluid Density
» Process Temperature
» T-well failure calculations can be carried out by Rosemount
Temperature Applications Groups
Temperature Product Training -
Thermowells
Look on the back of your Sensor PDS!
149. ١٥
٢٩
Thermowell Design Styles:
Comparison Table
*
Tapered
Stepped
Straight
Process
Pressure
Time
Response
Wake
Frequency
1
3
2
1 or 2
3
1 or 2
1
1
1
Rating:
1= Best
Stepped
Straight
Tapered
٣٠
Thermowell Mounting Styles
Threaded
» Most common
» Easy to remove and install
Weld in (Not available with tubular wells)
» Non-removable
» Used in high velocity, temperature and pressure
fluids
» Used in non-leak applications
Flanged
» Used in corrosive environments
» Used in high velocity, and high temperatures
150. ١٦
٣١
AGENDA
Temperature Sensors and Accessories
– RTD Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouple Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouples vs. RTDs
– RTD Calibration (Characterization)
– Accessories
– Time Response
٣٢
Temperature Point Response Time
Sensor
Thermowell
Transmitter
Process
Factors Affecting Temperature Point
Response Time
Process
Transmitter
Thermowell
Sensor
75.4 °C
151. ١٧
٣٣
Sensor Time Response
Type of element
– Wirewound RTD
» externally or internally wound
– Thin-film RTD
– Thermocouple
Element packaging
– Element coating, potting
– Contact between element package & sheath
Sheath thickness and material
Factors Affecting Sensor Response Time
element
sheath
ceramic
bore
Al2O3
packing
OD
٣٤
Sensor Time Response
Type of element
Thin-film has slightly faster response time than wirewound
– Thermocouples do not vary significantly
Element packaging
– Rosemount RTD’s are packed in magnesium oxide to provide
optimum thermal conduction within the sheath
– Grounded thermocouples are twice as fast as ungrounded
Sheath thickness and material
– Rosemount uses 316SST and Inconel (for high temperatures) for
sheath; both are very good thermal conductors
Factors Affecting Sensor Response Time
152. ١٨
٣٥
Sensor Time Response
Typical
Wirewound RTD 10 - 16 s
Thin-film RTD 8.0 - 12 s
Ungrounded thermocouples <4 s
Grounded thermocouples <2s
* All results based on standard conditions: time required to reach
63.2% sensor response for water flowing at 3 ft/sec.
٣٦
Factors Affecting Response Time
of Sensors in Thermowells
Thermowell design style
(thickness at tip)
– Stepped is the fastest
Distance between sensor sheath
and thermowell (y)
– Spring loaded sensor ensures
contact at the tip
– Industry practice suggests using
thermally conductive fill can
significantly reduce time lag
y
Sensor
Assembly
Thermowell
Thermally
Conductive Fill
153. ١٩
٣٧
Process Factors in Temperature
Response Time
Velocity of the material
Thermal conductivity of the material
Density and viscosity of the material
Process time constants can be from
seconds to hours:
Process
75.4 °C