1. This document discusses laser illumination events and the risks lasers pose to aircraft and pilots. It provides statistics on laser incidents aimed at aircraft from 2012. 2. The document outlines the risks of lasers to vision, including potential eye damage depending on the laser's wavelength and power. Studies with pilots in flight simulators showed lasers can be distracting, cause glare, and flash blindness. 3. The document recommends safety measures like designating laser-free zones around airports, following aviation laser safety standards, requiring laser incident reporting, and providing protective eyewear in aircraft.

1. 10/24/2014
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2. سمپوزیوم لیزر درپزشکی نظامی
بیمارستان گلستان نداجا
مهرماه 93

4. Laser illumination events
1-Laser pointer threat in the flight safety
(Altitude effect)
Laser –light waves are confined to a narrow cone,
nearly parallel ,laser-light beams are very directional
-تک فامی
-همدوس ی
-واگرایی بسیارکم
-شدت بالا

5. Altitude effect

6. 2-Reports of Laser illumination
events

7. 3-Statistics of Laser illumination events
The number of U.S. laser incidents
decreased slightly in 2012.

8. Statistics of Laser illumination events
Frequency of aircraft and cockpit
illumination events by year.
Published in
April 2011

9. Statistics of Laser illumination events
Frequency of aircraft and cockpit
illumination events by month.
ماه های آبان وآذر

10. Statistics of Laser illumination events
Frequency of aircraft and cockpit
illumination events by day of the week.
روزهای تعطیل

11. Statistics of Laser illumination events
Frequency of aircraft laser illumination
events by time of day for the period
8-11 شب

12. 4-Laser Damage to the Eye
-Exeeding the MPE(Maximum Permissible Exposure)
-< MPE Illumination& Temporary Visual Impairment

13. Exceeding the MPE (Maximum Permissible Exposure)
Wavelength Effects
<300 nm: Corneal photokeratitis.
300 - 400 nm: Photochemical UV cataract.
400 - 780 nm: Photochemical and thermal retinal injury.
780 - 1400 nm: Cataract, retinal burns.
1400 - 3000 nm: Corneal burn, IR cataract.
>3000 nm: Corneal burn.
NOTE: Optical gain of the eye is
about 105. In the retinal hazard
region (400 – 1400 nm), irradiance of
1 mW/cm2 entering the eye is
increased to 100 W/cm2 at the retina.

14. < MPE Illumination & Temporary
Visual Impairment( performance)
• Glare – Obscuration of an object in a person's field of
vision due to a bright light source near the same line-of
sight (e.g., oncoming car headlights).
• Flashblindness – A visual interference effect
• that persists after the source of illumination
• has ceased.
• Afterimage – A reverse contrast shadow image left in the
visual field after an exposure to a bright light that may
persist for several minutes.
Federal Aviation
Administration
14
Laser Illumination of Pilots in the NAS
March 23-26, 2009

15. 5-FAA/USAF
Flight Simulator Study

16. Effects of Laser Illumination on
Operational and Visual Performance
of Pilots Conducting Terminal
Operations
 34 Subjects
 12 Approach and 4
Departure Maneuvers
 Frequency Doubled Nd:YAG
(532 nm) Laser
 4 Levels of Laser Exposure
(included one zero level
exposure)

17. FAA 737 Flight Simulator
View of final approach to runway at 100 feet AGL
Kodak DC240, aperture f/2.8, shutter speed 1/6 s

18. Irradiance level: 0.5 μW/cm2
Simulates the effect of a 5 mW green laser
pointer as seen from 3,000 feet away, or a 300
mW laser from 16,000 feet away- Distraction

19. Irradiance level: 5 μW/cm2
Simulates the effect of a 5 mW green laser
pointer as seen from 1,000 feet away, or a 300
mW laser from 6,700 feet away- Glare

20. Irradiance level: 50 μW/cm2
Simulates the effect of a 5 mW green laser
pointer as seen from 330 feet away, or a 300 mW
laser from 2,400 feet away- Flash blindness

21. 6-Risk Factors for Laser illumination
events: a-Laser Characteristics

22. b-Environmental Factors
Daytime exposure to lasers is less hazardous than nighttime
exposure because the pupil is constricted, allowing less light into
the eye than the fully dilated pupil in darkness. Moisture, haze or
other types of atmospheric obscuration can reduce light energy from
a laser or cause the beam to be diffracted and diverge.

23. c-Distance
The most significant factor in danger caused by lasers is the
distance from the source. Light intensity decreases with the
square of the distance. Thus, doubling the distance from the
source reduces the luminosity by a factor of four.

24. c-Distance
Eye and visual hazard distance for
lasers of various powers.

25. Safely distances for a legal green laser
pointer(5mW,532nm)

26. 7-Safety Factors:
a-Protected Flight Zones- laser free zone
LFZ extends 2
NM(3,700m) in all
directions from the
runway centerline,
5 NM(5,560m)
beyond the runway
ends, and up to
2000 ft (˷610 m)
above ground level
(AGL).

27. The CFZ includes all airspace surrounding the LFZ
within a 10-NM(18.5Km) radius of the airport
reference point and up to 10,000 ft (3048 m) AGL
critical
flight
zone

28. Protected flight zones with indication of maximum
irradiance levels for visible laser beams.

30. b-Flight Regulation and Control
-laser airspace guidelines can be found in Federal
Aviation Administration Order JO 7400.2
(Revision "G" as of April 2008),
2-Part 6, Chapter 29, "Outdoor Laser operations".
3-Bright light airspace guidelines are in Chapter
30, "High Intensity Light Operations".

31. c- Laser Protective Eyewear

32. Recommended in aviation
Smart" Goggles….

34. پیشنهادات
-1 تنظیم فرم های اطلاع رسانی وهشداری برای استفاده از لیزرهای دستی
-2 رعایت استانداردهای ایمنی هوانوردی دراستفاده ازمنابع لیزری دراطراف فرو دگاه
-3 تنظیم فرم گزارش دهی تابش لیزری توسط کارکنان پروازی
-3 وجود عینک های محافظ درکابین هواپیما و بالگرد
با تشکر از توجه شما